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Proliferative gill disease (PGD), also known as hamburger gill disease, is an infectious disease that affects fish.[1] Afflicted fish may present with swollen gills with red hemorrhagic areas which can cause the gills to look like raw hamburger meat. PGD is caused by the myxosporean parasite Henneguya ictaluri.

The waterborne actinospore stage of the parasite is known as Aurantiactinomyxon ictaluri.[2]

PCR[3]

Etiologic agent

H.ictaluri, the parasite that causes proliferative gill disease is a myxozoan parasite that alternates between two hosts, an annelid worm and the fish host. The worm, Dero digitata, hosts the action spore stage of the parasite. Mature actinospores released by the worm float to the surface and attach to the gills of fish.

[4]

Pathogenesis

Aquaculture

Prevention

a

PGD thought to only affect farmed fish but parasites resembling Henneguya have been observed in wild fish.[5]

References

  1. ^ Durborow, R; Crosby, M; Delomas, T (2015). "Proliferative Gill Disease (Hamburger Gill Disease)" (PDF). Southern Regional Aquaculture Center. Retrieved 2026-07-22.
  2. ^ Pote, L. M.; Hanson, L. A.; Shivaji, R. (2000-09-01). "Small Subunit Ribosomal RNA Sequences Link the Cause of Proliferative Gill Disease in Channel Catfish to Henneguya n. sp. (Myxozoa: Myxosporea)". Journal of Aquatic Animal Health. 12 (3): 230–240. doi:10.1577/1548-8667(2000)012<0230:SSRRSL>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0899-7659.
  3. ^ Griffin, Matt J.; Wise, David J.; Camus, Alvin C.; Mauel, Michael J.; Greenway, Terrence E.; Pote, Linda M. (2008-09-01). "A Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Detection of the Myxozoan Parasite Henneguya Ictaluri in Channel Catfish". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 20 (5): 559–566. doi:10.1177/104063870802000504. ISSN 1040-6387.
  4. ^ Kelly, Anita (2020-04-07). "Proliferative Gill Disease". Alabama Cooperative Extension System. Retrieved 2026-07-25.
  5. ^ Thiyagarajah, Arunthavarani (1993-09-01). "Proliferative Gill Disease of Fish from the Tennessee‐Tombigbee Waterway, Mississippi". Journal of Aquatic Animal Health. 5 (3): 219–222. doi:10.1577/1548-8667(1993)005<0219:PGDOFF>2.3.CO;2. ISSN 0899-7659.

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