User:Pmanderson/N rays

Babst: 1972

Industrial Research Apr. 1972

Democracy

  1. Legislstion and finance: by majority contested regular bote
  2. Executive: majority vote, parliament, or direct vote of electorate, regular
  3. Secret ballot, some freedom of speech and press

US since 1789 (first) UK since 1832/1841 (Parliament chose PM)??

  • 1800: (1)
  • 1850: English-speaking+Switzerland; France lost to dict. by 1850 ??
  • 1900; 15 (NZ 1856; PR??, Hawaii 1900, Alaska 1912)

"The [Canadian?] provinces minsterial resp."

  • 1914: 10 of 33 in WWI
  • 1939: 14 of 52 in WWII
  • 1950: 43 inc. every cont. and S. Afr. s.Rhod. SWAf "very limited democracies"

War

A study of war ... by Quincy Wright.:

  • 50,000 troops, or change states, governments, or territorial transfor
  • independent at start of war. Non-independent nations' population "cannot exercise relevant choice."

Boer War: war of independence like Civil War "fighting to become independence and establish boundaries." ??

WWI:38 countries, Poland Hungary, Czechoslovakia not ind. Germany not elective; Kaiser could choose Chancellor Austrian Emp. adjourned Parl.

Relationship

never, between elective governments, indep. at start of war.

method

dyads. 33C2 relationships between states involved in WWI; 72 declarations (invasions without decl. in WWII counted). 10C2 rel. betw. elcctives. 0 decl.

Causes

Italy moved by public sentiment to break alliance with AG.

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