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Mariana Mud Volcanoes

File:Fryer et al. 1990 Mud volcano diagram.PNG
Schematic cross-section for typical serpentine mud volcanoes in the Mariana Fore-arc.

Mud volcanoes in the Mariana fore-arc are a hydrothermal geologic landform which erupt slurries of mud, water, and gas. There are at least 10 mud volcanoes in the Mariana fore-arc which are actively erupting.[1] This includes the recently studied Yinazao, Fantagisna (informally known as Celestial seamount), Asut Tesoro (formerly Big Blue), and South Chamorro serpentine seamounts.[1][2] These mud volcanoes erupt a unique, serpentine rich, mud composition which is related to the geologic setting in which they have formed.[2][1][3] Serpentine mud is the product of mantle metasomatism due to subduction zone metamorphism and slab dehydration.[1][3][4] As a result, the serpentine mud erupted from these mud volcanoes often contains pieces of mantle peridotite material which hasn't fully altered during the serpentinization process.[5][4][2][1] Serpentine mud volcanoes in the Mariana fore-arc are often located above faults in the fore-arc crust. These faults act as conduits for the hydrated mantle material to ascend towards the surface.[1][3]

Geologic Setting

File:Regional map of the Izu-Bonin-Mariana subduction system.jpeg
Regional Map of the Izu-Bonin-Mariana subduction system.

The Marina fore-arc is located at the convergent margin between the Pacific and Philippine tectonic plates. The Mariana arc is part of the combined Izu-Bonin-Mariana subduction system which extends form Japan to the north to Palau in the south.[6][7] The fore-arc is located to the east of the Mariana volcanic arc, both of which have formed due to the subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the Philippine plate.[7][1][6] Subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the Philippine plate began between 52-50 Ma during a period of tectonic plate reorganization in the western Pacific.[8][9][10][7]

Formation of Serpentine Mud

As the Pacific plate sinks into the mantle the pelagic sediments and hydrated basalts begin to dehydrate, releasing water and volatiles into the mantle beneath the Mariana arc. [1][2][4] This mixture of water and volatiles interact with the mantle peridotite material beneath the overriding Philippine plate. The peridotite beneath the Mariana fore-arc has a harzburgite composition, thus it contains mostly olivine and orthopyroxene (enstatite).[11][12][13][1] This means that serpentine in the fore-arc mantle forms via the hydration of olivine (Mg2SiO4) and enstatite (MgSiO4). This reaction results in the formation of Mg-rich serpentine (Mg3Si2O5(OH)4) and brucite (Mg(OH)2).[1][14][15] Since serpentine is a mineral group, there are multiple serpentine minerals which form during this chemical process. This includes antigorite, lizardite, and chrysotile, all of which share the same chemical composition but vary crystallographically.

2Mg2SiO4 + 3H2O = Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 + Mg(OH)2 [14]

6MgSiO3 + 3H2O = Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 + Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 [15]

Mg2SiO4 + MgSiO3 + 2H2O = Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 [15]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Fryer, P.; Wheat, C.G.; Williams, T.; Expedition 366 Scientists (2017-11-06). [No title found]. International Ocean Discovery Program Preliminary Report. International Ocean Discovery Program. doi:10.14379/iodp.pr.366.2017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ a b c d Fryer, P.; Wheat, C. G.; Mottl, M. J. (1999). <0103:mbmvif>2.3.co;2 "Mariana blueschist mud volcanism: Implications for conditions within the subduction zone". Geology. 27 (2): 103. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0103:mbmvif>2.3.co;2. ISSN 0091-7613.
  3. ^ a b c Fryer, P.; Pearce, J.A.; Stokking, L.B.; et al., eds. (1990-07). Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, 125 Initial Reports. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program. Vol. 125. Ocean Drilling Program. doi:10.2973/odp.proc.ir.125.101.1990. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |editor-last4= (help)
  4. ^ a b c Fryer, P.; Wheat, C. G.; Mottl, M. J. (1999). <0103:mbmvif>2.3.co;2 "Mariana blueschist mud volcanism: Implications for conditions within the subduction zone". Geology. 27 (2): 103. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0103:mbmvif>2.3.co;2. ISSN 0091-7613.
  5. ^ Kahl, Wolf-Achim; Jöns, Niels; Bach, Wolfgang; Klein, Frieder; Alt, Jeffrey C. (2015-06). "Ultramafic clasts from the South Chamorro serpentine mud volcano reveal a polyphase serpentinization history of the Mariana forearc mantle". Lithos. 227: 1–20. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2015.03.015. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ a b Shervais, John W.; Reagan, Mark; Haugen, Emily; Almeev, Renat R.; Pearce, Julian A.; Prytulak, Julie; Ryan, Jeffrey G.; Whattam, Scott A.; Godard, Marguerite; Chapman, Timothy; Li, Hongyan (2019-01). "Magmatic Response to Subduction Initiation: Part 1. Fore‐arc Basalts of the Izu‐Bonin Arc From IODP Expedition 352". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 20 (1): 314–338. doi:10.1029/2018GC007731. ISSN 1525-2027. PMC 6392113. PMID 30853858. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  7. ^ a b c Wu, Jonny; Suppe, John; Lu, Renqi; Kanda, Ravi (2016-06). "Philippine Sea and East Asian plate tectonics since 52 Ma constrained by new subducted slab reconstruction methods: PHILIPPINE SEA PLATE TECTONICS-SLABS". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 121 (6): 4670–4741. doi:10.1002/2016JB012923. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ Reagan, Mark K.; Heaton, Daniel E.; Schmitz, Mark D.; Pearce, Julian A.; Shervais, John W.; Koppers, Anthony A.P. (2019-01). "Forearc ages reveal extensive short-lived and rapid seafloor spreading following subduction initiation". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 506: 520–529. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.11.020. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ Ishizuka, Osamu; Hickey-Vargas, Rosemary; Arculus, Richard J.; Yogodzinski, Gene M.; Savov, Ivan P.; Kusano, Yuki; McCarthy, Anders; Brandl, Philipp A.; Sudo, Masafumi (2018-01). "Age of Izu–Bonin–Mariana arc basement". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 481: 80–90. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2017.10.023. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ Ishizuka, Osamu; Taylor, Rex N.; Yuasa, Makoto; Ohara, Yasuhiko (2011-05). "Making and breaking an island arc: A new perspective from the Oligocene Kyushu-Palau arc, Philippine Sea: OLIGOCENE KYUSHU-PALAU ARC". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 12 (5): n/a–n/a. doi:10.1029/2010GC003440. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ^ Reagan, Mark K.; Ishizuka, Osamu; Stern, Robert J.; Kelley, Katherine A.; Ohara, Yasuhiko; Blichert-Toft, Janne; Bloomer, Sherman H.; Cash, Jennifer; Fryer, Patricia; Hanan, Barry B.; Hickey-Vargas, Rosemary (2010-03). "Fore-arc basalts and subduction initiation in the Izu-Bonin-Mariana system: FORE-ARC BASALTS AND SUBDUCTION INITIATION". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 11 (3): n/a–n/a. doi:10.1029/2009GC002871. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. ^ Reagan, Mark K.; Pearce, Julian A.; Petronotis, Katerina; Almeev, Renat R.; Avery, Aaron J.; Carvallo, Claire; Chapman, Timothy; Christeson, Gail L.; Ferré, Eric C.; Godard, Marguerite; Heaton, Daniel E. (2017-08-18). "Subduction initiation and ophiolite crust: new insights from IODP drilling". International Geology Review. 59 (11): 1439–1450. doi:10.1080/00206814.2016.1276482. ISSN 0020-6814.
  13. ^ Bloomer, Sherman H.; Hawkins, James W. (1987-11). "Petrology and geochemistry of boninite series volcanic rocks from the Mariana trench". Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. 97 (3): 361–377. doi:10.1007/bf00371999. ISSN 0010-7999. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ^ a b Okamoto, Atsushi; Ogasawara, Yuichi; Ogawa, Yasumasa; Tsuchiya, Noriyoshi (2011-10). "Progress of hydration reactions in olivine–H2O and orthopyroxenite–H2O systems at 250°C and vapor-saturated pressure". Chemical Geology. 289 (3–4): 245–255. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.08.007. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ^ a b c Ogasawara, Yuichi; Okamoto, Atsushi; Hirano, Nobuo; Tsuchiya, Noriyoshi (2013-10). "Coupled reactions and silica diffusion during serpentinization". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 119: 212–230. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2013.06.001. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

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