User:Snoteleks/test
This is a test page for improving the Protist classification article.
Legend:
- * Lack of molecular data.
- † Extinct, or exclusively fossil taxon
- ? Uncertain position.
- (P) Paraphyletic or polyphyletic taxon.
- (P?) Potentially paraphyletic or polyphyletic taxon.
- (=...) Taxonomic synonym.
- (="...") Taxonomic synonym that is also a homonym of a different taxon.
- (...) Same taxon in a different code of nomenclature.
Colors
Amorphea
The supergroup Amorphea contains very diverse heterotrophic organisms, from the macroscopic fungi and animals to the unicellular choanoflagellates and classical amoebae. They frequently exhibit the ability to produce multinucleated cells, a trait considered ancestral to Amorphea. They are also capable of producing pseudopodia, as does the closely related CRuMs clade, forming the clade Podiata.[1]
Amorphea is divided into two clades: Amoebozoa, containing well-known amoebae and slime molds, and Obazoa, containing animals, fungi, and their closest relatives. The relationship between these two clades was initially called 'Unikonta', due to a hypothesis where their common ancestor was a unikont, i.e., a eukaryote with just one flagellum.[2] However, this hypothesis was refuted, as there are bikont amorpheans (e.g., Breviata anathema) and it likely is not an ancestral trait to have a single flagellum.[3][4]
Amoebozoa
The phylum Amoebozoa contains around 2,400 species[5] of primarily amoeboid protists.[6] It includes a large portion of the traditional Sarcodina, the taxon uniting all amoebae. In particular, it groups naked and testate lobose amoebae (the traditional Lobosa), as well as the archamoebae and eumycetozoans (slime molds), and a few flagellates.[7] After the general 2019 revisions published by the International Society of Protistologists (ISOP),[6] there have been specific revisions to the classification of eumycetozoans[8] and testate amoebae.[9]
Obazoa
The clade Obazoa contains two small groups of flagellates, the breviates and the apusomonads, and the large clade Opisthokonta, which contains animals, fungi, and their closest protist relatives.[6] Under the Cavalier-Smith system, breviates and apusomonads were two classes that composed the phylum Apusozoa,[30] but this taxon is paraphyletic, as apusomonads are more closely related to opisthokonts.[31] The taxonomy of apusomonads was expanded in a 2022 phylogenetic sudy that introduced many new genera.[32]
Opisthokonts are divided into two branches: Holozoa (animal-related), containing the ichthyosporeans, pluriformeans, filastereans and choanoflagellates; and Nucletmycea or Holomycota (fungus-related), containing the nucleariids and opisthosporidians. These groups, minus opisthosporidians, were classified as different classes within the paraphyletic phylum Choanozoa in the system of Cavalier-Smith, now obsolete. Instead, Choanozoa is the name used for the clade containing choanoflagellates and animals. Opisthosporidians (aphelids, rozellids and microsporidians) are often studied as protists, but are also considered fungi by protistologists[6] and mycologists alike.[28] Both Holozoa and Nucletmycea have been proposed once as superkingdoms by a group of mycologists, specifying nucleariids and fungi as kingdoms, but without any mention of holozoan kingdoms.[33]
Archaeplastida
The clade Archaeplastida encompasses photosynthetic eukaryotes whose chloroplasts are derived from an event of primary endosymbiosis with a cyanobacterium. This includes the multicellular land plants (embryophytes), distinguished by their embryonic development and differentiation into tissues, and a multitude of protist lineages, many of which have also evolved multicellularity independently (e.g., red algae). Together, they amount to an estimated 500,000 species, with protists covering less than 50,000. In some systems of classification, Archaeplastida is equivalent to the plant kingdom (Plantae).[30] As such, the protist lineages, including simple, single-celled algae and protozoa, are regarded as "plants" under this definition.[42] Other definitions exclude these protists, and reduce the plant kingdom to only embryophytes.[6]
Rhodophyta
The red algae, formally known as phylum Rhodophyta, are a group of more than 7,100 species of photosynthetic eukaryotes containing primary plastids. They have evolved into diverse morphologies, from single coccoid cells to large pseudoparenchymatous thalli that have complex life cycles with up to three generations.[43] Unlike other eukaryotes, they lack flagella and centrioles in all their life stages.[44]
Traditionally, red algae have been classified according to morphology as two classes (Bangiophyceae and Florideophyceae), or two subclasses (Bangiophycidae and Florideophycidae) of a single class Rhodophyceae. This system was challenged with the rise of molecular phylogenetics, which revealed the paraphyly of Bangiophyceae. In addition, a third class, Cyanidiophyceae, was discovered as the earliest diverging lineage. In 2004 a new molecular-based classification of red algae was proposed, where they composed a subkingdom of plants (Rhodoplantae) divided into two phyla: Cyanidiophyta, with just one class, and Rhodophyta, with three subphyla (Rhodellophytina, Metarhodophytina and Eurhodophytina) and four classes, one of which was still paraphyletic.[45] In 2006, a comprehensive molecular analysis revised the classification and proposed a single phylum Rhodophyta with two subphyla: Cyanidiophytina, with one class, and Rhodophytina, with six classes.[46] This taxonomic system, developed by Hwan Su Yoon and collaborators, is the prevalent among taxonomists,[47][43] with the addition of a separation of subphylum Rhodophytina into two subphyla: Proteorhodophytina (classes Compsopogonophyceae, Porphyridiophyceae, Rhodellophyceae and Stylonematophyceae) and Eurhodophytina (with the original classes Bangiophyceae and Florideophyceae) in 2017.[48] In 2022, a book was published revising the classification of all freshwater red algae.[49]
Picozoa
Glaucophyta
Chloroplastida
The green algae are a paraphyletic group from which land plants (Embryophyta) evolved. Together they form the clade Chloroplastida (in reference to their green plastids), also known as Viridiplantae (meaning "green plants"). Green algae were originally studied as a single division Chlorophyta.
Pancryptista
The phylum Cryptista contains heterotrophic and photosynthetic single-celled flagellates. Its classification has undergone many changes through the years, and several conflicting systems and nomenclatures coexist. It was described by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 1989 to unite two distinct groups of flagellates: the photosynthetic cryptomonads, and the heterotrophic goniomonads (respectively the two classes Cryptomonadea and Cyathomonadea). The name Cryptista was meant to be a synonym of Cryptophyta,[110] the algal division described by the same author in previous years.[111] In 2004, he modified the classification of Cryptista to add two subphyla: Cryptomonada, containing the aforementioned classes (renamed as Cryptophyceae and Goniomonadea respectively), and Leucocrypta, containing the heterotrophic katablepharids.[112] The next year, a separate group of authors proposed a different higher ranking for katablepharids as a phylum Kathablepharida or division Katablepharidophyta, related to but independent from phylum Cryptophyta, with no mention of Cryptista.[113] Between 2013 and 2015, Cavalier-Smith updated the classification once more by describing three new subphyla: Rollomonadia, containing the previous subphyla lowered to superclasses; Palpitia, containing the flagellate Palpitomonas bilix;[114] and Corbihelia, containing picozoans, telonemids, and some heliozoan species (Heliomorpha and Microheliella).[115] Corbihelia did not reach consensus: later analyses and revisions separated telonemids and picozoans as their own clades, and placed Heliomorpha in Cercozoa.[6] However, the addition of Palpitomonas and the monophyly of Rollomonadia have been supported in other analyses.[116]
Cryptista was redefined in the 2019 ISOP revision as the clade containing Palpitomonas, katablepharids, goniomonads and cryptomonads. However, this revision introduced yet another classification system that is contradictory with the previous ones. They proposed a single class Cryptophyceae uniting cryptomonads, goniomonads and katablepharids, and treated cryptomonads as a single order Cryptomonadales,[6] although this does not follow scientific consensus: there are more cryptomonad orders (e.g., Pyrenomonadales, Tetragonidiales) and the name Cryptophyceae was already used for taxa that excluded katablepharids[117] and often excluded goniomonads too.[115] There has not been a new revision since.
Unlike with Heliomorpha, the genus Microheliella was genetically sequenced and its affinities have been resolved. In 2022, it was proposed as the sister group of Cryptista, in a clade known as Pancryptista.[118]
Haptista
Alveolata
Ciliophora
Myzozoa
Chrompodellids
Apicomplexa
Perkinsozoa
Dinoflagellata
Rhizaria
Cercozoa
Foraminifera
The foraminifera, or forams, are a diverse group of single-celled aquatic amoebae, usually bearing an organic or calcareous wall, amounting to over 6,700 living species and many fossil taxa.[146] They were originally classified as an order of protozoa (Foraminiferida) belonging to the now obsolete Granoreticulosa, along with other reticulose amoebae. Later they were separated into their own phylum by most protozoologists, although maintained as a class by micropaleontologists,[147] until they were placed as a subphylum of phylum Retaria along with the Radiolaria.[119] They are divided into three classes (or subclasses, when globally treated as a class): the paraphyletic monothalamids,[148] containing amoebae with single-chambered organic walls and a few naked amoebae (e.g., the large xenophyophores); and the monophyletic Globothalamea and Tubothalamea, which evolved from monothalamids, each containing amoebae with multi-chambered tests, either organic or calcareous.[149] Some alternate systems of dividing foraminifera into classes have been proposed,[150] but none have gained consensus. The relationships of monothalamids remain a work in progress due to the limited amount of genetic data.[149]
Foraminiferal classification was compiled numerous times through the 20th century, culminating in 1987 with the catalogue of foraminiferal genera published by paleontologists Alfred R. Loeblich Jr and Helen Tappan.[151] Later, catalogues have been published individually for separate groups of foraminifera on the basis of morphology and ecology. Two classifications for exclusively agglutinated (organic-walled) foraminiferal genera were published in 2001[147] and 2014,[152] and one classification for planktonic foraminifera was published in 2022.[153]
Radiolaria
| Order | Superfamily | Family | Genera |
|---|---|---|---|
| Class Acantharea | |||
| Actinastra(P) | Trizona | ||
| Arthracanthida(P) | Acanthometra, Daurataspis, Dictyacantha, Diploconus, Phractopelta, Phyllostaurus, Pleuraspis, Stauracantha | ||
| Chaunocanthida(P) | Amphiacon, Conacon, Gigartacon, Heteracon, Stauracon | ||
| Holocanthida(P) | Acanthochiasma, Acanthocolla, Acanthoplegma | ||
| Symphyacanthida | Amphilithium, Astrolonche, Pseudolithium | ||
| Class Polycystinea[176] | |||
| Collodaria | Acrosphaera, Collosphaera, Collozoum, Sphaerozoum, Rhaphidozoum, Siphonsphaera, Thalassicolla | ||
| †Entactinaria[k] | †Entactiniidae | Afanasievella, Apophysiactinia, Borisella, Callela, Cancellosphaera, Costaentactinia, ?Cyclocarpus, Duodecimentactinia, Langsonsphaera,[178] Entactinosphaera, Gracilentactinia, Holdisphaera, Involutentactinia, Kashiwara, Magnentactinia, Magnisphaera, Microporosa, Moskovistella, Multientactinia, Munzuwonella, Paratriposphaera, Perforentactinia, Plenoentactinia, Plenosphaera, Pluristratoentactinia, Polyedroentactinia, Provisocyntra, Radiobisphaera, Retentactinia, Retisphaera, Sinosphaera, Spongentactinia, Stigmosphaerostylus, Trilonche, Uberinterna, Wuyia[179] | |
| †Tetrentactiniidae | Multisphaera | ||
| †Triassothamnidae[178] | Triassothamnus | ||
| Nassellaria | Artostrobus, Eucyrtidium, Lithomelissa, Pterocanium, Pterocorys | ||
| Orodaria[177] | Oroscenidae | Oroscena, Orostaurus, Oropelex, ?Orosphaera, ?Orodictyum, ?Orona, ?Oronium | |
| Thalassothamnidae | Thalassothamnus, Cytocladus, ?Conostylus | ||
| Spumellaria | Cladococcoidea | Cladococcidae | Arachnosphaera (=Arachnosphaerella), Arachnospongus, Cladococcus (=Cladococcalis, Anomalacantha, Cladococcodes, Cladococcurus, Porococcus), Diplosphaera (=Diplosphaeromma, Astrosphaera, Diplosphaerella, Leptosphaera, Leptosphaerella, Astrosphaerella, Astrospongus, Drymosphaeromma, Leptosphaeromma), Haeckeliella, Lychnosphaera (=Rhizoplegmidium, Rhizospongus, Thalassoplegma) |
| Ethmosphaeridae | Cyrtidosphaera, Ethmosphaera (=Ethmosphaerella, Monosphaera), Haplosphaera, Heliosphaera (=Heliosphaerella), Liosphaera (=Melitomma, Craspedomma) | ||
| Haliommoidea | Actinommidae | Actinomma (=Actinommetta, Haliommura, Rhaphidococcus, Riedelipyle, Dreyerella, Drymyomma, Cromyomma, Echinommura, Heliosomura, Spheropyle), Cromyechinus (=Cromyodrymus), Rhaphidocapsa, ?Sphaeractis, ?Staurocaryum, Stomatosphaera, ?Stuermeria | |
| Haliommidae | Cromyosphaera (=Cromyommetta, Cromyommura), Haliomma (=Actinommilla, Cenosphaera, Circosphaera, Thecosphaerella), Haliommantha, Hexacontella, Melittosphaera (=Conoactinomma), Pseudostaurosphaera (=Pseudostaurolonche) | ||
| Heliodiscidae | Actinommura (=Excentrosphaerella), Excentrococcus, Excentrodiscus, Heliodiscus (=Heliodiscilla, Heliocladus, Heliodiscetta, Heliodrymus, Heliodendrum, Heliosestilla), Helioferrusa, Phaenicosphaera (=Dreyeropyle) | ||
| Hexacromyoidea | Hexacaryidae | Clevepilegma, Haliphormis (=Hexastylanthus, Hexastylettus, Hexastylissus, Hexastylurus), Hexacaryum, Hexalonchetta, Hexancistra (=Hexancora), Hexapitys | |
| Hexacromyidae | Hexacromyum (=Cubosphaera, Hexacontura), Hexalonchilla (=Hexalonchusa, Staurolonchantha), Nanina (=Pentactinosphaera), ?Carpocanthum | ||
| Hollandosphaeridae | Anomalosoma (=Heterosoma), Hollandosphaera (=Heliaster), Tetrapetalon | ||
| Lithelioidea | ?†Conocaryommidae | Conocaryomma (=Conocromyomma) | |
| Litheliidae | Lithelius (=Lithospira, Azerbaidjanicus), Middourium (=Monobrachium), Spiremaria (=Spiromultitunica), Spongocyclia (=Lithocarpium, Ommatodiscinus, Ommatodiscus, Ommatodisculus) | ||
| †Phaseliformidae | Phaseliforma | ||
| †Pyramispongiidae | Pyramispongia (=Nodotetraedra) | ||
| Sponguridae | Ommatogramma (=Spongurus, Spongocorisca, Spongurantha, Spongurella) | ||
| Larcospiroidea | Dipylissidae | ||
| Larcospiridae | |||
| Palaeotetrapylidae | |||
| Pylodiscidae | |||
| Zonariidae | |||
| Lithocyclioidea | Astracturidae | Astromma (=Astractinium, Astractura, Astracturium, Astrococcura, Staurococcura), Amphactura (=Dicoccura, Diplactinium), Hymeniastrum (=Hymenastrella, Hymenactura, Hymenacturium, Trigonactinium, Hymenactinium, Pentactura, Trigonacturium) | |
| Lithocycliidae | Cromyatractus (=Cromyatractium, Caryatractus), Heliosestrum (=Heliosestantha, Astrosestrum, Astrosestantha, Astrophacura, Staurodiscus), Heliostylus (=Astrostylus, Stylodiscus, Stylentodiscus), Lithocyclia (=Astrocyclia, Coccodiscus), Phacostaurus (=Phacostaurium, Astrostaurus, Crucidiscus, Heliostaurus, Sethostaurium, Sethostaurus, Staurentodiscus), Phacotriactis, Sethostylus (=Sethostylium, Amphicyclia, Phacostylus, Phacostylium), Staurocyclia (=Coccostaurus), Triactiscus (=Trigonocyclia) | ||
| Panartidae | Cannartus (=Cannartidissa, Cannartiscus, Pipetta, Pipettaria, Pipettella, Druppula, Druppuletta), Diartus, Didymocyrtis (=Artidium, Cyphinura, Cyphocolpus, Desmartus, Ommatocampula, Panaromium, Panartus, Panartella, Panartidium, Panartissa, Panartura, Peripanartium, Peripanartula, Peripanartus, Peripanicula), Spongolivella | ||
| Phacodiscidae | Periphaena (=Astrophacomma, Heliodiscomma, Perizona), Phacodiscus (=Phacodiscinus, Astrophacilla, Paracenodiscus, Phacodisculus, Prunulum, Prunuletta, Sethodiscinus) | ||
| Phorticioidea | Amphitholidae | ||
| Circodiscidae | |||
| Cryptolarnaciidae | |||
| Histiastridae | |||
| Phorticiidae | |||
| Pseudoaulophacoidea | Patulibracchiidae | ||
| Pseudoaulophacidae | |||
| Suttoniidae | |||
| Spongodiscoidea | Euchitoniidae | Amphicraspedum (=Amphicraspedon, Aphirrhopella), Dictyocoryne (=Dictyocorynula, Dictyastrum, Dictyastrella, Euchitonia, Hymenastromma, Rhopalodictya, Rhopalodictyum, Styla, Pteractis), Hexinastrum (=Hexalastromma, Pentalastromma, Pentinastrum), Ommatocampe (=Ommatocampium, Amphymenium), Tessarastrum (=Tessarastrella, Hagiastromma, Tessarostromma), Tricanastrum (=Dicranaster, Dicranastrum, Myelastrella, Myelastrum, Spongomyelastrum, Myelastromma, Pentophiastromma, Spongodicranastrum, Spongohagiastrum, Spongopentophiastrum, Spongostaurina, Tetracranastrum, Triastrum), Trigonastrum (=Trigonastrella, Rhopalastromma, Chitonastromma, Amphicraspedina, Amphirrhopoma, Dictyastromma, Monaxonium, Trigonastromma) | |
| Spongobrachiidae | Spongasteriscus (=Spongasterisculus, Dictyocorynium), Spongastromma, Spongobrachium | ||
| Spongodiscidae | Spongaster (=Spongastrella, Histiastrella), Spongodiscus (=Spongodisculus), Spongotrochus (=Spongotrochiscus) | ||
| Spongopyloidea | Cristallosphaeridae | Calcaromma (=Cristallosphaera), Enalomelon | |
| Spongopylidae | Schizodiscus, Spongobrachiopyle, Spongopyle (=Spongopylarium), Spongospira | ||
| ?Prunopylidae | Prunopyle, Spongopylidium | ||
| Spongosphaeroidea | Spongosphaeridae | Diplospongus, Spongodendron, Spongosphaera (=Hexadoridium, Spongosphaeromma) | |
| Stylosphaeroidea | Entapiidae | ||
| Stylatractidae | |||
| Tubosphaeridae | |||
| Trematodiscoidea | Trematodiscidae | Flustrella (=Centrospira, Discospirella, Trematodiscus, Perichlamydium, Perispirella, Stylochlamyum), Staurospira (=Staurodictyon, Tholodiscus, Xiphospira), Stylodictya (=Stylodictyon, Stylochlamydium, Stylochlamys, Stylospongia, Stylocyclia, Stylospira), Tripodictya (=Xiphodictyon) | |
| Class Sticholonchea | |||
| Taxopodida | Sticholonchidae | Sticholonche | |
Stramenopiles
The stramenopiles are a diverse group of protists composed of more than 100,000 estimated species.[180] They are generally biflagellates, characterized by straw-like tubular flagellar hairs in one of their flagellum; this is referenced in their name (Latin stramen, 'made of straw').[181] They are also known as heterokonts due to their unequal flagella, as only one of them has hairs.[182] The formal taxonomic name Heterokonta was originally proposed by Cavalier-Smith as a small phylum of algae (namely the chrysophytes, xanthophytes, phaeophytes and raphidophytes).[183] Its definition became progressively wider to include diatoms, eustigmatophytes, and non-algal groups like the oomycetes,[184] and it became a superphylum within his kingdom Chromista.[119] Simultaneously, the name 'stramenopile' was coined by David Patterson for the same group of organisms[185] and reached wide usage in the scientific community, as it was more descriptive of their characteristic flagella,[181][6] while the term 'heterokont' could also refer to any protist with flagella of unequal size (e.g., euglenids, jakobids).[186] In the 2005 ISOP revision of protist classification, the term was formalized as a taxon with a phylogenetic definition and was capitalized as 'Stramenopiles'.[181] Variants of this name have been proposed in different ranked systems, such as kingdom 'Straminipila'.[187][188]
Most stramenopiles are classified into two phyla: Bigyra, containing the earliest-branching heterotrophs, and Gyrista, containing the photosynthetic stramenopiles (Ochrophyta) and some of their heterotrophic relatives, like oomycetes. Bigyra is further divided into two subphyla: Sagenista, containing the labyrinthulids, and Opalozoa, containing the bicosoecids, opalinids. In addition, the earliest branching stramenopile, Platysulcus tardus, has been proposed as incertae sedis Bigyra.[119] However, most taxonomists exclude Platysulcus from this phylum.[6][189] Another basal stramenopile, Kaonashia, was described without explicit assignment to any taxon within stramenopiles.[190]
Stramenopiles Patterson 1989 emend. Adl et al. 2005 (=Heterokonta Cavalier-Smith 1986; Straminipila Dick 2001)
- ?Family Kaonashiidae Weston, Eglit & Simpson 2023, genus Kaonashia.
- ?Class Platysulcea Cavalier-Smith 2018, order Platysulcida Cavalier-Smith 2018, family Platysulcidae Shiratori, Nakayama & Ishida 2015, genus Platysulcus.
- Phylum Bigyra (see below)
- Phylum Gyrista Cavalier-Smith 1998
- Subphylum Bigyromonada (see below)
- Subphylum Pseudofungi (see below)
- Subphylum Ochrophyta (see below)
Bigyra
Bigyra was initially proposed as a phylum of heterotrophic protists closely related to the photosynthetic heterokonts (Ochrophyta). It contained three subphyla: Pseudofungi (oomycetes and hyphochytrids), Bigyromonada (free-living biflagellates), and Opalinata (large multi-flagellated gut symbionts). The phylum was proposed with a unifying characteristic, the presence of a flagellar transition zone with double helices or rings. This definition was later modified to exclude both Pseudofungi and Bigyromonada, and it was instead reduced to two different subphyla: Opalozoa (including Opalinata and bicosoecids) and Sagenista. Prior to this, Sagenista itself was also a phylum containing bicosoecids and labyrinthuleans, but it got reduced to only labyrinthuleans and a few flagellates.[191][119]
The current definition of Bigyra is paraphyletic according to some phylogenetic analyses, with Sagenista more closely related to Gyrista. Despite its probable paraphyly, most taxonomists continue to use it, and it was recognized in the 2019 revision by the ISOP, which prioritizes monophyletic taxa.[6][192][193] Its global classification was last revised by Cavalier-Smith in 2013 and 2018,[114][119] while the specific class Placididea was revised in 2021, with new taxa described by Alexandra Rybarski and coauthors,[194] and the classes Labyrinthulea and Opalinea were revised in-depth in the 2017 Handbook of the protists.[195][196]
Bigyromonada
| Bigyromonada | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Class | Order | Family | Genera |
| Developea | Developayellida | Developayellidae | Cubaremonas · Develocanicus · Develocauda · Developayella · Develorapax · Mediocremonas |
| Pirsonea[203] | Pirsoniales | Pirsoniaceae | Bordeauxia · Bullionia · Feodosia · Koktebelia · Noirmoutieria · Pirsonia |
Pseudofungi
The pseudofungi are a group of over 1,200 species[204] of fungus-like protists, composed of two groups: the hyphochytrids and oomycetes. Both groups have been traditionally studied by mycologists and regarded as phylum-level taxa, Hyphochytriomycota and Oomycota (or Peronosporomycota), inside the kingdom Straminipila.[187][188] Some protistologists place them as classes of the phylum or subphylum Pseudofungi instead.[119] Due to their similarity to fungi, they (and labyrinthuleans) are also known as 'straminipilous fungi'.[187] Their classifications were reviewed in the 2024 work Outline of fungi and fungus-like taxa.[201] Molecular phylogenetics are still resolving the inner relationships of oomycetes,[6] but two main classes are generally accepted (Peronosporomycetes and Saprolegionmycetes), followed by an array of deep-branching orders.[205][201]
Ochrophyta
The ochrophytes (also known as heterokontophytes or heterokont algae) are a vast group of mostly photosynthetic stramenopiles.[206] The first phylum name introduced specifically for heterokont algae was Heterokontophyta, coined by van den Hoek in 1978 and subsequently used by several authors,[207] but it was not validly published until 2023.[208] Meanwhile, T. Cavalier-Smith coined in 1986 the alternative name Ochrista, renamed Ochrophyta in 1996 to match the recommendations of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.[207] The same author later renamed it Ochrophytina after making it a subphylum of phylum Gyrista,[119] but the scientific community continues to study heterokont algae as a phylum Ochrophyta or Heterokontophyta.[6][206]
The numerous classes of ochrophytes are currently organized into two major clades: Chrysista, containing the clades SI and SII, and Diatomista, equivalent to the clade SIII. However, the exact relationships of ochrophyte classes within these smaller clades continue to be debated.[206]
Diatoms
The diatoms (formally Diatomeae)[6] are a particularly species-rich group of stramenopiles, with more than 14,000 described species.[255] They are often classified as an entire phylum or division Bacillariophyta by diatomists, despite being part of the phylum Ochrophyta.[256] Taxonomists divide diatoms into three main classes: Coscinodiscophyceae, for radial centric diatoms; Mediophyceae, for polar centric diatoms; and Bacillariophyceae, for pennate diatoms.[257] However, the current class- and order-level classifications do not reflect molecular phylogenetics: most classes and many orders are non-monophyletic, and some orders are spread between different classes.[258][259] The ISOP publication of 2019 proposed a newer preliminary classification with higher ranks to reflect the advances in phylogenetics of the 2010s decade, although it still suffered from poor taxon sampling outside of the polar centric and pennate diatoms, and expected the basal taxa to become better resolved in the future.[6] In 2025, as a response to the taxonomic incongruence demonstrated by phylogenomic analyses, a new classification of extant diatoms was published.[260]
Excavates
Malawimonada
Metamonada
The metamonads were first described by Pierre-Paul Grassé in the first volume of Traité de Zoologie, published in 1952, as the superorder Metamonadina or Anaxostylaria. They were originally composed of zooflagellates with four or more flagella, known as polymastigotes and hypermastigotes (e.g., Trichomonas, Oxymonas).[262] These were later split into other groups such as the Parabasalia and Preaxostyla (over 260 and 140 species respectively),[263][264] regarded as individual phyla. After rRNA phylogenetic analyses demonstrated their relatedness, the concept of metamonads was reintroduced by Cavalier-Smith as a monophyletic phylum Metamonada that includes both groups, as well as the anaerobic Fornicata (e.g., the free-living Carpediemonas and the parasitic Giardia;[265][266] around 140 species).[263] In this system, Preaxostyla is known as subphylum Anaeromonada, and Fornicata and Parabasalia are two infraphyla that belong to the subphylum Trichozoa.[30] Still, some taxonomists retain the Parabasalia at a phylum level.[267]
The classifications of Preaxostyla and Fornicata were last revised separately in the 2017 Handbook of the protists[268][269][270] and the higher classification of Metamonada was revised by Cavalier-Smith in 2021.[30] The classification of Parabasalia was completely updated in 2024.[267] Two new smaller clades of metamonads have been described in addition: anaeramoebae[271] and the 'BaSk' clade, containing barthelonids and skoliomonads.[272] However, Parabasalia was treated as a separate phylum by the 2024 revision, instead of a member of phylum Metamonada.[267] For consistency, the classification listed below maintains Parabasalia as part of the phylum Metamonada.
Discoba
The phylum Euglenozoa is home to at least 2,000 described species of single-celled flagellates of very dissimilar lifestyles. It was originally proposed to group the euglenids (such as the photosynthetic Euglena) and the kinetoplastids (like the pathogenic Trypanosoma), usually studied separatedly; eventually it included diplonemids and symbiontids as well.[277][278][279] Due to its share of photosynthetic species, traditionally regarded as algae, the phylum is also known as Euglenophyta by phycologists, and euglenids in particular were often studied as algae. Euglenids and kinetoplastids are the most diverse in terms of described species, although diplonemids may compose over 67,000 potential species.[279] The classification of euglenozoans was summarized by Cavalier-Smith in 2016.[278] A more phylogenetically precise revision of their classification was published in 2021 by Alexei Kostygov and coauthors,[279] with newer clades and genera described in the following years, particularly of euglenids. Still, one group of euglenids, the paraphyletic "ploeotids",[280] remains unresolved in the current classification, spread out across multiple clades.[281][282][283]
The phylum Heterolobosea contains around 170 species of amoebae, flagellates, and amoeboflagellates. It was initially established to unite two historically well-known amoeboid orders, Schizopyrenida (such as Naegleria fowleri, a human pathogen) and Acrasida (slime molds). Later, as more flagellates joined this grouping, the usage of Heterolobosea was split between two meanings: the more common usage applies to the entire clade,[6] while the usage by Cavalier-Smith and collaborators was restricted to a paraphyletic class of "traditional" heteroloboseans, with the name Percolozoa used for the phylum instead.[284][285] The first comprehensive phylogenomic study of Heterolobosea was published in 2025 by Tomáš Pánek and coauthors, resulting in its modern classification.[286]
Minor clades
Ancyromonadida
In 2023 the taxonomy of ancyromonads was expanded through the description of several new genera.[301]
| Class | Order | Family | Genera |
|---|---|---|---|
| Planomonadea | Ancyromonadida | — | Divimonas[302] |
| Ancyromonadidae | Ancyromonas, Caraotamonas, Nutomonas, Nyramonas, Olneymonas, Striomonas | ||
| Planomonadidae | Fabomonas, Planomonas |
CRuMs
Disparia
Disparia or Promethea is a clade that unites several predatory protists, namely the provorans, hemimastigotes, and two mysterious genera Meteora and Solarion. It was described in 2025 through phylogenomic analyses that accompanied the discovery of Solarion.[304] Prior to these analyses, provorans, hemimastigotes and Meteora were considered 'orphan' taxa, with unstable phylogenetic positions. The first provoran, Ancoracysta twista, was briefly proposed to be related to Haptista.[5] However, in 2024 there was already evidence of a close affinity between Meteora, hemimastigotes, and provorans.[305]
Provorans compose two ancient phyla of predatory microbes and a total of eight described species. They are small, fast-swimming predators capable of consuming larger prey, but are easily confused with other protists due to their unremarkable appearance; they required meticulous study to be recognized.[306][307][308]
The phylum Caelestes, described in 2025, encompasses two monotypic genera of protists with a unique stalked extrusome used for immobilizing prey bacteria. Their morphology resembles that of celestial bodies, after which they are named. Only one of the genera, Solarion, is assigned to a family, and no classes or orders have been defined.[304]
Hemimastigotes are a small group composed of ten species of heterotrophs with a pellicle and numerous flagella. First identified in 1988,[309] they remained an orphan group for decades due to the absence of genetic information, with taxonomists hypothesizing affinities to many different protists.[310] In 2018, two hemimastigotes were successfully sequenced and a phylogenomic analysis revealed their deep-branching placement near Diaphoretickes.[311] Between 2024 and 2025, a closer relationship with the clades Provora and Caelestes was resolved.[305][304]
| Clade | Phylum | Class | Order | Family | Genera |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Provora | Nebulidia | Nebulidea | Nebulidida | Nebulidae | Ancoracysta, Nebulomonas |
| Nibbleridia | Nibbleridea | Nibbleridida | Nibbleridae | Nibbleromonas, Ubysseya | |
| Membrifera | Caelestes | — | Meteora | ||
| — | Solarionidae | Solarion | |||
| Hemimastigophora | Hemimastigea | Hemimastigida | Spironematellidae | Hemimastix, Spironematella (="Spironema"),[312] Stereonema | |
| Paramastigidae | Paramastix | ||||
Telonemia
The phylum Telonemia (telonemids) contains a few species of flagellates found in ocean and fresh waters worldwide. It was originally proposed in 2006 for Telonema, a genus of previously uncertain affinity.[313] Under the Cavalier-Smith system, telonemids were initially classified as a class of Cryptista,[115] but later analyses consistently recovered it as a separate group.[30] Until 2019, only two species had been formally described, each belonging to a separate genus,[314] although environmental DNA sequencing suggests there are many more species not yet described.[315] In 2022, five additional species were described along with a third new genus, bringing the total number of species to seven.[316]
Phylum Telonemia Shalchian-Tabrizi 2006, class Telonemea Cavalier-Smith 1993, order Telonemida Cavalier-Smith 1993, family Telonemidae Cavalier-Smith 1993, genera Arpakorses, Lateronema, Telonema.
Protists of uncertain position
Notes
- ^ The position of the genera Microcorycia, Parmulina, Penardochlamys and Zonomyxa, which were listed in 2002 under family Microcoryciidae, is not clear. They are placed here by morphological characters but this needs to be supported by molecular data.[6]
- ^ The genus Pessonella could be a synonym of Vannella.[6]
- ^ The 2019 revision by the ISOP ignores the grouping of some variosean genera into orders proposed in older studies, due to the weakly supported SSU rRNA phylogenetic analyses.[6]
- ^ a b According to a 2018 molecular study: "The genera Coriophyllum, Neohalosacciocolax and Pseudorhododiscus are currently assigned to the Palmariales but have yet to be included in a molecular phylogenetic context, and their associations within the Palmariales remain equivocal."[74]
- ^ a b c d The genera Coenoclavator, Lagynophora, Nanglingqiuchara, and Neimongolichara are considered rejected due to the poor quality of their descriptions which, in some cases, likely correspond to other genera instead.[105]
- ^ The genus Kosmogyra is considered artificial and is no longer acknowledged.[105]
- ^ The genus Tetragonidium is known only from one written diagnosis and some illustrations, and its affinities with cryptomonads are very uncertain.[117]
- ^ a b The family Massisteriidae was originally placed in the order Leucodictyida, along with the family Leucodictyidae which included two genera Leucodictyon and Reticulamoeba. However, Leucodictyon has not been genetically sequenced[130] and Reticulamoeba is not closely related to Massisteriidae.[131]
- ^ There is only one molecular sequence from Tracheleuglypha, which causes long branches in gene phylogenies, and the node is unresolved.[6]
- ^ The family Psammonobiotidae is considered as most likely belonging to Euglyphida, but this position remains to be confirmed as they do not secrete scales.[6]
- ^ According to Nakamura & Suzuki, the only extant (i.e. not extinct) orders of Polycystinea are Spumellaria, Nassellaria, Collodaria and Orodaria. Therefore, Entactinaria is considered an exclusively fossil group.[177]
- ^ Within the order Anoecida, the four families Anoecaceae, Caecitellaceae, Cafeteriaceae and Symbiomonadaceae were included by T. Cavalier-Smith in 2006. In a 2013 revision, he simplified the classification by transferring Symbiomonadaceae and Anoecaceae to Cafeteriaceae.[114] However, both of those families remain accepted by the scientific community as independent from Cafeteriaceae as of 2020.[197]
- ^ In Syllabus of plant families (2015),[217]: 126 the chrysophyte family Chrysosphaeraceae (containing the genera Chrysosphaera · Chrysastrella and Epicystis) is considered incertae sedis with no assigned order. Later publications place this family (or at least its genera) within the order Chrysosaccales,[218][219] but maintain one of its genera, Chrysastrella, as incertae sedis among chrysophytes.[213]
- ^ According to the Syllabus of plant families (2015), the order Ochromonadales contains three families, Chrysolepidomonadaceae, Dinobryaceae, and Ochromonadaceae. However, these are not monophyletic,[217]: 122–123 and many phylogenetic studies of the following years have abandoned the use of families.[6][221][212][222]
- ^ Although present in the 2015 edition of Syllabus of plant families as a separate genus,[217] Pseudosyncrypta is believed by several authors to have been described from an atypical Synura cell.[225]
- ^ Some authors consider Ciliophryales and Rhizochromulinales to be separate orders.[232]
- ^ The position of Eustigmatophyceae is still unstable, with different phylogenetic methodologies showing affinities to either of the SI and SII clades.[234][235]
- ^ Although formally recognized as a genus of Sarcinochrysidales, Ankylochrysis groups with Pelagomonadales in phylogenetic analysis.[240]
- ^ a b Taxonomists Thomas Cavalier-Smith and Ema E. Chao hypothesized in 2013 a sister relationship between actinophryids and raphidophytes, with both groups placed under the class Raphidomonadea. The raphidophytes were regarded as subclass Raphidophycidae, while the actinophryids were grouped with the molecularly uncharacterized genus Commation as subclass Raphopoda.[114] However, the placement of actinophryids among ochrophytes is still unstable and uncertain,[248][235] and Commation has never been included in classifications since.[6] Cite error: The named reference "Raphidomonadea" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ The eight genera Antarctosaccion, Chrysoderma, Chrysomeris, Chrysonephos, Chrysowaernella, Giraudyopsis, Phaeosaccion and Rhamnochrysis were initially considered golden algae (class Chrysophyceae). In 1989, Charles O'Kelly claimed they had been classified in a new order Chrysomeridales according to an unpublished article.[250][251] Later, Thomas Cavalier-Smith placed this unpublished order inside the class Chrysomeridophyceae.[252] However, the class was proven to be polyphyletic: Chrysowaernella was transferred to Chrysoparadoxophyceae, while Antarctosaccion and Phaeosaccion were moved to Phaeosacciophyceae. Due to unavailable molecular data, the placement of Chrysoderma, Chrysomeris, Chrysonephos and Rhamnochrysis remains unknown,[211] although Chrysonephos possibly belongs to the Sarcinochrysidales.[253][254]
- ^ Regarding the classification of Fornicata, there is a disconnect between the Cavalier-Smith system and the system described by different authors in the Handbook of the protists and other studies. The order Retortamonadida was originally defined as two genera: Chilomastix and Retortamonas. As both groups of taxonomists have reported, retortamonads are polyphyletic, because Chilomastix branches distantly from Retortamonas. In 2013, Cavalier-Smith fixed this taxonomic issue by modifying the retortamonads to only include Retortamonas, and describing a separate order Chilomastigida for Chilomastix only, placed among the early branching Carpediemonas-like organisms.[273] However, this has not yet been recognized by later studies from the other authors, as they have continued to report a polyphyletic Retortamonadida.[270][274][275] Because of this inconsistency, Eopharyngea (the clade formed by Retortamonadida plus Diplomonadida) is monophyletic only when considering one version of Retortamonadida, but not the other.
- ^ One 18S rRNA phylogenetic analysis suggests that the genus Opisthomitus is affiliated with the family Pyrsonymphidae.[268]
- ^ The genera Stenocodon and Stomatochone are "probably related closely to Reclinomonas and Histiona".[287]
References
- ^ Torruella, Guifré; Galindo, Luis Javier; Moreira, David; López-García, Purificación (2025). "Phylogenomics of neglected flagellated protists supports a revised eukaryotic tree of life". Current Biology. 35 (1): 198–207.e4. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.075.
- ^ Spiegel, F.W. (2016). "Unikonts, Evolution and Diversification of (with Emphasis on Fungal-Like Forms)". Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology. Elsevier. p. 325–332. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800049-6.00248-1. ISBN 978-0-12-800426-5. Retrieved 12 May 2025.
- ^ Roger, Andrew J.; Simpson, Alastair G.B. (2009). "Evolution: Revisiting the Root of the Eukaryote Tree". Current Biology. 19 (4): R165–R167. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.12.032.
- ^ Adl, Sina M.; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Lane, Christopher E.; Lukeš, Julius; Bass, David; et al. (28 September 2012). "The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 59 (2): 429–514. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x. PMC 3483872. PMID 23020233.
- ^ a b Pawlowski, Jan; Audic, Stéphane; Adl, Sina; Bass, David; Belbahri, Lassaâd; et al. (6 November 2012). "CBOL Protist Working Group: Barcoding Eukaryotic Richness beyond the Animal, Plant, and Fungal Kingdoms". PLOS Biology. 10 (11) e1001419. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001419. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 3491025. PMID 23139639. Cite error: The named reference ":7" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Adl, Sina M.; Bass, David; Lane, Christopher E.; Lukeš, Julius; Schoch, Conrad L.; et al. (26 September 2018). "Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 66 (1): 4–119. doi:10.1111/JEU.12691. PMC 6492006. PMID 30257078.
- ^ Pawlowski, Jan; Burki, Fabien (24 March 2009). "Untangling the Phylogeny of Amoeboid Protists". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 56 (1): 16–25. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00379.x. PMID 19335771.
- ^ Leontyev, Dmitry V; Schnittler, Martin; Stephenson, Steven L; Novozhilov, Yuri K; Shchepin, Oleg N (March 2019). "Towards a phylogenetic classification of the Myxomycetes". Phytotaxa. 399 (3): 209. Bibcode:2019Phytx.399..209L. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.399.3.5. S2CID 108783142.
- ^ a b c González-Miguéns, Rubén; Todorov, Milcho; Blandenier, Quentin; Duckert, Clément; Porfirio-Sousa, Alfredo L.; et al. (2022). "Deconstructing Difflugia: The tangled evolution of lobose testate amoebae shells (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida) illustrates the importance of convergent evolution in protist phylogeny". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 175 107557. Bibcode:2022MolPE.17507557G. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107557. hdl:10261/281619. PMID 35777650.
- ^ a b Smirnov, Alexey; Nassonova, Elena; Geisen, Stefan; Bonkowski, Michael; Kudryavtsev, Alexander; et al. (2017). "Phylogeny and Systematics of Leptomyxid Amoebae (Amoebozoa, Tubulinea, Leptomyxida)". Protist. 168 (2): 220–252. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2016.10.006. ISSN 1434-4610. PMID 28343121.
- ^ Tyml, Tomáš; Lisnerová, Martina; Kostka, Martin; Dyková, Iva (2018). "Current view on phylogeny within the genus Flabellula Schaeffer, 1926 (Amoebozoa: Leptomyxida)". European Journal of Protistology. 64: 40–53. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2018.03.005. PMID 29674177.
- ^ Vašíček, Miloslav; Růžička, Bohuslav (1957). "Namurian Thecamoebina from the Ostrava-Karviná Coal District". Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae. 13B (5): 333–340.
- ^ Wang K, Xu HH, Liu BC, Bai J, Wang Y, Tang P, Lu JF, Wang Y (2023). "Shallow-marine testate amoebae with internal structures from the Lower Devonian of China". iScience. 26 (5) 106678. Bibcode:2023iSci...26j6678W. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.106678. PMC 10173733. PMID 37182111.
- ^ Bobrov A, Mazei Y (2020). "Frenopyxis stierlitzi gen. nov., sp. nov.—new testate amoeba (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida) from the urban parks with notes on the systematics of the family Centropyxidae Jung, 1942". Zootaxa. 4885 (3): 384–394. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4885.3.4. PMID 33311269.
- ^ Porfirio‐Sousa, Alfredo L.; Souza, Maria Beatriz Gomes E.; Jones, Robert E.; Brown, Matthew W.; Lahr, Daniel J. G.; et al. (2026). "Pyrumthecina n. Infraord.: Revisiting the Morphological Diversity and Identifying the Phylogenetic Home of Argynnia Within Arcellinida (Tubulinea: Amoebozoa)". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 73 (4) e70109. doi:10.1111/jeu.70109. PMC 13351004. PMID 42426956.
- ^ a b Jones, Robert E.; Blandenier, Quentin; Kleitz-Singleton, Felicity; Henderson, Tristan C.; Fry, Nicholas W.; Banson, Idan; Nguyen, Jonah; Tice, Alexander K.; Brown, Matthew W. (2025). "Piercing the veil: A novel amoebozoan (Janelia veilia n. gen. n. sp.) reveals deep clades within Discosea through phylogenomics". Protist. 177 126103. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2025.126103. PMID 40334476.
- ^ a b Kudryavtsev, Alexander; Voytinsky, Fyodor; Volkova, Ekaterina (22 July 2022). "Coronamoeba villafranca gen. nov. sp. nov. (Amoebozoa, Dermamoebida) challenges the correlation of morphology and phylogeny in Amoebozoa". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 12541. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1212541K. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-16721-2. PMC 9307759. PMID 35869259.
- ^ Tekle, Yonas I.; Wang, Fang; Wood, Fiona C.; Anderson, O. Roger; Smirnov, Alexey (1 July 2022). "New insights on the evolutionary relationships between the major lineages of Amoebozoa". Scientific Reports. 12 (11173) 11173. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1211173T. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15372-7. PMC 9249873. PMID 35778543. S2CID 247231712.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Chao, Ema E.; Lewis, Rhodri (18 March 2016). "187-gene phylogeny of protozoan phylum Amoebozoa reveals a new class (Cutosea) of deep-branching, ultrastructurally unique, enveloped marine Lobosa and clarifies amoeba evolution". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 99: 275–296. Bibcode:2016MolPE..99..275C. doi:10.1016/J.YMPEV.2016.03.023. PMID 27001604.
- ^ Melton, James T.; Wood, Fiona C.; Branch, Jordan; Singla, Mandakini; Tekle, Yonas I. (February 2019). "Phylogenomics of Thecamoebida (Discosea, Amoebozoa) with the Description of Stratorugosa tubuloviscum gen. nov. sp. nov., a Freshwater Amoeba with a Perinuclear MTOC". Protist. 170 (1): 8–20. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2018.09.002. ISSN 1434-4610. PMID 30553127. S2CID 56174714.
- ^ Mesentsev, Yelisei; Bondarenko, Natalya; Kamyshatskaya, Oksana; Nassonova, Elena; Glotova, Anna; et al. (17 August 2022). "Thecochaos is not a myth: study of the genus Thecochaos (Amoebozoa, Discosea) — a rediscovered group of lobose amoeba, with short SSU gene". Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 23 (1): 7–24. Bibcode:2023ODivE..23....7M. doi:10.1007/s13127-022-00581-9. S2CID 251658030.
- ^ Gàlvez-Morante, Alex; Berney, Cédric; Richter, Daniel J (1 May 2026). "The evolution of gene functional repertoire in Amorphea: divergent strategies across Amoebozoa, Fungi, and Metazoa". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 43 (5). doi:10.1093/molbev/msag071.
- ^ Tice, Alexander K.; Shadwick, Lora L.; Fiore-Donno, Anna Maria; Geisen, Stefan; Kang, Seungho; et al. (28 December 2016). "Expansion of the molecular and morphological diversity of Acanthamoebidae (Centramoebida, Amoebozoa) and identification of a novel life cycle type within the group". Biology Direct. 11 (1): 69. doi:10.1186/s13062-016-0171-0. ISSN 1745-6150. PMC 5192571. PMID 28031045.
- ^ Lotonin, K.; Bondarenko, N.; Nassonova, E.; Rayko, M.; Smirnov, A. (2022). "Balamuthia spinosa n. sp. (Amoebozoa, Discosea) from the brackish-water sediments of Nivå Bay (Baltic Sea, The Sound) — a novel potential vector of Legionella pneumophila in the environment". Parasitology Research. 121 (2): 713–724. doi:10.1007/s00436-022-07425-7.
- ^ Hess S, Eme L, Roger AJ, Simpson AG (2019). "A natural toroidal microswimmer with a rotary eukaryotic flagellum". Nature Microbiology. 4 (10): 1620–1626. doi:10.1038/s41564-019-0478-6. PMID 31182800. S2CID 182951779.
- ^ Corsaro, Daniele (21 October 2024). "Learning from the rDNA Operon: A Reanalysis of the Acanthamoeba palestinensis Group". Microorganisms. 12 (10) 2105. doi:10.3390/microorganisms12102105. ISSN 2076-2607. PMC 11510093. PMID 39458413.
- ^ Poinar, G.; Boucot, A. J. (2006). "Evidence of intestinal parasites of dinosaurs". Parasitology. 133 (2): 245–249. doi:10.1017/S0031182006000138. ISSN 0031-1820.
- ^ a b Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. S2CID 249054641.
- ^ Lloyd, Sarah J.; Leontyev, Dmytro V.; Moreno, Gabriel; Villalba, Ángela López; Schnittler, Martin (30 Nov 2023). "Tasmaniomyxa umbilicata, a new genus and new species of myxomycete from Tasmania". Mycologia. 116 (1): 170–183. doi:10.1080/00275514.2023.2274252. PMID 38032605. S2CID 265504848.
- ^ a b c d e f Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (23 December 2021). "Ciliary transition zone evolution and the root of the eukaryote tree: implications for opisthokont origin and classification of kingdoms Protozoa, Plantae, and Fungi". Protoplasma. 259 (3): 487–593. doi:10.1007/s00709-021-01665-7. PMC 9010356. PMID 34940909.
- ^ Brown, Matthew W.; Sharpe, Susan C.; Silberman, Jeffrey D.; Heiss, Aaron A.; Lang, B. Franz; et al. (22 October 2013). "Phylogenomics demonstrates that breviate flagellates are related to opisthokonts and apusomonads". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 280 (1769): 20131755. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.1755. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 3768317. PMID 23986111.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) - ^ Torruella, Guifré; Galindo, Luis Javier; Moreira, David; Ciobanu, Maria; Heiss, Aaron A.; Yubuki, Naoji; Kim, Eunsoo; López‐García, Purificación (2023). "Expanding the molecular and morphological diversity of Apusomonadida, a deep‐branching group of gliding bacterivorous protists" (PDF). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 70 (2): e12956. doi:10.1111/jeu.12956. ISSN 1066-5234. Retrieved 28 July 2025.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) - ^ Tedersoo, Leho; Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago; Kõljalg, Urmas; Bahram, Mohammad; Döring, Markus; et al. (2018). "High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses". Fungal Diversity. 90 (1): 135–159. doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0. ISSN 1560-2745.
- ^ Gabaldón T, Völcker E, Torruella G (2022). "On the Biology, Diversity and Evolution of Nucleariid Amoebae (Amorphea, Obazoa, Opisthokonta". Protist. 173 (4) 125895. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2022.125895. hdl:2117/369912. PMID 35841659. S2CID 249827842.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Tikhonenkov-2020was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Strother, Paul K.; Brasier, Martin D.; Wacey, David; Timpe, Leslie; Saunders, Martin; Wellman, Charles H. (2021). "A possible billion-year-old holozoan with differentiated multicellularity". Current Biology. 31 (12): 2658–2665.e2. Bibcode:2021CBio...31E2658S. doi:10.1016/J.CUB.2021.03.051. PMID 33852871.
- ^ Borteiro, Claudio; Baldo, Diego; Maronna, Maximiliano Manuel; Ubilla (2018). "Amphibian parasites of the Order Dermocystida (Ichthyosporea): current knowledge, taxonomic review and new records from Brazil". Zootaxa. 4461 (4): 499–518. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4461.4.3. hdl:11336/84098. PMID 30314064. S2CID 52977120.
- ^ Urrutia A, Mitsi K, Foster R, Ross S, Carr M, Ward GM, et al. (2022). "Txikispora philomaios n. sp., n. g., a micro-eukaryotic pathogen of amphipods, reveals parasitism and hidden diversity in Class Filasterea". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 69 (2): e12875. doi:10.1111/jeu.12875. PMID 34726818. S2CID 240422937.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) - ^ Hake KH, West PT, McDonald K, Laundon D, Reyes-Rivera J, Garcia De Las Bayonas A, Feng C, Burkhardt P, Richter DJ, Banfield JF, King N (14 August 2024). "A large colonial choanoflagellate from Mono Lake harbors live bacteria". mBio. 15 (9): e01623-24. doi:10.1128/mbio.01623-24. PMC 11389367. PMID 39140743.
- ^ Schiwitza, Sabine; Arndt, Hartmut; Nitsche, Frank (2019). "First description of an euryoecious acanthoecid choanoflagellate species, Enibas tolerabilis gen. et sp. nov. from a salar in the Chilean Andes based on morphological and transcriptomic data". European Journal of Protistology. 67: 106–113. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2018.11.004. PMID 30572146. S2CID 58552347.
- ^ Özdikmen, Hüseyin (2009). "Substitute names for some unicellular animal taxa (Protozoa)" (PDF). Munis Entomology & Zoology. 4 (1): 233–256. Retrieved 15 August 2025.
- ^ Bowles, Alexander M.C.; Williamson, Christopher J.; Williams, Tom A.; Lenton, Timothy M.; Donoghue, Philip C.J. (2023). "The origin and early evolution of plants". Trends in Plant Science. 28 (3): 312–329. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2022.09.009. hdl:10871/131900.
- ^ a b Yoon, Hwan Su; Nelson, Wendy; Lindstrom, Sandra C.; Boo, Sung Min; Pueschel, Curt; Qiu, Huan; Bhattacharya, Debashish (2017). "Rhodophyta". In Archibald, John M.; Simpson, Alastair G.B.; Slamovits, Claudio H. (eds.). Handbook of the Protists (PDF). Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 89–135. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0_33. ISBN 978-3-319-28149-0. LCCN 2017945328.
- ^ Yoon, Hwan Su; Zuccarello, Giuseppe C.; Bhattacharya, Debashish (2010-07-27). "Evolutionary history and taxonomy of red algae". In Seckbach, Joseph; Chapman, David J. (eds.). Red Algae in the Genomic Age. Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology. Vol. 13. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 27–42. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-3795-4_2. ISBN 978-90-481-3795-4.
- ^ Saunders, Gary W.; Hommersand, Max H. (2004). "Assessing red algal supraordinal diversity and taxonomy in the context of contemporary systematic data". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1494–1507. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1494. ISSN 0002-9122.
- ^ Yoon, Hwan Su; Müller, Kirsten M.; Sheath, Robert G.; Ott, Franklyn D.; Bhattacharya, Debashish (2006). "Defining the major lineages of red algae (Rhodophyta)". Journal of Phycology. 42 (2): 482–492. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00210.x. ISSN 0022-3646.
- ^ Le Gall, Line; Saunders, Gary W. (2007). "A nuclear phylogeny of the Florideophyceae (Rhodophyta) inferred from combined EF2, small subunit and large subunit ribosomal DNA: Establishing the new red algal subclass Corallinophycidae". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 43 (3): 1118–1130. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.012. Retrieved 16 August 2025.
- ^ Muñoz-Gómez, Sergio A.; Mejía-Franco, Fabián G.; Durnin, Keira; Colp, Morgan; Grisdale, Cameron J.; Archibald, John M.; Slamovits, Claudio H. (2017). "The New Red Algal Subphylum Proteorhodophytina Comprises the Largest and Most Divergent Plastid Genomes Known". Current Biology. 27 (11): 1677–1684.e4. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.054.
- ^ a b Vis, Morgan L.; Necchi, Orlando, Jr. Freshwater Red Algae: Phylogeny, Taxonomy and Biogeography. Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83970-3. ISBN 978-3-030-83970-3.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Rösler, Anja; Perfectti, Francisco; Peña, Viviana; Braga, Juan Carlos (2016). "Phylogenetic relationships of Corallinaceae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta): taxonomic implications for reef‐building corallines". Journal of Phycology. 52 (3): 412–431. doi:10.1111/jpy.12404. ISSN 0022-3646.
- ^ Caragnano, Annalisa; Foetisch, Alexandra; Maneveldt, Gavin W.; Millet, Laurent; Liu, Li‐Chia; Lin, Showe‐Mei; Rodondi, Graziella; Payri, Claude E. (2018). "Revision of Corallinaceae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta): recognizing Dawsoniolithon gen. nov., Parvicellularium gen. nov. and Chamberlainoideae subfam. nov. containing Chamberlainium gen. nov. and Pneophyllum". Journal of Phycology. 54 (3): 391–409. doi:10.1111/jpy.12644. ISSN 0022-3646.
- ^ Teichert, Sebastian; Woelkerling, William; Munnecke, Axel (2019). "Coralline red algae from the Silurian of Gotland indicate that the order Corallinales (Corallinophycidae, Rhodophyta) is much older than previously thought". Palaeontology. 62 (4): 599–613. doi:10.1111/pala.12418. ISSN 0031-0239.
- ^ Hind, Katharine R.; Saunders, Gary W. (2013). "A Molecular Phylogenetic Study of the Tribe Corallineae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) with an Assessment of Genus‐Level Taxonomic Features and Descriptions of Novel Genera". Journal of Phycology. 49 (1): 103–114. doi:10.1111/jpy.12019. ISSN 0022-3646.
- ^ Craig Bailey, J. (1999). "Phylogenetic positions of Lithophyllum incrustans and Titanoderma pustulatum (Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta) based on 18S rRNA gene sequence analyses, with a revised classification of the Lithophylloideae". Phycologia. 38 (3): 208–216. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-38-3-208.1. ISSN 0031-8884.
- ^ Townsend, R.A.; Huisman, J.M. (2018). "Coralline algae". In J.M., Huisman (ed.). Algae of Australia. Marine benthic algae of north-western Australia. 2. Red algae. Canberra & Melbourne: ABRS & CSIRO Publishing. pp. 86–97, 105–137, 143–146. ISBN 9781486309542.
- ^ Jeong, So Young; Nelson, Wendy A.; Sutherland, Judith E.; Peña, Viviana; Le Gall, Line; Diaz‐Pulido, Guillermo; Won, Boo Yeon; Cho, Tae Oh (2021). "Corallinapetrales and Corallinapetraceae: A new order and family of coralline red algae including Corallinapetra gabrielii comb. nov" (PDF). Journal of Phycology. 57 (3): 849–862. doi:10.1111/jpy.13115. ISSN 0022-3646. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
- ^ Vieira, Christophe; Brooks, Cody M.; Akita, Shingo; Kim, Myung Sook; Saunders, Gary W. (2024). "Of sea, rivers and symbiosis: Diversity, systematics, biogeography and evolution of the deeply diverging florideophycean order Hildenbrandiales (Rhodophyta)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 197: 108106. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108106.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) - ^ Choi, Han-Gu; Kraft, Gerald T.; Saunders, Gary W. (2000). "Nuclear small-subunit rDNA sequences from Ballia spp. (Rhodophyta): proposal of the Balliales ord. nov., Balliaceae fam. nov., Ballia nana sp. nov. and Inkyuleea gen. nov. (Ceramiales)". Phycologia. 39 (4): 272–287. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-39-4-272.1. ISSN 0031-8884.
- ^ Entwisle, Timothy J.; Vis, Morgan L.; Chiasson, Wayne B.; Necchi Jr., Orlando; Sherwood, Alison R. (2009). "Systematics of the Batrachospermales (Rhodophyta)—a synthesis". Journal of Phycology. 45 (3): 704–715. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2009.00686.x. ISSN 0022-3646.
- ^ Necchi Jr, Orlando; Garcia Filho, Auro; Paiano, Monica O. (7 March 2019). "Revision of Batrachospermum sections Acarposporophytum and Aristata (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta) with the establishment of the new genera Acarposporophycos and Visia". Phytotaxa. 395 (2): 51. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.395.2.1. ISSN 1179-3163.
- ^ Saunders, Gary W.; Necchi, Orlando (1 March 2002). "Nuclear rDNA sequences from Ballia prieurii support recognition of Balliopsis gen. nov. in the Batrachospermales (Florideophyceae, Rhodophyta)". Phycologia. 41 (1): 61–67. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-41-1-61.1. ISSN 0031-8884.
- ^ Necchi, Orlando Jr.; Fo, Auro Silva Garcia; Paiano, Monica O.; Vis, Morgan L. (2019-11-02). "Revision of Batrachospermum section Macrospora (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta) with the establishment of the new genus Montagnia". Phycologia. 58 (6): 582–591. Bibcode:2019Phyco..58..582N. doi:10.1080/00318884.2019.1624143. hdl:11449/196400. ISSN 0031-8884. S2CID 203412057.
- ^ Entwisle, Timothy J.; Johnston, Emily T.; Lam, Daryl W.; Stewart, Sarah A.; Vis, Morgan L. "Nocturama gen. nov., Nothocladus s. lat. and other taxonomic novelties resulting from the further resolution of paraphyly in Australasian members of Batrachospermum (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta)". Journal of Phycology. 52 (3): 384–396. Bibcode:2016JPcgy..52..384E. doi:10.1111/jpy.12401. ISSN 1529-8817. PMID 27273531. S2CID 25810620.
- ^ Salomaki, Eric D.; Kwandrans, Janina; Eloranta, Pertti; Vis, Morgan L. (2014). "Molecular and morphological evidence for Sheathia gen. nov. (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta) and three new species". Journal of Phycology. 50 (3): 526–542. Bibcode:2014JPcgy..50..526S. doi:10.1111/jpy.12179. ISSN 1529-8817. PMID 26988325. S2CID 13351303.
- ^ Wynne, Michael (2019). "Torularia Bonnemaison, 1828, a generic name to be reinstated for Atrophycus Necchi & Rossignolo 2017". ResearchGate.
- ^ Necchi, Orlando Jr.; Agostinho, Douglas C.; Vis, Morgan L. (2018). "Revision of Batrachospermum Section Virescentia (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta) with the Establishment of the New Genus, Virescentia Stat. nov". Cryptogamie, Algologie. 39 (3): 313–338. doi:10.7872/crya/v39.iss3.2018.313. ISSN 0181-1568. S2CID 92778905.
- ^ Jayalakshmi, Panangattu Sankarji; John, Jose (4 March 2023). "Macrosporophycos sahyadricus (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta), a new genus and species of freshwater red algae from the Western Ghats of India". Phycologia. 62 (2): 109–116. doi:10.1080/00318884.2023.2177062. ISSN 0031-8884.
- ^ Chapuis, Iara S.; Necchi, Orlando Jr.; Zuccarello, Giuseppe C.; Xie, Shu-Lian; Aboal, Marina; Castillo, Pedro M. Sánchez; Vis, Morgan L. (2017). "A new genus, Volatus and four new species of Batrachospermum sensu stricto (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta)". Phycologia. 56 (4): 454–468. Bibcode:2017Phyco..56..454C. doi:10.2216/16-73.1. ISSN 0031-8884. S2CID 89721478.
- ^ Saunders, Gary W.; Wadland, Katelyn L.; Salomaki, Eric D.; Lane, Christopher E. (2017). "A contaminant DNA barcode sequence reveals a new red algal order, Corynodactylales (Nemaliophycidae, Florideophyceae)". Botany. 95 (6): 561–566. doi:10.1139/cjb-2017-0010. ISSN 1916-2790.
- ^ Scott, Fiona J.; Saunders, Gary W.; Kraft, Gerald T. (1 November 2013). "Entwisleia bella, gen. et sp. nov ., a novel marine 'batrachospermaceous' red alga from southeastern Tasmania representing a new family and order in the Nemaliophycidae". European Journal of Phycology. 48 (4): 398–410. doi:10.1080/09670262.2013.849359. ISSN 0967-0262. Retrieved 18 August 2025.
- ^ F. Costa, Joana; Lin, Showe-Mei; Macaya, Erasmo C.; Fernández-García, Cindy; Verbruggen, Heroen (2016). "Chloroplast genomes as a tool to resolve red algal phylogenies: a case study in the Nemaliales". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16 (1): 205. doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0772-3. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5057469. PMID 27724867.
- ^ Díaz-Tapia, Pilar; Pasella, Marisa M.; Verbruggen, Heroen; Maggs, Christine A. (2019). "Morphological evolution and classification of the red algal order Ceramiales inferred using plastid phylogenomics" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 137: 76–85. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.04.022. Retrieved 18 August 2025.
- ^ Fang, Kunpeng; Nan, Fangru; Feng, Jia; Lü, Junping; Liu, Qi; Liu, Xudong; Xie, Shulian (2022). "Pauciramus yunnanensis, gen. et sp. nov., a novel freshwater red alga from China with proposal of the Ottiales ord. nov. (Nemaliophycidae, Rhodophyta)". Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. 40 (3): 1245–1256. doi:10.1007/s00343-021-1154-2. ISSN 2096-5508. Retrieved 19 August 2025.
- ^ a b Saunders, Gary W.; Jackson, Chris; Salomaki, Eric D. (2018). "Phylogenetic analyses of transcriptome data resolve familial assignments for genera of the red-algal Acrochaetiales-Palmariales Complex (Nemaliophycidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 119: 151–159. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.11.002.
- ^ Saunders, Gary W. (8 April 2020). "Torngatum varicrassum gen. et sp. nov. expands taxonomic breadth for both the Meiodiscaceae (Palmariales, Rhodophyta) and the red algal flora of the Canadian Arctic" (PDF). Notulae Algarum. 2020 (132). ISSN 2009-8987.
- ^ Li L, Wang S, Wang H, Sahu SK, Marin B, Li H, Xu Y, Liang H, Li Z, Cheng S, Reder T, Çebi Z, Wittek S, Petersen M, Melkonian B, Du H, Yang H, Wang J, Wong GKS, Xu X, Liu X, Van de Peer Y, Melkonian M, Liu H (2020). "The genome of Prasinoderma coloniale unveils the existence of a third phylum within green plants". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 4 (9): 1220–1231. Bibcode:2020NatEE...4.1220L. doi:10.1038/s41559-020-1221-7. PMC 7455551. PMID 32572216.
- ^ Zechman, F. W.; Verbruggen, H.; Leliaert, F.; Ashworth, M.; Buchheim, M. A.; Fawley, M. W.; Spalding, H.; Pueschel, C. M.; Buchheim, J. A.; Verghese, B.; Hanisak, M. D. (2010). "An Unrecognized Ancient Lineage of Green Plants Persists in Deep Marine Waters". Journal of Phycology. 46 (6): 1288–1295. Bibcode:2010JPcgy..46.1288Z. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2010.00900.x.
- ^ a b c Fučíková K, Lewis PO, Neupane S, Karol KG, Lewis LA (2019). "Order, please! Uncertainty in the ordinal-level classification of Chlorophyceae". PeerJ. 7 e6899. doi:10.7717/peerj.6899. PMC 6525593. PMID 31143537.
- ^ a b Fučíková, Karolina; Lewis, Paul O.; Lewis, Louise A. (2013). "Putting incertae sedis taxa in their place: a proposal for ten new families and three new genera in Sphaeropleales (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta)". Journal of Phycology. 50 (1): 14–25. doi:10.1111/jpy.12118. PMID 26988005.
- ^ Fučíková K, Taylor M, Lewis LA, Niece BK, Isaac AS, Pietrasiak N (2023). "Johansenicoccus eremophilus gen. et sp. nov., a novel evolutionary lineage in Chlorophyceae with unusual genomic features". Plant Ecology and Evolution. 156 (3): 311–325. Bibcode:2023PlEcE.156..311F. doi:10.5091/plecevo.105762.
- ^ Wolf, M.; Buchheim, M.; Hegewald, E.; Krienitz, L.; Hepperle, D. (1 February 2002). "Phylogenetic position of the Sphaeropleaceae (Chlorophyta)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 230 (3–4): 161–171. doi:10.1007/s006060200002. ISSN 0378-2697.
- ^ McManus HA, Lewis LA (2011). "Molecular phylogenetic relationships in the freshwater family Hydrodictyaceae (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyceae), with an emphasis on Pediastrum duplex". Journal of Phycology. 47 (1): 152–163. Bibcode:2011JPcgy..47..152M. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2010.00940.x. PMID 27021721.
- ^ a b Buchheim, Mark A.; Müller, Tobias; Wolf, Matthias (2017). "18S rDNA sequence-structure phylogeny of the Chlorophyceae with special emphasis on the Sphaeropleales". Plant Gene. 10: 45–50. doi:10.1016/j.plgene.2017.05.005.
- ^ Zhang, Qi; Zheng, Lingling; Li, Tianli; Liu, Guoxiang; Song, Lirong (1 November 2018). "Morphology and phylogeny of three planktonic Radiococcaceae sensu lato species (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyceae) from China, including the description of a new species Planktosphaeria hubeiensis sp. nov". Fottea. 18 (2): 243–255. doi:10.5507/fot.2018.009.
- ^ Kostikov, Igor; Hoffmann, Lucien (1 January 2000). "Garhundacystis gen. nov., a new genus of the Radiococcaceae (Chlorophyceae)". Algological Studies/Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement Volumes. 96: 19–27. doi:10.1127/algol_stud/96/2000/19. ISSN 0342-1120.
- ^ Wang, Qinghua; Song, Huiyin; Liu, Xudong; Liu, Benwen; Hu, Zhengyu; Liu, Guoxiang (2019). "Morphology and molecular phylogeny of coccoid green algae Coelastrella sensu lato (Scenedesmaceae, Sphaeropeales), including the description of three new species and two new varieties". Journal of Phycology. 55 (6): 1290–1305. doi:10.1111/jpy.12915. ISSN 0022-3646.
- ^ Liu, Xudong; Duan, Xiaoqian; Ma, Na; Feng, Jia; Hu, Zhengyu; Xie, Shulian (2025). "Molecular phylogeny and character evolution of family Selenastraceae (Sphaeropelales, Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta)". Algal Research. 90 104164. doi:10.1016/j.algal.2025.104164.
- ^ Nakada, Takashi; Misawa, Kazuharu; Nozaki, Hisayoshi (2008). "Molecular systematics of Volvocales (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta) based on exhaustive 18S rRNA phylogenetic analyses". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 48 (1): 281–291. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.03.016.
- ^ Ma, Xiaoya; Shi, Xuan; Wang, Qiuping; Zhao, Mengru; Zhang, Zhenhua; Zhong, Bojian (1 August 2023). "A Reinvestigation of Multiple Independent Evolution and Triassic–Jurassic Origins of Multicellular Volvocine Algae". Genome Biology and Evolution. 15 (8) evad142. doi:10.1093/gbe/evad142. ISSN 1759-6653. PMC 10410301. PMID 37498572.
- ^ Barsanti, Laura; Frassanito, Anna Maria; Passarelli, Vincenzo; Evangelista, Valtere; Etebari, Maryam; et al. (2013). "Tetraflagellochloris mauritanica gen. et sp. nov. (Chlorophyceae), a New Flagellated Alga from the Mauritanian Desert: Morphology, Ultrastructure, and Phylogenetic Framing". Journal of Phycology. 49 (1): 178–193. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01232.x. ISSN 0022-3646.
- ^ Chen, Yangliang; Dai, Qingyu; Liu, Benwen; Zhu, Huan; Liu, Guoxiang (2024). "Three new species of the genus ‘Carteria’ (Chlamydomonadales, Chlorophyceae) with the proposal of correct generic names". European Journal of Phycology. 59 (4): 457–471. doi:10.1080/09670262.2024.2392234. ISSN 0967-0262.
- ^ a b c d Nakada, Takashi; Nozaki, Hisayoshi (2009). "Taxonomic study of two new genera of fusiform green flagellates, Tabris gen. nov. and Hamakko gen. nov. (Volvocales, Chlorophyceae)". Journal of Phycology. 45 (2): 482–492. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2009.00652.x. ISSN 0022-3646.
- ^ a b Pegg, Caitlin; Wolf, Matthias; Alanagreh, Lo'ai; Portman, Richard; Buchheim, Mark A. (2015). "Morphological diversity masks phylogenetic similarity of Ettlia and Haematococcus (Chlorophyceae)". Phycologia. 54 (4): 385–397. doi:10.2216/15-015.1. ISSN 0031-8884.
- ^ Temraleeva, A. D.; Moskalenko, S. V.; Bachura, Yu. M. (2017). "Morphology, ecology, and 18S rDNA phylogeny of the green microalgal order Protosiphonales (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta)". Microbiology. 86 (2): 159–169. doi:10.1134/S0026261717020205. ISSN 0026-2617.
- ^ Lan, Qiumei; Dai, Qingyu; Zhu, Huan; Liu, Guoxiang; Liu, Benwen (2 January 2026). "Flexiramia flexilis gen. et sp. nov. (Chlamydomonadales, Chlorophyta), a novel epilithic green alga from a subtropical river in China". European Journal of Phycology. 61 (1): 13–21. doi:10.1080/09670262.2025.2567339. ISSN 0967-0262.
- ^ Barcytė, Dovilė; Hodač, Ladislav; Nedbalová, Linda (2 April 2020). "Overlooked diversity with terrestrial lifestyle in the predominantly freshwater and snow phylogroup Chloromonadinia (Volvocales, Chlorophyceae)". European Journal of Phycology. 55 (2): 207–222. doi:10.1080/09670262.2019.1681519. ISSN 0967-0262.
- ^ Nikulin, Vyacheslav Yu.; Nikulin, Arthur Yu.; Gontcharov, Andrey A.; Bagmet, Veronika B.; Abdullin, Shamil R. (22 September 2023). "Oogamochlamys kurilensis sp. nov. (Chlorophyta, Volvocales) from the Soils of Iturup Island (Sakhalin Region, Russia)". Plants. 12 (19) 3350. doi:10.3390/plants12193350. ISSN 2223-7747. PMC 10574126. PMID 37836090.
- ^ Nakada, Takashi; Tsuchida, Yudai; Tomita, Masaru (2019). "Improved taxon sampling and multigene phylogeny of unicellular chlamydomonads closely related to the colonial volvocalean lineage Tetrabaenaceae-Goniaceae-Volvocaceae (Volvocales, Chlorophyceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 130: 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.09.013.
- ^ Lindsey, Charles Ross; Rosenzweig, Frank; Herron, Matthew D. (2021). "Phylotranscriptomics points to multiple independent origins of multicellularity and cellular differentiation in the volvocine algae". BMC Biology. 19 (1) 182. doi:10.1186/s12915-021-01087-0. ISSN 1741-7007. PMC 8408923. PMID 34465312.
- ^ Watanabe, Shin; Lewis, Louise A. (2017). "Phylogenetic interpretation of light and electron microscopic features of selected members of the phylogroup Moewusinia (Chlorophyceae), with new generic taxonomy". Phycologia. 56 (3): 329–353. doi:10.2216/16-64.1. ISSN 0031-8884.
- ^ Barcytė, Dovilė; Pusztai, Martin; Škaloud, Pavel; Eliáš, Marek (2022). "When you Like Other Algae: Adglutina synurophila gen. et sp. nov. (Moewusinia, Chlorophyceae), a Clingy Green Microalga Associated with Synura Colonies". Protist. 173 (2): 125858. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2022.125858.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) - ^ Marin B (2012). "Nested in the Chlorellales or independent class? Phylogeny and classification of the Pedinophyceae (Viridiplantae) revealed by molecular phylogenetic analyses of complete nuclear and plastid-encoded rRNA operons". Protist. 163 (5): 778–805. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2011.11.004. PMID 22192529.
- ^ Crépeault, Olivier; Otis, Christian; Pombert, Jean-François; Turmel, Monique; Lemiuex, Claude (2024). "Comparative plastome and mitogenome analyses indicate that the marine prasinophyte green algae Pycnococcus provasolii and Pseudoscourfieldia marina (Pseudoscourfieldiophyceae class nov., Chlorophyta) represent morphotypes of the same species". Journal of Phycology. 60 (4): 1021–1027. Bibcode:2024JPcgy..60.1021C. doi:10.1111/jpy.13482. PMID 38989846.
- ^ Daugbjerg, Niels; Fassel, Nicolai M.D.; Moestrup, Øjvind (2020). "Microscopy and phylogeny of Pyramimonas tatianae sp. nov. (Pyramimonadales, Chlorophyta), a scaly quadriflagellate from Golden Horn Bay (eastern Russia) and formal description of Pyramimonadophyceae classis nova". European Journal of Phycology. 55 (1): 49–63. Bibcode:2020EJPhy..55...49D. doi:10.1080/09670262.2019.1638524.
- ^ a b c Feist, Monique; Grambast-Fessard, Nicole; Guerlesquin, Micheline; Karol, Kenneth; Lu, Huinan; McCourt, Richard M.; Wang, Qifei; Zhang, Shenzen (2005). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part B: Protoctista 1. Volume 1: Charophyta (PDF). Kansas: Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2026.
- ^ a b Martín-Closas, Carles; Soulié-Märsche, Ingeborg; Sanjuan, Josep (2024). "The Fossil Record and Evolution of Charophytes from European Data". In Schubert, Hendrik; Blindow, Irmgard; Nat, Emile; Korsch, Heiko; Gregor, Thomas; Denys, Luc; Stewart, Nick; van de Weyer, Klaus; Romanov, Roman; Casanova, Michelle T. (eds.). Charophytes of Europe. Cham: Springer Nature. pp. 153–175. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-31898-6_8. ISBN 978-3-031-31897-9.
- ^ Irisarri, Iker; Darienko, Tatyana; Pröschold, Thomas; Fürst-Jansen, Janine M. R.; Jamy, Mahwash; de Vries, Jan (2021). "Unexpected cryptic species among streptophyte algae most distant to land plants". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 288 (1963): 20212168. doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.2168. PMC 8611356. PMID 34814752.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) - ^ Bierenbroodspot, Maiike J.; Darienko, Tatyana; de Vries, Sophie; Fürst-Jansen, Janine M.R.; Buschmann, Henrik; Pröschold, Thomas; Irisarri, Iker; de Vries, Jan (5 February 2024). "Phylogenomic insights into the first multicellular streptophyte". Current Biology. 34 (3): 670–681. Bibcode:2024CBio...34E.670B. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.070. PMC 10849092. PMID 38244543.
- ^ Hess S, Williams SK, Busch A, Irisarri I, Delwiche CF, de Vries S, Darienko T, Roger AJ, Archibald JM, Buschmann H, von Schwartzenberg K, de Vries J (2022). "A phylogenomically informed five-order system for the closest relatives of land plants". Current Biology. 32 (20): 4473–4482. Bibcode:2022CBio...32E4473H. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.022. PMC 9632326. PMID 36055238.
- ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1989). "The kingdom Chromista". In Green, J.C.; Leadbeater, B.S.C.; Diver, W.L. (eds.). The chromophyte algae: problems and perspectives. The Systematics Association Special Volume No. 38. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 381–408.
- ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1986). "The Kingdom Chromista: Origin and Systematics" (PDF). In Round, F.E.; Chapman, D.J. (eds.). Progress in Phycological Research. Vol. 4. Bristol: Biopress. pp. 309–347.
- ^ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (28 June 2004). "Chromalveolate Diversity and Cell Megaevolution: Interplay of Membranes, Genomes and Cytoskeleton". In Hirt, Robert P.; Horner, David S. (eds.). Organelles, Genomes and Eukaryote Phylogeny: An Evolutionary Synthesis in the Age of Genomics. CRC Press for the Systematics Association. pp. 86–126. ISBN 0-203-50893-9. LCCN 2003070023.
- ^ Okamoto, Noriko; Inouye, Isao (2005). "The Katablepharids are a Distant Sister Group of the Cryptophyta: A Proposal for Katablepharidophyta Divisio Nova/Kathablepharida Phylum Novum Based on SSU rDNA and Beta-Tubulin Phylogeny". Protist. 156 (2): 163–179. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2004.12.003. PMID 16171184.
- ^ a b c d e Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (26 August 2013). "Symbiogenesis: Mechanisms, Evolutionary Consequences, and Systematic Implications". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 44: 145–172. doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110411-160320. Cite error: The named reference "Cavalier-Smith-2013" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b c Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Chao, Ema E.; Lewis, Rhodri (2015). "Multiple origins of Heliozoa from flagellate ancestors: New cryptist subphylum Corbihelia, superclass Corbistoma, and monophyly of Haptista, Cryptista, Hacrobia and Chromista". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 93: 331–362. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.07.004. Cite error: The named reference "Cavalier-Smith-2015" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Nishimura Y, Kume K, Sonehara K, Tanifuji G, Shiratori T, Ishida K, Hashimoto T, Inagaki Y, Ohkuma M (2020). "Mitochondrial Genomes of Hemiarma marina and Leucocryptos marina Revised the Evolution of Cytochrome c Maturation in Cryptista". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 8: 140. doi:10.3389/fevo.2020.00140.
- ^ a b c Novarino, Gianfranco; Lucas, Ian A. N. (1993). "Some proposals for a new classification system of the Cryptophyceae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 111: 3–21. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1993.tb01886.x.
- ^ Yazaki, Euki; Yabuki, Akinori; Imaizumi, Ayaka; Kume, Keitaro; Hashimoto, Tetsuo; Inagaki, Yuji (2022). "The closest lineage of Archaeplastida is revealed by phylogenomics analyses that include Microheliella maris". Open Biol. 12: 210376. doi:10.1098/rsob.210376. PMC 9006020.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (5 September 2017). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences". Protoplasma. 255 (1): 297–357. Bibcode:2018Prpls.255..297C. doi:10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3. PMC 5756292. PMID 28875267.
- ^ Rodriguez Ruiz, Alfredo; V. Palka, Maia; Severado, Celina; Cho, Anna; S. Leander, Brian; Wideman, Jeremy G. (2 February 2026). "Phylogenomic placement, description, and mitochondrial genome of a novel freshwater goniomonad (Cryptista) from Arizona: Naiadagoniomonas ponderosa n. gen. n. sp". F1000Research. 15 162. doi:10.12688/f1000research.171920.1.
- ^ Sachs, Maria; Nitsche, Frank; Arndt, Hartmut (2025). "Cryptic Cryptophytes—Revision of the Genus Goniomonas". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 72 (5) e70038. doi:10.1111/jeu.70038. ISSN 1066-5234. PMC 12432292. PMID 40940702.
- ^ Clay, Brec L. (2015). "Cryptomonads". In Wehr, John D.; Sheath, Robert G.; Kociolek, J. Patrick (eds.). Freshwater Algae of North America: Ecology and Classification. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-385876-4.
- ^ Daugbjerg, Niels; Norlin, Andreas; Lovejoy, Connie (2018-07-25). "Baffinella frigidus gen. et sp. nov. (Baffinellaceae fam. nov., Cryptophyceae) from Baffin Bay: Morphology, pigment profile, phylogeny, and growth rate response to three abiotic factors" (PDF). J. Phycol. 54 (5): 665–680. Bibcode:2018JPcgy..54..665D. doi:10.1111/jpy.12766. ISSN 1529-8817. PMID 30043990. S2CID 51718360. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-10-12. Retrieved 2019-05-26.
- ^ Shishkin, Yegor; Drachko, Daria; Zlatogursky, Vasily V. (1 July 2021). "Clypifer cribrifer gen. nov., sp. nov. (Clypiferidae fam. nov., Pterocystida, Centroplasthelida), with notes on evolution of centrohelid siliceous coverings". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 71 (7) 004856. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004856. ISSN 1466-5026.
- ^ Zlatogursky, Vasily V.; Shɨshkin, Yegor; Drachko, Daria; Burki, Fabien (2021). "The long‐time orphan protist Meringosphaera mediterranea Lohmann, 1902 [1903] is a centrohelid heliozoan". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 68 (5) e12860. doi:10.1111/jeu.12860. ISSN 1066-5234.
- ^ Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences; Gerasimova, Elena A. (2022). "Two new brackish-water species of centrohelid heliozoans (Haptista: Centroplasthelida), Choanocystis mylnikovi sp. n. and C. punctata sp. n., from Russia". Protistology. 16 (1): 10–20. doi:10.21685/1680-0826-2022-16-1-2.
- ^ Zagumyonnyi DG, Radaykina LV, Tikhonenkov DV (2021). "Triangulopteris lacunata gen. et sp. nov. (Centroplasthelida), a New Centrohelid Heliozoan from Soil". Diversity. 13 (12): 658. Bibcode:2021Diver..13..658Z. doi:10.3390/d13120658.
- ^ Zagumyonnyi, Dmitry G.; Radaykina, Liudmila V.; Keeling, Patrick J.; Tikhonenkov, Denis V. (2022). "Centrohelid heliozoans of Ukraine with a description of a new genus and species (Haptista: Centroplasthelida)". European Journal of Protistology. 86 125916. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2022.125916. PMID 36137331.
- ^ Shiratori, Takashi; Ishida, Ken‐ichiro (2023-11-08). "Rhabdamoeba marina is a heterotrophic relative of chlorarachnid algae". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 71 (2). doi:10.1111/jeu.13010. ISSN 1066-5234.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
NovelNakedFilosewas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Bass, David; Yabuki, Akinori; Santini, Sébastien; Romac, Sarah; Berney, Cédric (4 December 2012). "Reticulamoeba Is a Long-Branched Granofilosean (Cercozoa) That Is Missing from Sequence Databases". PLoS ONE. 7 (12) e49090. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049090. PMC 3514243. PMID 23226495.
- ^ Prokina, Kristina; Torruella, Guifré; Galindo, Luis Javier; Dudin, Omaya; López‐García, Purificación; Moreira, David (2025-08-25). "Discocelia Plataet Sp. n., a Small Incertae Sedis Cercozoan Flagellate". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 72 (5). doi:10.1111/jeu.70041. ISSN 1066-5234. PMC 12376651. PMID 40853040.
- ^ Soler-Zamora, Carmen; Useros, Fernando; González-Miguéns, Rubén; Gómez-Rodríguez, Pablo; Lara, Enrique (10 July 2023). "The problem of 'shadow species' as illustrated with the taxonomic hotchpotch Cyphoderia ampulla (Rhizaria: Cyphoderiidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. XX (2): 477–492. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad040.
- ^ Dumack, Kenneth; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Bonkowski, Michael (2017-07-01). "Evolutionary Relationship of the Scale-Bearing Kraken (incertae sedis, Monadofilosa, Cercozoa, Rhizaria): Combining Ultrastructure Data and a Two-Gene Phylogeny". Protist. 168 (3): 362–373. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2017.04.004. ISSN 1434-4610.
- ^ Corso, Gabrielle; Triplett, Lindsay R.; Gage, Daniel J. (2025-05-30). "Neuromorpha vorax: a previously unculturable cosmopolitan protist with an unexpectedly complex life cycle belonging to Glissomonadida Clade-U/Group-TE". mBio. 16 (7): e00848–25. doi:10.1128/mbio.00848-25. PMC 12239558. PMID 40444963.
- ^ Chantangsi, Chitchai; Leander, Brian S. (2010). "An SSU rDNA barcoding approach to the diversity of marine interstitial cercozoans, including descriptions of four novel genera and nine novel species". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 60 (8): 1962–1977. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.013888-0. ISSN 1466-5034.
- ^ Nakamura Y, Imai I, Yamaguchi A, Tuji A, Not F, Suzuki N (2015-06-14). "Molecular Phylogeny of the Widely Distributed Marine Protists, Phaeodaria (Rhizaria, Cercozoa)". Protist. 166 (3): 363–373. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2015.05.004. PMID 26083083.
- ^ Takahashi K, Anderson OR (2000). "Class Phaeodaria" (PDF). In Lee JJ, Leedale GF, Bradbury P (eds.). Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Vol. II (2nd ed.). Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, Kansas. pp. 981–994.
- ^ Solbach, Marcel Dominik; Bonkowski, Michael; Dumack, Kenneth (29 November 2024). "Katarium polorum n. sp., n. g., a novel thecofilosean amoeba (Cercozoa, Rhizaria) from the polar oceans". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 72 (2) e13071. doi:10.1111/jeu.13071. PMC 11822875. PMID 39613721.
- ^ Dumack K, Pundt J, Bonkowski M (2020). "Transfer of the Thecate Amoeba Lecythium mutabilis to a Novel Genus Omnivora (Fiscullidae, Thecofilosea, Cercozoa)". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 67 (2): 245–251. doi:10.1111/jeu.12778. PMID 31808200. S2CID 208768245.
- ^ SNEGOVAYA, NATALY; ALEKPEROV, ILHAM (2010-01-01). "A preliminary study of the freshwater fauna of testate amoebae of southeast Azerbaijan". Turkish Journal of Zoology. 34 (2): 135–149. doi:10.3906/zoo-0709-1. ISSN 1300-0179.
- ^ Shiratori, Takashi; Ishida, Ken-ichiro (June 2025). "A novel free-living endomyxan flagellate Viscidocauda repens gen. Nov., sp. nov". Protist. 177 126101. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2025.126101.
- ^ Suthaus A, Hess S (2023). "Pseudovampyrella gen. nov.: A genus of Vampyrella-like protoplast extractors finds its place in the Leptophryidae". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 71 (1) e13002. International Society of Protistologists. doi:10.1111/jeu.13002. PMID 37743754.
- ^ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; E. Chao, Ema; Lewis, Rhodri (27 April 2018). "Multigene phylogeny and cell evolution of chromist infrakingdom Rhizaria: contrasting cell organisation of sister phyla Cercozoa and Retaria". Protoplasma. 255 (5): 1517–1574. doi:10.1007/s00709-018-1241-1. PMC 6133090. PMID 29666938.
- ^ Kiss, Áron Keve; Török, Júlia Katalin; Ács, Éva; Kiss, Keve Tihamér (2009). "Pseudodifflugia klarae nov. spec., Bereczkya minuta nov. gen. nov. spec. and Paramphitrema muelleri nov. spec.: Three New Filose Testate Amoebae from the Plankton of the River Danube". Acta Protozoologica. 48 (2) – via ejournals.
- ^ Pawlowski, J.; Lejzerowicz, F.; Esling, P. (2014-10-01). "Next-Generation Environmental Diversity Surveys of Foraminifera: Preparing the Future". The Biological Bulletin. 227 (2): 93–106. doi:10.1086/BBLv227n2p93. ISSN 0006-3185. PMID 25411369. S2CID 24388876.
- ^ a b Kaminski, M.A. (2004). "The Year 2000 classification of the agglutinated foraminifera". In Bubik, M.; Kaminski, M.A. (eds.). Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Agglutinated Foraminifera (Prague, Czech Republic, September 1-7, 2001). London: Grzybowski Foundation. pp. 237–255. ISBN 9788391238547.
- ^ Pawlowski, Jan; Holzmann, Maria; Tyszka, Jarosław (March 2013). "New supraordinal classification of Foraminifera: Molecules meet morphology" (PDF). Marine Micropaleontology. 100: 1–10. Bibcode:2013MarMP.100....1P. doi:10.1016/j.marmicro.2013.04.002. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
- ^ a b Sierra, Roberto; Mauffrey, Florian; Cruz, Joana; Holzmann, Maria; Gooday, Andrew J.; et al. (2022). "Taxon-rich transcriptomics supports higher-level phylogeny and major evolutionary trends in Foraminifera" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 174 (107546) 107546. Bibcode:2022MolPE.17407546S. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107546. PMID 35690380. S2CID 249608315.
- ^ Mikhalevich, Valeria I. (2013). "New Insight into the Systematics and Evolution of the Foraminifera". Micropaleontology. 59 (6): 493–527. JSTOR 24413333.
- ^ Loeblich, Alfred R., Jr.; Tappan, Helen (1987). Foraminiferal genera and their classification. New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-5760-3. ISBN 978-1-4899-5760-3.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Kaminski, Michael A. (2014). "The Year 2010 Classification of the Agglutinated Foraminifera". Micropaleontology. 60 (1. Advances in agglutinated foraminiferal research: The Ninth International Workshop on Agglutinated Foraminifera, IWAF-9): 89–108. JSTOR 24413648.
- ^ Arenillas, Ignacio; Arz, José Antonio; Gilabert, Vicente (2022). "An updated suprageneric classification of planktic foraminifera after growing evidence of multiple benthic-planktic transitions". Spanish Journal of Palaeontology. 37 (1). Sociedad Española de Paleontología: 1–34. doi:10.7203/sjp.22189. ISSN 2255-0550.
- ^ Siemensma, Ferry; Holzmann, Maria; Apothéloz-Perret-Gentil, Laure; Clauß, Steffen; Voelcker, Eckhard; et al. (2021). "Broad sampling of monothalamids (Rhizaria, Foraminifera) gives further insight into diversity of non-marine Foraminifera". European Journal of Protistology. 77 125744. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2020.125744. PMID 33191053. S2CID 225144520.
- ^ Burkett, Ashley; Anadu, Joshua; Holzmann, Maria; Pawlowski, Jan; Pratt, Robert Brandon; Rathburn, Anthony (2025). "Adhaerentella dendrocorona gen. and sp. nov: An Attached Monothalamid Foraminifera From the Abyssal Pacific". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 72 (6) e70045. doi:10.1111/jeu.70045.
- ^ Holzmann, Maria; Gooday, Andrew J; Pawlowski, Jan (2025). "Flaviatella gen. nov., a new genus of monothalamous foraminifera with a wide geographical and bathymetrical distribution". Progress in Oceanography. 239 103589. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2025.103589.
- ^ Apothéloz‐Perret‐Gentil, Laure; Pawlowski, Jan (2015). "Molecular Phylogeny and Morphology of Leannia veloxifera n. gen. et sp. Unveils a New Lineage of Monothalamous Foraminifera". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 62 (3): 353–361. doi:10.1111/jeu.12190. ISSN 1066-5234.
- ^ Gooday, Andrew J.; Holzmann, Maria; Schwarzgruber, Elsa; Cedhagen, Tomas; Pawlowski, Jan (2022). "Morphological and molecular diversity of monothalamids (Rhizaria, Foraminifera), including two new species and a new genus, from SW Greenland" (PDF). European Journal of Protistology. 86 125932. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2022.125932. PMID 36347189.
- ^ Wylezich, Claudia; Kaufmann, Danielle; Marcuse, Marlen; Hülsmann, Norbert (2014). "Dracomyxa pallida gen. et sp. nov.: A New Giant Freshwater Foraminifer, with Remarks on the Taxon Reticulomyxidae (emend.)". Protist. 165 (6): 854–869. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2014.10.004.
- ^ Sergeeva, N. G.; Anikeeva, O. V. (2021). "Vellaria solenta (Monothalamea: Allogromiidae) — new species of soft-walled foraminifera from Sivash Bay (the Sea of Azov)" (PDF). Invertebrate Zoology. 18 (2): 152–158. doi:10.15298/invertzool.18.2.06. S2CID 237368888.
- ^ Gooday, Andrew J; Holzmann, Maria; Caulle, Clémence; Goineau, Aurélie; Kamenskaya, Olga; et al. (2017). "Giant protists (xenophyophores, Foraminifera) are exceptionally diverse in parts of the abyssal eastern Pacific licensed for polymetallic nodule exploration". Biological Conservation. 207: 106–116. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.01.006.
- ^ Gooday, Andrew J.; Durden, Jennifer M.; Holzmann, Maria; Pawlowski, Jan; Smith, Craig R. (2020). "Xenophyophores (Rhizaria, Foraminifera), including four new species and two new genera, from the western Clarion-Clipperton Zone (abyssal equatorial Pacific)". European Journal of Protistology. 75 125715. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2020.125715.
- ^ Gooday, Andrew J; Holzmann, Maria; Barrenechea-Angeles, InéS; Lim, Swee-Cheng; Pawlowski, Jan (6 March 2024). "New xenophyophores (Foraminifera, Monothalamea) from the eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone (equatorial Pacific)". Zootaxa. 5419 (2): 151–188. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5419.2.1. ISSN 1175-5334.
- ^ Gooday, Andrew J.; Holzmann, Maria; Pawlowski, Jan (2025). "A first look at xenophyophores (Rhizaria, Foraminifera) in the lower bathyal Bering Sea and abyssal areas adjacent to the Aleutian Trench". Progress in Oceanography. 232 103411. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2024.103411.
- ^ Gastineau, Romain; Mianowicz, Kamila; Dąbek, Przemysław; Otis, Christian; Lemieux, Claude; et al. (15 July 2025). "Xenophyophore-associated mitogenomes: genomic investigations of two specimens from the Clarion-Clipperton Zone". Frontiers in Marine Science. 12 1582660. doi:10.3389/fmars.2025.1582660.
- ^ Mikhalevich, V. I. (2016). "New subfamily Petschoricinae and its position in the system of Foraminifera". Paleontological Journal. 50 (5): 432–434. doi:10.1134/S0031030116050099.
- ^ Polkovnikova, Elena V. (1 November 2015). "Classification of foraminifera from order Ammodiscida and superfamily Tolypamminoidea". Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta (400): 404–413. doi:10.17223/15617793/400/61.
- ^ Polkovnikova, Elena V. (1 March 2016). "The classification of foraminifera from the superfamily Ammodiscoidea". Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Biologiya (in Russian). 33 (1): 102–125. doi:10.17223/19988591/33/7.
- ^ Rigaud, Sylvain; Martini, Rossana (2016). "Agglutinated or porcelaneous tests: where to draw the line?". The Journal of Foraminiferal Research. 46 (3): 333–344. doi:10.2113/gsjfr.46.3.333.
- ^ Avnaim-Katav, Simona; Holzmann, Maria; Pawlowski, Jan (2022). "Carterina labinea sp. nov. – A new alien foraminifer from the Southeastern Mediterranean shelf". European Journal of Protistology. 85 125911. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2022.125911.
- ^ a b c d e Arenillas, Ignacio; Arz, José Antonio; Gilabert, Vicente (2022). "An updated suprageneric classification of planktic foraminifera after growing evidence of multiple benthic-planktic transitions". Spanish Journal of Palaeontology. 37 (1). Sociedad Española de Paleontología: 1–34. doi:10.7203/sjp.22189. ISSN 2255-0550.
- ^ Schlagintweit, Felix (2024). "Ramalhoa adherens (Ramalho 2015) n. gen., n. comb., a loftusiid attached benthic foraminifera (family Ramalhoidae n. fam.) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal". Micropaleontology. 70 (1): 89–95. doi:10.47894/mpal.70.1.06. Retrieved 15 August 2025.
- ^ Schlagintweit, Felix; Rashidi, Koorosh (2018). "Suraqalatia brasieri Görmuş, Lawa & Nuaimy, 2017 (Larger Benthic Forainifera; Suraqalatiidae n. fam.) from the late Maastrichtian of the Tarbur Formation (Zagros Fold-Thrust-Belt) and remarks on Dicyclina Munier-Chalmas, 1887" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae. 14 (1): 21–29. Retrieved 15 August 2025.
- ^ Schlagintweit, Felix; Rashidi, Koorosh (1 February 2022). "Bakhtiarellidae, a new end-Cretaceous 'hauraniiform' family of Larger Benthic Foraminifera: taxonomic inventory and phylogenetic assessment". Historical Biology. 34 (2): 335–345. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1910821. ISSN 0891-2963.
- ^ Holzmann, Maria; Pawlowski, Jan (2017). "An updated classification of rotaliid foraminifera based on ribosomal DNA phylogeny". Marine Micropaleontology. 132: 18–34. doi:10.1016/j.marmicro.2017.04.002.
- ^ Suzuki, Noritoshi; O'Dogherty, Luis; Caulet, Jean-Pierre; Dumitrica, Paulian (2021). "A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) – suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts". Geodiversitas. 43 (15): 405–573. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a15.
- ^ a b Nakamura, Yasuhide; Tuji, Akihiro; Kimoto, Katsunori; Yamaguchi, Atsushi; Hori, Rie S.; Suzuki, Noritoshi (2020). "Ecology, Morphology, Phylogeny and Taxonomic Revision of Giant Radiolarians, Orodaria ord. nov. (Radiolaria; Rhizaria; SAR)". Protist. 172 (3) 125808. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2021.125808. ISSN 1434-4610. PMID 34186475. S2CID 235686052.
- ^ a b Takahashi O, Maekawa T, Dumitrica P, Nguyen PD, Komatsu T (2022). "Latentifistularia and other radiolarian species from the lower Smithian (Lower Triassic) Lang Son Formation, NE Vietnam". Revue de micropaléontologie. 75 100610. Bibcode:2022RvMic..7500610T. doi:10.1016/j.revmic.2022.100610. S2CID 246833665.
- ^ Noble P, Aitchison JC, Danelian T, Dumitrica P, Maletz J, Suzuki N, Cuvelier J, Caridroit M, O'Dogherty L (2017). "Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera" (PDF). Geodiversitas. 39 (3): 419–502. Bibcode:2017Geodv..39..419N. doi:10.5252/g2017n3a4. S2CID 89647246.
- ^ H.S. Yoon; R.A. Andersen; S.M. Boo; D. Bhattacharya (17 February 2009). "Stramenopiles". Encyclopedia of Microbiology (Third ed.). pp. 721–731. doi:10.1016/B978-012373944-5.00253-4. ISBN 978-0-12-373944-5. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
- ^ a b c Adl, Sina M.; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Farmer, Mark A.; Andersen, Robert A.; Anderson, O. Roger; et al. (19 October 2005). "The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 52 (2): 399–451. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x. PMID 16248873.
- ^ Leedale, Gordon F. (May 1974). "How many are the kingdoms of organisms?" (PDF). Taxon. 23 (2–3): 261–270. doi:10.2307/1218705. ISSN 0040-0262. JSTOR 1218705.
- ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1981). "Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine?" (PDF). BioSystems. 14 (3–4): 461–481. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2. PMID 7337818.
- ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1986). "The Kingdom Chromista: Origin and Systematics" (PDF). In Round, F.E.; Chapman, D.J. (eds.). Progress in Phycological Research. Vol. 4. Bristol: Biopress. pp. 309–347. ISBN 094873700X. OL 15332140M.
- ^ Patterson, D.J. (1989). "Stramenopiles: Chromophytes from a protistan perspective". In Green, J.C.; Leadbeater, B.S.C.; Diver, W.L. (eds.). The chromophyte algae: Problems and perspectives. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 357–379. ISBN 978-0198577133.
- ^ Margulis, Lynn; Chapman, Michael J. (2009). Kingdoms & Domains: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth (4th ed.). W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 978-0-12-373621-5.
- ^ a b c Dick, Michael W. (2013). Straminipilous Fungi: Systematics of the Peronosporomycetes Including Accounts of the Marine Straminipilous Protists, the Plasmodiophorids and Similar Organisms. Dordrecht: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-015-9733-3. ISBN 978-94-015-9733-3.
- ^ a b Beakes, Gordon W.; Honda, Daiske; Thines, Marco (2014). "Systematics of the Straminipila: Labyrinthulomycota, Hyphochytriomycota, and Oomycota". In McLaughlin, David J.; Spatafora, Joseph W. (eds.). Systematics and Evolution. Part A. The Mycota: A Comprehensive Treatise on Fungi as Experimental Systems for Basic and Applied Research. Vol. 7 (2nd ed.). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-55318-9_3.
- ^ Thakur, Rabindra; Shiratori, Takashi; Ishida, Ken-ichiro (2019). "Taxon-rich Multigene Phylogenetic Analyses Resolve the Phylogenetic Relationship Among Deep-branching Stramenopiles". Protist. 170 (5): 125682. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2019.125682. ISSN 1434-4610. PMID 31568885. S2CID 202865459.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) - ^ Weston EJ, Eglit Y, Simpson AG (2023). "Kaonashia insperata gen. et sp. nov., a eukaryotrophic flagellate, represents a novel major lineage of heterotrophic stramenopiles". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 71 (1): e13003. doi:10.1111/jeu.13003. PMID 37803921.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) - ^ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life". Biological Reviews. 73 (3): 203–266. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x. PMID 9809012.
- ^ Cho, Anna; Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Hehenberger, Elisabeth; Karnkowska, Anna; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Keeling, Patrick J. (2022). "Monophyly of diverse Bigyromonadea and their impact on phylogenomic relationships within stramenopiles" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 171 (107468): 107468. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107468. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 35358688. S2CID 247815732.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) - ^ a b Cho, Anna; Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Lax, Gordon; Prokina, Kristina I.; Keeling, Patrick J. (2024). "Phylogenomic position of genetically diverse phagotrophic stramenopile flagellates in the sediment-associated MAST-6 lineage and a potentially halotolerant placididean". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 190: 107964. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107964. Retrieved 11 August 2025.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) - ^ Rybarski, Alexandra E.; Nitsche, Frank; Soo Park, Jong; Filz, Paulina; Schmidt, Patricia; et al. (2021). "Revision of the phylogeny of Placididea (Stramenopiles): Molecular and morphological diversity of novel placidid protists from extreme aquatic environments". European Journal of Protistology. 81 125809. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2021.125809. ISSN 0932-4739. PMID 34673437. S2CID 236377023.
- ^ Bennett, Reuel M.; Honda, D.; Beakes, Gordon W.; Thines, Marco (2017). "Labyrinthulomycota". In Archibald, John M.; Simpson, Alastair G.B.; Slamovits, Claudio H. (eds.). Handbook of the Protists. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Springer. pp. 507–542. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0_25. ISBN 978-3-319-28147-6.
- ^ Kostka, Martin (2017). "Opalinata". In Archibald, John M.; Simpson, Alastair G.B.; Slamovits, Claudio H. (eds.). Handbook of the Protists. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Springer. pp. 543–566. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0_4. ISBN 978-3-319-28147-6.
- ^ a b c Schoenle, Alexandra; Hohlfeld, Manon; Rosse, Mona; Filz, Paulina; Wylezich, Claudia; Nitsche, Frank; Arndt, Hartmut (2020). "Global comparison of bicosoecid Cafeteria-like flagellates from the deep ocean and surface waters, with reorganization of the family Cafeteriaceae". European Journal of Protistology. 73 125665. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2019.125665. PMID 31978633.
- ^ Jirsová, Dagmar; Füssy, Zoltán; Richtová, Jitka; Gruber, Ansgar; Oborník, Miroslav (2019). "Morphology, Ultrastructure, and Mitochondrial Genome of the Marine Non-Photosynthetic Bicosoecid Cafileria marina Gen. et sp. nov". Microorganisms. 7 (8): 240. doi:10.3390/microorganisms7080240. PMC 6723347. PMID 31387253.
- ^ Kishikami, Tatsuya; Ota, Marina; Ishida, Kasumi; Yamada, Kazumasa; Kataoka, Takafumi (2025). "Morphology and ultrastructure of marine bacterivorous bicosoecid Hirugamonas aperieos gen. et sp. nov". Protist. 178 126104. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2025.126104.
- ^ Harder, Christoffer Bugge; Ekelund, Flemming; Karpov, Sergey A. (March 2014). "Ultrastructure and phylogenetic position of Regin rotiferus and Otto terricolus genera et species novae (Bicosoecida, Heterokonta/Stramenopiles)". Protist. 165 (2): 144–160. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2014.01.004. PMID 24637333.
- ^ a b c Hyde KD, Noorabadi MT, Thiyagaraja V, He MQ, Johnston PR, Wijesinghe SN, et al. "The 2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 15 (1): 5146–6239. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/15/1/25.
- ^ Hassett, Brandon T. (2020). "A Widely Distributed Thraustochytrid Parasite of Diatoms Isolated from the Arctic Represents a gen. and sp. nov". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 67 (4). International Society of Protistologists: 480–490. doi:10.1111/jeu.12796. hdl:10037/19021. PMID 32249965.
- ^ Prokina KI, Yubuki N, Tikhonenkov DV, Ciobanu MC, López-García P, Moreira D (2024). "Refurbishing the marine parasitoid order Pirsoniales with newly (re) described marine and freshwater free-living predators". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 71 (6): e13061. doi:10.1111/jeu.13061. PMC 11603286. PMID 39350673.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) - ^ Thines M (2018). "Oomycetes". Current Biology. 28 (15): R812–R813. Bibcode:2018CBio...28.R812T. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.062. PMID 30086308.
- ^ Beakes, Gordon W.; Thines, Marco (2017). "Hyphochytriomycota and Oomycota". In Archibald, John M.; Simpson, Alastair G.B.; Slamovits, Claudio H. (eds.). Handbook of the Protists (PDF) (2nd ed.). Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 435–505. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0_26. ISBN 978-3-319-28149-0. LCCN 2017945328.
- ^ a b c Safonov, Pavel (2024). "Types of flagellar apparatus of diatomists: morphological diversity and evolution". Protistology. 18 (3): 177–188. doi:10.21685/1680-0826-2024-18-3-1.
- ^ a b Cavalier-Smith, T.; Chao, E. E. (1996). "18S rRNA sequence of Heterosigma carterae (Raphidophyceae), and the phylogeny of heterokont algae (Ochrophyta)". Phycologia. 35 (6): 500–510. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-35-6-500.1. ISSN 0031-8884.
- ^ Michael D. Guiry; Øjvind Moestrup; Robert A. Andersen (11 October 2023). "Validation of the phylum name Heterokontophyta" (PDF). Notulae Algarum. 2023 (297).
- ^ Kuwata, Akira; Yamada, Kazumasa; Ichinomiya, Mutsuo; Yoshikawa, Shinya; Tragin, Margot; Vaulot, Daniel; Lopes dos Santos, Adriana (29 October 2018). "Bolidophyceae, a Sister Picoplanktonic Group of Diatoms – A Review". Frontiers in Marine Science. 5 (1) 370. doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00370. ISSN 2296-7745.
- ^ Wetherbee, Richard; Jackson, Christopher J.; Repetti, Sonja I.; Clementson, Lesley A.; Costa, Joana F.; et al. (9 December 2018). "The golden paradox - a new heterokont lineage with chloroplasts surrounded by two membranes". J Phycol. 55 (2): 257–278. Bibcode:2019JPcgy..55..257W. doi:10.1111/jpy.12822. hdl:11343/233613. PMID 30536815. S2CID 54477112.
- ^ a b c Graf, Louis; Yang, Eun Chan; Han, Kwi Young; Küpper, Frithjof C.; Benes, Kylla M.; et al. (December 2020). "Multigene Phylogeny, Morphological Observation and Re-examination of the Literature Lead to the Description of the Phaeosacciophyceae Classis Nova and Four New Species of the Heterokontophyta SI Clade" (PDF). Protist. 171 (6): 125781. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2020.125781. PMID 33278705. S2CID 227315556.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) - ^ a b c d Pietsch, Tobias; Nitsche, Frank; Arndt, Hartmut (2022). "High molecular diversity in the functional group of small bacterivorous non-scaled chrysomonad flagellates". European Journal of Protistology. 86: 125915. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2022.125915.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) - ^ a b Bock, Christina; Olefeld, Jana L.; Vogt, Janina C.; Albach, Dirk C.; Boenigk, Jens (2022). "Phylogenetic and functional diversity of Chrysophyceae in inland waters" (PDF). Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 22 (2): 327–341. doi:10.1007/s13127-022-00554-y. ISSN 1439-6092. Retrieved 25 August 2025.
- ^ Grossmann, Lars; Bock, Christina; Schweikert, Michael; Boenigk, Jens (2016). "Small but Manifold – Hidden Diversity in "Spumella‐like Flagellates"". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 63 (4): 419–439. doi:10.1111/jeu.12287. ISSN 1066-5234. PMC 5066751. PMID 26662881.
- ^ Kapustin, Dmitry; Kulikovskiy, Maxim (18 November 2022). "Chrysosphaerella septentrionalis sp. nov. (Chrysophyceae, Chromulinales), a New Species from the Arctic Including the Description of Chrysosphaerellaceae, fam. nov". Plants. 11 (22): 3166. doi:10.3390/plants11223166. ISSN 2223-7747. PMC 9694324. PMID 36432895.
- ^ Pusztai, Martin; Jadrná, Iva; Škaloud, Pavel (25 October 2023). "Elucidating the phylogeny and taxonomic position of the genus Spiniferomonas Takahashi (Chrysophyceae)" (PDF). Fottea. 23 (2): 217–222. doi:10.5507/fot.2023.006. Retrieved 25 August 2025.
- ^ a b c Kawai, Hiroshi; Nakayama, Takeshi. "Heterokontophyta". In Frey, Wolfgang (ed.). Syllabus of Plant Families - Adolf Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien. Part 2/1. Photoautotrophic eukaryotic algae: Glaucocystophyta, Cryptophyta, Dinophyta/Dinozoa, Haptophyta, Heterokontophyta/Ochrophyta, Chlorarachniophyta/Cercozoa, Euglenophyta/Euglenozoa, Chlorophyta, Streptophyta p.p. (13th ed.). Stuttgart: Borntraeger Science Publishers. pp. 61–176. ISBN 978-3-443-01083-6.
- ^ Kristiansen, Jørgen; Škaloud, Pavel (2017). "Chrysophyta". In Archibald, John M.; Simpson, Alastair G.B.; Slamovits, Claudio H. (eds.). Handbook of the Protists (PDF). Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 331–366. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0_43. ISBN 978-3-319-28149-0. LCCN 2017945328.
- ^ Pusztai, Martin (2021). Elucidating the evolution and diversity of colonial chrysophytes (PhD thesis). Univerzita Karlova.
- ^ Molinari-Novoa, Eduardo A.; Guiry, Michael D. (2 March 2021). "Nomenclatural notes on algae. IV. Further replacement names for various algal taxa" (PDF). Notulae Algarum. 2021 (183): 1–10. ISSN 2009-8987.
- ^ Pusztai, Martin; Škaloud, Pavel (3 July 2019). "Elucidating the evolution and diversity of Uroglena-like colonial flagellates (Chrysophyceae): polyphyletic origin of the morphotype". European Journal of Phycology. 54 (3): 404–416. doi:10.1080/09670262.2019.1574030. ISSN 0967-0262.
- ^ Pietsch, Tobias (2023). Investigation of population dynamics, ecological traits and molecular phylogeny of bacterivorous chrysomonads (PhD thesis). Universität zu Köln.
- ^ Kapustin, Dmitry A.; Guiry, Michael D. (29 July 2019). "Reinstatement of Lepidochromonas Kristiansen (Lepidochromonadaceae fam. nov., Chrysophyceae)" (PDF). Phytotaxa. 413 (1): 49–53. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.413.1.5. ISSN 1179-3163. Retrieved 24 August 2025.
- ^ Jo, Bok Yeon; Kim, Jong Im; Škaloud, Pavel; Siver, Peter A.; Shin, Woongghi (1 October 2016). "Multigene phylogeny of Synura (Synurophyceae) and descriptions of four new species based on morphological and DNA evidence". European Journal of Phycology. 51 (4): 413–430. doi:10.1080/09670262.2016.1201700. ISSN 0967-0262.
- ^ Wujek, Daniel E.; Thompson, Rufus H. (2001). "The Chrysophyte Genera Synuropsis Schiller, Volvochrysis Schiller, Synochromonas Korshikov, Pseudosynura Kisselew, Pseudosyncrypta Kisselew, Chrysomoron Skuja, and Syncrypta Ehrenberg". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 104 (1): 79–91. doi:10.1660/0022-8443(2001)104[0079:TCGSSV]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-8443.
- ^ Chang, Fook Hoe; Sutherland, Judy; Bradford‐Grieve, Janet (2017). "Taxonomic revision of Dictyochales (Dictyochophyceae) based on morphological, ultrastructural, biochemical and molecular data". Phycological Research. 65 (3): 235–247. doi:10.1111/pre.12181. ISSN 1322-0829.
- ^ Eikrem, Wenche; Edvardsen, Bente; Throndsen, Jahn (2009). "Research note: Renaming Verrucophora farcimen Eikrem, Edvardsen et Throndsen". Phycological Research. 57 (3): 170–170. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1835.2009.00535.x. ISSN 1322-0829.
- ^ Moestrup, Øjvind (26 January 1995). "Current status of chrysophyte 'splinter groups': synurophytes, pedinellids, silicoflagellates". In Sandgren, Craig D.; Smol, John P.; Kristiansen, Jørgen (eds.). Chrysophyte Algae: Ecology, Physiology and Development. Cambridge University Press. pp. 75–92. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511752292.005. ISBN 978-0-521-46260-0.
- ^ Sekiguchi, Hiroshi; Kawachi, Masanobu; Nakayama, Takeshi; Inouye, Isao (2003). "A taxonomic re-evaluation of the Pedinellales (Dictyochophyceae), based on morphological, behavioural and molecular data". Phycologia. 42 (2): 165–182. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-42-2-165.1. ISSN 0031-8884.
- ^ Cavalier-Smith, T.; Chao, E.E.; Allsopp, M.T.E.P. (April 1995). "Ribosomal RNA Evidence for Chloroplast Loss within Heterokonta: Pedinellid Relationships and a Revised Classification of Ochristan Algae". Archiv für Protistenkunde. 145 (3–4): 209–220. doi:10.1016/S0003-9365(11)80316-7.
- ^ Safonov, Pavel; Berdieva, Mariia; Nassonova, Elena; Skarlato, Sergei; Pozdnyakov, Ilya (2024). "The first arctic strain of Rhizochromulina: Morphology, ultrastructure, and position in the evolutionary tree of the order Rhizochromulinales (Heterokontophyta, Dictyochophyceae)". European Journal of Protistology. 92: 126050. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2023.126050.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) - ^ Hosoi‐Tanabe, Shoko; Honda, Daiske; Fukaya, Sachiko; Otake, Isamu; Inagaki, Yuji; Sako, Yoshihiko (2007). "Proposal of Pseudochattonella verruculosa gen. nov., comb. nov. (Dictyochophyceae) for a formar raphidophycean alga Chattonella verruculosa, based on 18S rDNA phylogeny and ultrastructural characteristics". Phycological Research. 55 (3): 185–192. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1835.2007.00461.x. ISSN 1322-0829.
- ^ Amaral, Raquel; Fawley, Karen P.; Němcová, Yvonne; Ševčíková, Tereza; Lukešová, Alena; et al. (2020). "Toward Modern Classification of Eustigmatophytes, Including the Description of Neomonodaceae Fam. Nov. and Three New Genera". Journal of Phycology. 56 (3): 630–648. Bibcode:2020JPcgy..56..630A. doi:10.1111/jpy.12980. PMC 7987219. PMID 32068883.
- ^ Di Franco, Arnaud; Baurain, Denis; Glöckner, Gernot; Melkonian, Michael; Philippe, Hervé (2021). "Lower statistical support with larger data sets: insights from the Ochrophyta radiation". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 39 (1): msab300. doi:10.1093/molbev/msab300. PMC 8763130. PMID 34694402.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) - ^ a b c Cho, Anna; Lax, Gordon; Keeling, Patrick J. (2024). "Phylogenomic analyses of ochrophytes (stramenopiles) with an emphasis on neglected lineages". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 198 108120. Bibcode:2024MolPE.19808120C. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108120. PMID 38852907.
- ^ Přibyl, Pavel; Procházková, Lenka (2022). "Trebonskia zoosporica, gen. et sp. nov., a new member of the Goniochloridales (Eustigmatophyceae, Stramenopiles) with an unusual mode of reproduction". European Journal of Phycology. 58 (2): 199–213. doi:10.1080/09670262.2022.2089913.
- ^ Fawley, Marvin W.; Nĕmcová, Yvonne; Fawley, Karen P. (2019). "Phylogeny and characterization of Paraeustigmatos columelliferus, gen. et sp. nov., a member of the Eustigmatophyceae that may represent a basal group within the Eustigmatales". Fottea. 19 (2): 107–114. Bibcode:2019Fotte..19..107F. doi:10.5507/fot.2019.002.
- ^ Barcytė, Dovilė; Eikrem, Wenche; Engesmo, Anette; Seoane, Sergio; Wohlmann, Jens; et al. (2 March 2021). "Olisthodiscus represents a new class of Ochrophyta". Journal of Phycology. 57 (4): 1094–1118. Bibcode:2021JPcgy..57.1094B. doi:10.1111/jpy.13155. hdl:10852/86515. PMID 33655496.
- ^ Daugbjerg, Niels; Lara, Cecilie; Gai, Frederik F.; Lovejoy, Connie (2024). "Plocamiomonas psychrophila gen. et sp. nov. (Pelagophyceae, Heterokontophyta), an Arctic marine nanoflagellate characterized by microscopy, pigments and molecular phylogeny". European Journal of Phycology. 59 (4): 362–378. Bibcode:2024EJPhy..59..362D. doi:10.1080/09670262.2024.2353940.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Han-2018was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Silberfeld, Thomas; Rousseau, Florence; Reviers, Bruno de (2014). "An Updated Classification of Brown Algae (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae)". Cryptogamie, Algologie. 35 (2): 117–156. doi:10.7872/crya.v35.iss2.2014.117. ISSN 0181-1568.
- ^ Kawai, Hiroshi; Hanyuda, Takeaki; Gao, Xu; Terauchi, Makoto; Miyata, Masahiko; Lindstrom, Sandra C.; Klochkova, Nina G.; Miller, Kathy Ann (12 January 2017). "Taxonomic revision of the Agaraceae with a description of Neoagarum gen. nov. and reinstatement of Thalassiophyllum". Journal of Phycology. 53 (2): 261–270. doi:10.1111/jpy.12511. ISSN 0022-3646.
- ^ Kawai, Hiroshi; Hanyuda, Takeaki; Draisma, Stefano G. A.; Wilce, Robert T.; Andersen, Robert A. (2015). "Molecular phylogeny of two unusual brown algae, Phaeostrophion irregulare and Platysiphon glacialis , proposal of the Stschapoviales ord. nov. and Platysiphonaceae fam. nov., and a re‐examination of divergence times for brown algal orders". Journal of Phycology. 51 (5): 918–928. doi:10.1111/jpy.12332. ISSN 0022-3646. PMC 5054896. PMID 26986888.
- ^ Craig Bailey, J.; Bidigare, Robert R.; Christensen, Stephani J.; Andersen, Robert A. (1998). "Phaeothamniophyceae Classis Nova: A New Lineage of Chromophytes Based upon Photosynthetic Pigments, rbcL Sequence Analysis and Ultrastructure". Protist. 149 (3): 245–263. doi:10.1016/S1434-4610(98)70032-X.
- ^ a b Terpis, Kristina X.; Salomaki, Eric D.; Barcytė, Dovilė; Pánek, Tomáš; Verbruggen, Heroen; et al. (2025). "Multiple plastid losses within photosynthetic stramenopiles revealed by comprehensive phylogenomics". Current Biology. 35 (3): 483–499.e8. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.11.065.
- ^ Engesmo, Anette; Eikrem, Wenche; Seoane, Sergio; Smith, Kirsty; Edvardsen, Bente; et al. (2016). "New insights into the morphology and phylogeny of Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae), with the description of Heterosigma minor sp. nov " (PDF). Phycologia. 55 (3): 279–294. doi:10.2216/15-115.1. ISSN 0031-8884. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
- ^ Barcytė, Dovilė; Jaške, Karin; Pánek, Tomáš; Yurchenko, Tatiana; Ševčíková, Tereza; Eliášová, Anežka; Eliáš, Marek (2024). "A cryptic plastid and a novel mitochondrial plasmid in Leucomyxa plasmidifera gen. and sp. nov. (Ochrophyta) push the frontiers of organellar biology". Open Biology. 14 (10): 240022. doi:10.1098/rsob.240022. ISSN 2046-2441. PMC 11528492. PMID 39474867.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) - ^ a b Azuma, Tomonori; Pánek, Tomáš; Tice, Alexander K.; Kayama, Motoki; Kobayashi, Mayumi; Miyashita, Hideaki; Suzaki, Toshinobu; Yabuki, Akinori; Brown, Matthew W.; Kamikawa, Ryoma (10 April 2022). "An Enigmatic Stramenopile Sheds Light on Early Evolution in Ochrophyta Plastid Organellogenesis". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 39 (4). doi:10.1093/molbev/msac065. PMC 9004409. PMID 35348760.
- ^ Wynne, Michael J.; Furnari, Giovanni (2014). "A census of J.P.L.Dangeard's invalid taxa with proposals to resolve the nomenclatural problems of some of them". Nova Hedwigia. 98 (3): 515–527. Bibcode:2014NovaH..98..515W. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2014/0169.
- ^ O'Kelly, Charles J. (1989). "The evolutionary origin of the brown algae: information from studies of motile cell ultrastructure". The Chromophyte Algae: Problems and Perspectives. The Systematics Association Special Volume No. 38. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 255–278. ISBN 0-19-857713-3.
- ^ Preisig, Hans R. (26 January 1995). "A modern concept of chrysophyte classification". In Sandgren, Craig D.; Smol, John P.; Kristiansen, Jørgen (eds.). Chrysophyte Algae: Ecology, Physiology and Development. Cambridge University Press. pp. 46–74. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511752292.004. ISBN 978-0-521-46260-0.
- ^ Cavalier-Smith, T.; Chao, E.E.; Allsopp, M.T.E.P. (1995). "Ribosomal RNA evidence for chloroplast loss within Heterokonta: pedinellid relationships and a revised classification of ochristan algae". Archiv für Protistenkunde. 145 (3–4): 209–220. doi:10.1016/s0003-9365(11)80316-7.
- ^ Boddi, Silvia; Bigazzi, Massimo; Sartoni, Gianfranco (1999). "Ultrastructure of vegetative and motile cells, and zoosporogenesis in Chrysonephos lewisii (Taylor) Taylor (Sarcinochrysidales, Pelagophyceae) in relation to taxonomy". European Journal of Phycology. 34 (3): 297–306. doi:10.1080/09670269910001736352. ISSN 0967-0262.
- ^ Wetherbee, Richard; Gornik, Sebastian G.; Grant, Brenna; Waller, Ross F. (2015). "Andersenia, a genus of filamentous, sand-dwelling Pelagophyceae from southeastern Australia". Phycologia. 54 (1): 35–48. doi:10.2216/14-107.1. ISSN 0031-8884.
- ^ Guiry, Michael D. (2024). "How many species of algae are there? A reprise. Four kingdoms, 14 phyla, 63 classes and still growing". Journal of Phycology. 60 (2): 214–228. doi:10.1111/jpy.13431. PMID 38245909.
- ^ Guiry, Michael D. (21 October 2017). "The phylum name Bacillariophyta and other names of phyla used to include the diatoms" (PDF). Notulae algarum. 37. ISSN 2009-8987.
- ^ Medlin, Linda K. (1 January 2016). "Evolution of the diatoms: major steps in their evolution and a review of the supporting molecular and morphological evidence". Phycologia. 55 (1): 79–103. doi:10.2216/15-105.1. ISSN 0031-8884.
- ^ Nakov, Teofil; Beaulieu, Jeremy M.; Alverson, Andrew J. (2018). "Accelerated diversification is related to life history and locomotion in a hyperdiverse lineage of microbial eukaryotes (Diatoms, Bacillariophyta)". New Phytologist. 219 (1): 462–473. doi:10.1111/nph.15137. ISSN 0028-646X. PMC 6099383. PMID 29624698.
- ^ Alverson, Andrew J.; Roberts, Wade R.; Ruck, Elizabeth C.; Nakov, Teofil; Ashworth, Matthew P.; Bryłka, Karolina; Downey, Kala M.; Kociolek, J. Patrick; Parks, Matthew; Pinseel, Eveline; Theriot, Edward C.; Tye, Simon P.; Witkowski, Andrzej; Beaulieu, Jeremy M.; Wickett, Norman J. (3 June 2025). "Phylogenomics reveals the slow-burning fuse of diatom evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 122 (22): e2500153122. doi:10.1073/pnas.2500153122. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 12146733. PMID 40440071.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) - ^ Kociolek, John P.; Ashworth, Matt Peter; Alverson, Andrew J. (2026). "A phylogenetic classification of diatoms (Bacillariophyta)". Journal of Phycology. 62 (1): 44–67. doi:10.1111/jpy.70125. ISSN 0022-3646.
- ^ Kulikovskiy, Maxim; Maltsev, Yevhen; Andreeva, Svetlana; Glushchenko, Anton; Gusev, Evgeniy; et al. (31 October 2018). "Description of a new diatom genus Dorofeyukea gen. nov. with remarks on phylogeny of the family Stauroneidaceae". Journal of Phycology. 55 (1): 173–185. Bibcode:2019JPcgy..55..173K. doi:10.1111/jpy.12810. PMID 30379324.
- ^ Grassé, Pierre-P. (1952). "Classe des zooflagellés Zooflagellata ou Zoomastigina (Euflagellata Claus, 1887): Généralités". In Cuénot, L.; Chatton, E.; Deflandre, G.; Grassé, P.-P.; Hollande, A.; Pavillard, J. (eds.). Traité de zoologie: anatomie, systématique, biologie. Tome I. Fascicule I. Phylogénie, protozoaires: généralités, flagellés. Paris: Masson. pp. 574–578.
- ^ a b Adl, Sina M.; Leander, Brian S.; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Archibald, John M.; Anderson, O. Roger.; et al. (1 August 2007). "Diversity, Nomenclature, and Taxonomy of Protists" (PDF). Systematic Biology. 56 (4): 684–689. doi:10.1080/10635150701494127. ISSN 1076-836X. PMID 17661235. Retrieved 15 July 2025.
- ^ Novák, Lukáš V. F.; Treitli, Sebastian C.; Pyrih, Jan; Hałakuc, Paweł; Pipaliya, Shweta V.; Vacek, Vojtěch; Brzoň, Ondřej; Soukal, Petr; Eme, Laura; Dacks, Joel B.; Karnkowska, Anna; Eliáš, Marek; Hampl, Vladimír (2023). "Genomics of Preaxostyla Flagellates Illuminates the Path Towards the Loss of Mitochondria". PLOS Genetics. 19 (12): e1011050. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1011050. PMC 10703272. PMID 38060519.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) - ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1 November 2003). "The excavate protozoan phyla Metamonada Grasse emend. (Anaeromonadea, Parabasalia, Carpediemonas, Eopharyngia) and Loukozoa emend. (Jakobea, Malawimonas): their evolutionary affinities and new higher taxa". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 53 (6): 1741–1758. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02548-0. ISSN 1466-5026.
- ^ Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Slamovits, Claudio H.; Archibald, John M. (2017). "Protist Diversity and Eukaryote Phylogeny". In Archibald, John M.; Simpson, Alastair G.B.; Slamovits, Claudio H. (eds.). Handbook of the Protists. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–22. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0_45. ISBN 978-3-319-28149-0. LCCN 2017945328.
- ^ a b c d Boscaro, Vittorio; James, Erick R.; Fiorito, Rebecca; del Campo, Javier; Scheffrahn, Rudolf H.; Keeling, Patrick J. (2024). "Updated classification of the phylum Parabasalia". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 71 (4): e13035. doi:10.1111/jeu.13035. ISSN 1066-5234.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) - ^ a b Hampl, Vladimir (2017). "Preaxostyla". In Archibald, John M.; Simpson, Alastair G.B.; Slamovits, Claudio H. (eds.). Handbook of the Protists. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1139–1174. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0_8. ISBN 978-3-319-28149-0. LCCN 2017945328.
- ^ Adam, Rodney D. (2017). "Diplomonadida". In Archibald, John M.; Simpson, Alastair G.B.; Slamovits, Claudio H. (eds.). Handbook of the Protists. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1219–1246. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0_1. ISBN 978-3-319-28149-0. LCCN 2017945328.
- ^ a b Kulda, Jaroslav; Nohýnková, Eva; Čepička, Ivan (2017). "Retortamonadida (with Notes on Carpediemonas-Like Organisms and Caviomonadidae". In Archibald, John M.; Simpson, Alastair G.B.; Slamovits, Claudio H. (eds.). Handbook of the Protists. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1247–1278. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0_3. ISBN 978-3-319-28149-0. LCCN 2017945328.
- ^ Stairs, Courtney W.; Táborský, Petr; Salomaki, Eric D.; Kolisko, Martin; Pánek, Tomáš; Eme, Laura; Hradilová, Miluše; Vlček, Čestmír; Jerlström-Hultqvist, Jon; Roger, Andrew J.; Čepička, Ivan (2021-12-20). "Anaeramoebae are a divergent lineage of eukaryotes that shed light on the transition from anaerobic mitochondria to hydrogenosomes". Current Biology. 31 (24): 5605–5612.e5. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.010. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 34710348. S2CID 240054026.
- ^ Eglit, Yana; Williams, Shelby K.; Roger, Andrew J.; Simpson, Alastair G. B. (2024). "Characterization of Skoliomonas gen. nov., a haloalkaliphilic anaerobe related to barthelonids (Metamonada)". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 71 (6). doi:10.1111/jeu.13048. ISSN 1066-5234. PMC 11603281. PMID 39225178.
- ^ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (May 2013). "Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa". European Journal of Protistology. 49 (2): 115–178. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2012.06.001. PMID 23085100.
- ^ Yubuki, Naoji; Huang, Sam S.C.; Leander, Brian S. (2016). "Comparative Ultrastructure of Fornicate Excavates, Including a Novel Free-living Relative of Diplomonads: Aduncisulcus paluster gen. et sp. nov". Protist. 167 (6): 584–596. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2016.10.001.
- ^ Yubuki, Naoji; Zadrobílková, Eliška; Čepička, Ivan (2017). "Ultrastructure and Molecular Phylogeny of Iotanema spirale gen. nov. et sp. nov., a New Lineage of Endobiotic Fornicata with Strikingly Simplified Ultrastructure". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 64 (4): 422–433. doi:10.1111/jeu.12376. ISSN 1066-5234.
- ^ a b c Poinar, George (2009). "Early Cretaceous protist flagellates (Parabasalia: Hypermastigia: Oxymonada) of cockroaches (Insecta: Blattaria) in Burmese amber". Cretaceous Research. 30 (5): 1066–1072. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.03.008.
- ^ Simpson, Alastair G.B. (1997). "The identity and composition of the Euglenozoa". Archiv für Protistenkunde. 148 (3): 318–328. doi:10.1016/S0003-9365(97)80012-7.
- ^ a b Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2016). "Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa". European Journal of Protistology. 56: 250–276. doi:10.1016/J.EJOP.2016.09.003. PMID 27889663.
- ^ a b c Kostygov, Alexei Y.; Karnkowska, Anna; Votýpka, Jan; Tashyreva, Daria; Maciszewski, Kacper; et al. (2021). "Euglenozoa: taxonomy, diversity and ecology, symbioses and viruses". Open Biology. 11 (3): 200407. doi:10.1098/rsob.200407. PMC 8061765. PMID 33715388.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) - ^ Lax, Gordon; Lee, Won Je; Eglit, Yana; Simpson, Alastair (2019). "Ploeotids Represent Much of the Phylogenetic Diversity of Euglenids". Protist. 170 (2): 233–257. doi:10.1016/J.PROTIS.2019.03.001. PMID 31102975.
- ^ Lax, G.; Kolisko, M.; Eglit, Y.; Lee, W.J.; Yubuki, N.; et al. (June 2021). "Multigene phylogenetics of euglenids based on single-cell transcriptomics of diverse phagotrophs". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 159 107088. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107088. PMID 33545276.
- ^ Lax, Gordon; Keeling, Patrick J. (9 July 2023). "Molecular phylogenetics of sessile Dolium sedentarium, a petalomonad euglenid". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 70 (5). doi:10.1111/jeu.12991. ISSN 1066-5234. PMID 37424051.
- ^ Lax, Gordon; Cho, Anna; Keeling, Patrick J. (13 March 2023). "Phylogenomics of novel ploeotid taxa contribute to the backbone of the euglenid tree". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 70 (4): e12973. doi:10.1111/jeu.12973. ISSN 1066-5234. PMID 36912454.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) - ^ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (1993). "Kingdom Protozoa and its 18 phyla". Microbiological Reviews. 57 (4): 953–994. doi:10.1128/mr.57.4.953-994.1993. PMC 372943. PMID 8302218.
- ^ Pánek, Tomáš; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Brown, Matthew W.; Dyer, Betsey Dexter (2017). "Heterolobosea". In Archibald, John M.; Simpson, Alastair G.B.; Slamovits, Claudio H. (eds.). Handbook of the Protists. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1005–1046. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0_10. ISBN 978-3-319-28149-0. LCCN 2017945328.
- ^ Pánek, Tomáš; Tice, Alexander K.; Corre, Pia; Hrubá, Pavla; Žihala, David; et al. (16 January 2025). "An expanded phylogenomic analysis of Heterolobosea reveals the deep relationships, non-canonical genetic codes, and cryptic flagellate stages in the group". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 204 108289. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2025.108289. PMID 39826589.
- ^ Simpson, A. G. B. (1 November 2003). "Cytoskeletal organization, phylogenetic affinities and systematics in the contentious taxon Excavata (Eukaryota)". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 53 (6): 1759–1777. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02578-0. ISSN 1466-5026.
- ^ Strother, Paul K.; Taylor, Wilson A.; van de Schootbrugge, Bas; Leander, Brian S.; Wellman, Charles H. (2020). "Pellicle ultrastructure demonstrates that Moyeria is a fossil euglenid". Palynology. 44 (3): 461–471. Bibcode:2020Paly...44..461S. doi:10.1080/01916122.2019.1625457.
- ^ Lee WJ, Blackmore R, Patterson DJ (1999). "Australian records of two lesser known genera of heterotrophic euglenids – Chasmostoma Massart, 1920 and Jenningsia Schaeffer, 1918". Protistology. 1: 10–16.
- ^ Larsen, Jacob; Patterson, David J. (1990). "Some flagellates (Protista) from tropical marine sediments". Journal of Natural History. 24 (4): 801–937. Bibcode:1990JNatH..24..801L. doi:10.1080/00222939000770571.
- ^ Lax, Gordon; Simpson, Alastair G.B. (2020). "The Molecular Diversity of Phagotrophic Euglenids Examined Using Single-cell Methods". Protist. 171 (5) 125757. doi:10.1016/J.PROTIS.2020.125757. PMID 33126020.
- ^ Goodwin, Joshua D.; Lee, Thomas F.; Kugrens, Paul; Simpson, Alastair G.B. (1 August 2018). "Allobodo chlorophagus n. gen. n. sp., a Kinetoplastid that Infiltrates and Feeds on the Invasive Alga Codium fragile". Protist. 169 (6): 911–925. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2018.07.001. PMID 30445354.
- ^ Packer, Julia A.; Zavadska, Daryna; Weston, Elizabeth J.; Eglit, Yana; Richter, Daniel J.; Simpson, Alastair G.B. (27 January 2025). "Characterization of Allobodo yubaba sp. nov. and Novijibodo darinka gen. et sp. nov., cultivable free-living species of the phylogenetically enigmatic kinetoplastid taxon Allobodonidae". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 72 (1): e13072. doi:10.1111/jeu.13072. PMC 11771631. PMID 39868642.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) - ^ Belyaev, Artem O.; Zagumyonnyi, Dmitriy G.; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Tikhonenkov, Denis V. (2022). "The Morphology, Ultrastructure and Molecular Phylogeny of a New Soil-Dwelling Kinetoplastid Avlakibodo gracilis gen. et sp. nov. (Neobodonida; Kinetoplastea)". Protist. 173 (4): 125885. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2022.125885. PMID 35667307. S2CID 248711669.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) - ^ Poinar, George; Poinar, Roberta (1 September 2004). "Paleoleishmania proterus n. gen., n. sp., (Trypanosomatidae: Kinetoplastida) from Cretaceous Burmese Amber". Protist. 155 (3): 305–310. doi:10.1078/1434461041844259. PMID 15552057.
- ^ Prokina, Kristina I.; Yubuki, Naoji; Galindo, Luis Javier; Torruella, Guifré; Inagaki, Yuji; Iwamoto, Koji; López-García, Purificación; Moreira, David (September 2025). "A Deeply Branching Lineage in Heterolobosea (Discoba) With Multiflagellated and Multigrooved Life Stages". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 72 (5) e70037. doi:10.1111/jeu.70037. ISSN 1550-7408. PMC 12328842. PMID 40770464.
- ^ a b Tekle, Yonas I.; Wang'ondu, Virginia W.; Ghebezadik, Saron; Cooper, Kennedy S. (31 March 2026). "Quantifying genus-level divergence using 18S rDNA and its application to heterolobosea with discovery of a novel genus from Mombasa Kenya". Scientific Reports. 16 (1) 15233. doi:10.1038/s41598-026-45864-9. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 13180982. PMID 41917144.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Piven, Ekaterina; Kudryavtsev, Alexander (2026). "Eltonia chernetsovi gen. et sp. nov. (Heterolobosea, Eutetramitea) from an ecologically diverse clade comprising closely related soil and seawater species". European Journal of Protistology. 103 126183. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2026.126183.
- ^ Lee, Hyeon Been; Park, Jong Soo (2026). "An Amoeboflagellate Halosymphonia sogumizoara gen. et sp. nov . (Tulamoebidae) in Heterolobosea Enhances the Core Halophilic Radiation of Eukaryotes". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 73 (3) e70083. doi:10.1111/jeu.70083.
- ^ Foučková, Martina; Uhrová, Kristýna; Kubánková, Aneta; Pánek, Tomáš; Čepička, Ivan (1 April 2024). "Lighting lantern above Psalteriomonadidae: Unveiling novel diversity within the genus Psalteriomonas (Discoba: Heterolobosea)". European Journal of Protistology. 93 126052. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2024.126052.
- ^ Yubuki, Naoji; Torruella, Guifré; Galindo, Luis Javier; Heiss, Aaron A.; Ciobanu, Maria Cristina; et al. (22 August 2023). "Molecular and morphological characterization of four new ancyromonad genera and proposal for an updated taxonomy of the Ancyromonadida". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 70 (6): e12997. doi:10.1111/jeu.12997. hdl:2117/404022. ISSN 1550-7408. PMID 37606230.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) - ^ Barkhouse, Kate M.; Eglit, Yana; Weston, Elizabeth J.; Jenkins, Adriana B. A.; Simpson, Alastair G. B. (2025). "Cultivation of Ancyromonas melba, and Reclassification as the Type Species of Divimonas gen. nov., a Phylogenetically Important Ancyromonad Lineage". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 72 (2) e70005. doi:10.1111/jeu.70005. PMC 11891473. PMID 40059502.
- ^ Yazaki, Euki; Harada, Ryo; Isogai, Ryu; Bamba, Kohei; Ishida, Ken-ichiro; Inagaki, Yuji; Shiratori, Takashi (June 2025). "Glissandra oviformis n. sp.: a novel predatory flagellate illuminates the character evolution within the eukaryotic clade CRuMs". Open Biology. 15 (6) 250057. doi:10.1098/rsob.250057. PMC 12133344. PMID 40460873.
- ^ a b c Valt, Marek; Pánek, Tomáš; Mirzoyan, Seda; Tice, Alexander K.; Jones, Robert E.; Dohnálek, Vít; Doležal, Pavel; Mikšátko, Jiří; Rotterová, Johana; Hrubá, Pavla; Brown, Matthew W.; Čepička, Ivan (19 November 2025). "Rare microbial relict sheds light on an ancient eukaryotic supergroup" (PDF). Nature. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09750-0. ISSN 0028-0836. Retrieved 25 November 2025.
- ^ a b Eglit, Yana; Shiratori, Takashi; Jerlström-Hultqvist, Jon; Williamson, Kelsey; Roger, Andrew J.; Ishida, Ken-Ichiro; Simpson, Alastair G.B. (January 2024). "Meteora sporadica, a protist with incredible cell architecture, is related to Hemimastigophora". Current Biology. 34 (2): 451–459.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.032. PMID 38262350.
- ^ Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Mikhailov, Kirill V.; Gawryluk, Ryan M. R.; Belyaev, Artem O.; Mathur, Varsha; Karpov, Sergey A.; Zagumyonnyi, Dmitry G.; Borodina, Anastasia S.; Prokina, Kristina I.; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Aleoshin, Vladimir V.; Keeling, Patrick J. (7 December 2022). "Microbial predators form a new supergroup of eukaryotes". Nature. 612 (7941): 714–719. Bibcode:2022Natur.612..714T. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05511-5. PMID 36477531. S2CID 254436650.
- ^ Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Mikhailov, Kirill V.; Gawryluk, Ryan M. R.; Keeling, Patrick J. (7 August 2023). "Provora". Current Biology. 33 (15): R790–R791. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.06.004. PMID 37552939.
- ^ Belyaev, Artem O.; Karpov, Sergey A.; Keeling, Patrick J.; Tikhonenkov, Denis V. (18 December 2024). "The nature of 'jaws': a new predatory representative of Provora and the ultrastructure of nibbling protists". Open Biology. 14 (12) 240158. doi:10.1098/rsob.240158. PMC 11651884. PMID 39689855.
- ^ Foissner, Wilhelm; Blatterer, H.; Foissner, Ilse (1988). "The Hemimastigophora (Hemimastix amphikineta nov. gen., nov. spec.), a new protistan phylum from gondwanian soils". European Journal of Protistology. 23 (4): 361–383. doi:10.1016/s0932-4739(88)80027-0. PMID 23195325.
- ^ Foissner, Ilse; Foissner, Wilhelm (1993). "Revision of the family Spironemidae Doflein (Protista, Hemimastigophora), with description of two new species, Spironema terricola n. sp. and Stereonema geiseri n. g., n. sp" (PDF). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 40 (4): 422–438. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1993.tb04936.x. S2CID 85124745.
- ^ Lax, Gordon; Eglit, Yana; Eme, Laura; Bertrand, Erin M.; Roger, Andrew J.; Simpson, Alastair G.B. (14 November 2018). "Hemimastigophora is a novel supra-kingdom-level lineage of eukaryotes". Nature. 564 (7736): 410–414. Bibcode:2018Natur.564..410L. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0708-8. PMID 30429611. S2CID 205570993.
- ^ Shɨshkin, Yegor (2022). "Spironematella terricola comb. n. and Spironematella goodeyi comb. n. (Hemimastigida = Hemimastigea = Hemimastigophora) for Spironema terricola and Spironema goodeyi with diagnoses of the genus and family Spironematellidae amended". Zootaxa. 5128 (2): 295–297. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5128.2.8. PMID 36101172. S2CID 252220401.
- ^ Shalchian-Tabrizi, K; Eikrem, W; Klaveness, D; Vaulot, D; Minge, M.A; Le Gall, F; Romari, K; Throndsen, J; Botnen, A; Massana, R; Thomsen, H.A; Jakobsen, K.S (28 April 2006). "Telonemia, a new protist phylum with affinity to chromist lineages". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 273 (1595): 1833–1842. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3515. PMC 1634789. PMID 16790418.
- ^ Strassert, Jürgen F H; Jamy, Mahwash; Mylnikov, Alexander P; Tikhonenkov, Denis V; Burki, Fabien; Shapiro, Beth (April 2019). "New Phylogenomic Analysis of the Enigmatic Phylum Telonemia Further Resolves the Eukaryote Tree of Life". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 36 (4): 757–765. doi:10.1093/molbev/msz012. PMC 6844682. PMID 30668767.
- ^ Shalchian-Tabrizi, K; Kauserud, H; Massana, R; Klaveness, D; Jakobsen, KS (18 April 2007). "Analysis of Environmental 18S Ribosomal RNA Sequences reveals Unknown Diversity of the Cosmopolitan Phylum Telonemia". Protist. 158 (2): 173–180. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2006.10.003. PMID 17196879.
- ^ Tikhonenkov DV, Jamy M, Borodina AS, Belyaev AO, Zagumyonnyi DG, Prokina KI, Mylnikov AP, Burki F, Karpov SA (2022). "On the origin of TSAR: morphology, diversity and phylogeny of Telonemia". Open Biology. 12 (3): 210325. doi:10.1098/rsob.210325. PMC 8924772. PMID 35291881.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
Content Disclaimer
Informasi ini disarikan dari Wikipedia dan disajikan kembali untuk tujuan edukasi. Konten tersedia di bawah lisensi CC BY-SA 3.0. Kami tidak bertanggung jawab atas ketidakakuratan data yang bersumber dari kontribusi publik tersebut.
- The information displayed on this website is sourced in part or in whole from Wikipedia and has been adapted for the purpose of restating it. We strive to provide accurate and relevant information, however:
- There is no guarantee of absolute accuracy. Wikipedia is an open, collaborative project that can be edited by anyone, so information is subject to change.
- It is not intended to constitute professional advice. The content displayed is for informational and educational purposes only. For important decisions (e.g., medical, legal, or financial), please consult a professional.
- Content copyright. Wikipedia is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License (CC BY-SA). This means that content may be reused with appropriate attribution and shared under a similar license.
- Responsible use. Any risk arising from the use of information from this website is entirely the responsibility of the user.