Veronica (plant)

Veronica
	Veronica chamaedrys
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Lamiales
Family:	Plantaginaceae
Tribe:	Veroniceae
Genus:	Veronica; L.
Type species
	Veronica officinalis; L.
Synonyms
	List Agerella Fourr.; Aidelus Spreng.; Allopleia Raf.; Atelianthus Nutt. ex Benth.; Azurinia Fourr.; Beccabunga Hill; Besseya Rydb.; Bonarota Adans.; Cardia Dulac; Chionohebe B.G.Briggs & Ehrend.; Cochlidiosperma (Rchb.) Rchb.; Coerulinia Fourr.; Cymbophyllum F.Muell.; Derwentia Raf.; Detzneria Schltr. ex Diels; Diplophyllum Lehm.; Eustachya Raf.; Eustaxia Raf.; Hebe Comm. ex Juss.; Hebejeebie Heads; Hedystachys Fourr.; Heliohebe Garn.-Jones; Leonohebe Heads; Limnaspidium Fourr.; Lunellia Nieuwl.; Odicardis Raf.; Oligospermum D.Y.Hong; Omphalospora Bartl.; Paederotella (E.Wulff) Kem.-Nath.; Panoxis Raf.; Parahebe W.R.B.Oliv.; Petrodora Fourr.; Pocilla Fourr.; Ponaria Raf.; Pseudolysimachion Opiz; Pygmea Hook.f.; Synthyris Benth.; Uranostachys Fourr.; Veronicella Fourr.; Zeliauros Raf.; ;

Veronica is the largest genus in the flowering plant family Plantaginaceae, with about 500 species. It was formerly classified in the family Scrophulariaceae. Common names include speedwell, bird's eye, and gypsyweed.

Taxonomy for this genus was changed in the early 21st century, with the genus Hebe and the related Australasian genera Derwentia, Detzneria, Chionohebe, Heliohebe, Leonohebe and Parahebe now included.^[2]^[3] Monophyly of the genus is supported by nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and cpDNA.^[4]

The taxa of the genus are herbaceous annuals or perennials, and also subshrubs, shrubs or small trees when Hebe is included. Most of the species are from the temperate Northern Hemisphere, though with some species from the Southern Hemisphere; Veronica sect. Hebe is mostly from New Zealand.

Taxonomy

The genus name Veronica used in binomial nomenclature was chosen by Carl Linnaeus based on preexisting common usage of the name veronica in many European languages for plants in this group. Such use in English is attested as early as 1572.^[5] The name probably reflects a connection with Saint Veronica, whose Latin name is ultimately derived from Greek, Berenice.^[6]

Hebe complex

In 1769, Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander collected plants in the Southern Hemisphere that were later published in the genus Veronica,^[7] such as Veronica pubescens^[8] and Veronica stricta.^[9] Although the genus Hebe was established in 1789, few botanists initially accepted it, continuing to use Veronica. From the 1920s onwards, New Zealand botanists in particular began to use other genera;^[7] for example, V. pubescens was transferred to Hebe by Leonard Cockayne and Harry Allan in 1927,^[10] and V. stricta to Hebe by Lucy Moore in 1961.^[11] By the beginning of the 21st century, a range of genera were used for the "Hebe complex" consisting of Southern Hemisphere species related to Veronica, including Chionohebe, Derwentia, Detzneria, Hebe, Heliohebe, Leonohebe and Parahebe. However, molecular phylogenetic studies from the early 21st century onwards showed that segregating Southern Hemisphere genera in this way rendered Veronica paraphyletic, since the segregated genera were all embedded within Veronica. To create monophyletic genera, either the Northern Hemisphere Veronica species would have to be divided among a substantial number of smaller genera, or Veronica would have to be expanded to include the Hebe complex.^[7] The latter approach was chosen by Garnock-Jones et al. in 2007, and has been followed since in taxonomic databases such as Plants of the World Online^[12] and the Flora of New Zealand Online.^[13]

Selected species

As of October 2022^[update], Plants of the World Online listed about 460 accepted species and hybrids in the genus Veronica. This includes species formerly placed in the genus Hebe.^[1]

Veronica agrestis, green field-speedwell
Veronica alaskensis, Alaska speedwell
Veronica alpina, alpine speedwell
Veronica americana, American brooklime
Veronica anagallis-aquatica, water speedwell
Veronica aphylla, leafless stemmed speedwell
Veronica arcuata
Veronica arenaria
Veronica arvensis, wall speedwell
Veronica austriaca, Austrian speedwell
Veronica beccabunga, brooklime
Veronica bellidioides
Veronica besseya
Veronica bishopiana
Veronica bullii
Veronica calycina, cup speedwell
Veronica catarractae
Veronica catenata, pink water speedwell
Veronica chamaedrys, germander speedwell
Veronica cinerea
Veronica continua B.G.Briggs
Veronica copelandii, Copeland's speedwell
Veronica cusickii, Cusick's speedwell
Veronica cymbalaria, pale speedwell
Veronica dabneyi, Azores speedwell
Veronica derwentiana, Derwent speedwell
Veronica dillenii, Dillenius' speedwell
Veronica diosmifolia
Veronica filiformis, slender speedwell
Veronica formosa
Veronica fruticans, rock speedwell
Veronica gentianoides, gentian speedwell
Veronica gracilis
Veronica hederifolia, ivy-leaved speedwell
Veronica incana, silver speedwell
Veronica japonensis
Veronica jovellanoides
Veronica liwanensis
Veronica longifolia, long-leaved speedwell
Veronica lyallii
Veronica mannii
Veronica missurica
Veronica montana, wood speedwell
Veronica nivea
Veronica obtusata
Veronica officinalis, heath speedwell
Veronica ovata
Veronica panormitana
Veronica peduncularis
Veronica peregrina, American speedwell
Veronica perfoliata, Digger's speedwell
Veronica persica, common field-speedwell
Veronica pimeleoides
Veronica pinguifolia
Veronica plebeia, creeping speedwell
Veronica polita, grey field speedwell
Veronica ponae
Veronica prostrata, sprawling speedwell
Veronica pubescens
Veronica rakaiensis
Veronica regina-nivalis
Veronica repens, Corsican speedwell
Veronica salicifolia
Veronica scutellata, marsh speedwell
Veronica serpyllifolia, thyme-leaved speedwell
Veronica speciosa
Veronica spicata, spiked speedwell
Veronica stricta
Veronica strictissima
Veronica syriaca
Veronica topiaria
Veronica traversii
Veronica triphyllos, fingered speedwell
Veronica turrilliana
Veronica verna, spring speedwell
Veronica vernicosa
Veronica wormskjoldii, Wormskjold's speedwell

Uses

Food and medicine

Veronica americana is edible and nutritious, as are most species in the genus Veronica, and is reported to have a flavor similar to watercress. Native Americans used Veronica species as an expectorant tea to alleviate bronchial congestion associated with asthma and allergies. The plant can be confused with skullcap and other members of the mint family. Members of the mint family have square sided stems, and Veronica species have rounded stems.^[14]

Veronica sp. herb has been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally (as tea) for treatment of disorders of the nervous system, respiratory tract, cardiovascular system, and metabolism.^[15]

Ground cover

Several Veronica species and cultivars are cultivated for use as ground cover.^[16]

As weeds

Several species of speedwell are sometimes considered weeds in lawns.^[17] Some of the more common of these are Persian speedwell (V. persica),^[18] creeping speedwell (V. filiformis),^[19] corn speedwell (V. arvensis),^[20] germander speedwell (V. chamaedrys), and ivy-leaved speedwell (V. hederifolia). It is often difficult to tell one species from another. There are five to seven species of speedwell in Michigan alone that are easily confused.^[19]

Ecology

Species of Veronica are used as food plants by the larvae of some species of Lepidoptera, including the grizzled skipper.

An annual life history is known to have evolved separately several times within the genus, with up to 10% of the genus now having an annual life cycle.^[21] An annual life cycle, and associated morphological traits, is an adaptation thought to have developed in response to an extremely arid or generally unpredictable environment, and may persist in Veronica due to a historic concentration and radiation of members of the genus in and from the climatically volatile Balkan Peninsula.^[21]

References

^ ^a ^b "Veronica L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
^ Thompson, Ken (20 Jan 2011). "Don't judge a plant by appearances". The Telegraph. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
^ "Hebe or Veronica". RNZ. Radio New Zealand. 2 May 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
^ Albach & Meudt, D.C. & H.M. (2010). "Phylogeny of Veronica in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres based on plastid, nuclear ribosomal and nuclear low-copy DNA". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 54 (2): 457–471. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.09.030. PMID 19796701.
^ "veronica", Oxford English Dictionary, online edition.
^ Ernest Klein, A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. Elsevier 1967
^ ^a ^b ^c Garnock-Jones, Phil; Albach, Dirk & Briggs, Barbara G. (2007), "Botanical names in Southern Hemisphere Veronica (Plantaginaceae): sect. Detzneria, sect. Hebe, and sect. Labiatoides", Taxon, 56 (2): 571–582, doi:10.1002/tax.562028, retrieved 2023-04-05
^ "Veronica pubescens Banks & Sol. ex Benth." The International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2023-04-05.
^ "Veronica stricta Banks & Sol. ex Benth." The International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2023-04-05.
^ "Hebe pubescens (Banks & Sol. ex Benth.) Cockayne & Allan". The International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2023-04-05.
^ "Hebe pubescens (Benth.) L.B.Moore". The International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2023-04-05.
^ "Hebe Comm. ex Juss." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2023-04-05.
^ Breitwieser, I.; Brownsey, P.J.; Nelson, W.A.; Smissen, R. & Wilton, A.D., eds. (2010–2023). "Search for "Hebe"". Flora of New Zealand Online. Retrieved 2023-04-05.
^ Tilford, G. L. Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West. ISBN 0-87842-359-1^{[page needed]}
^ Vogl, Sylvia; Picker, Paolo; Mihaly-Bison, Judit; Fakhrudin, Nanang; Atanasov, Atanas G.; Heiss, Elke H.; Wawrosch, Christoph; Reznicek, Gottfried; Dirsch, Verena M.; Saukel, Johannes; Kopp, Brigitte (2013). "Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria's folk medicine—An unexplored lore in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 149 (3): 750–71. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.007. PMC 3791396. PMID 23770053.
^ Klett, J. E. and R. A. Cox. Ground Cover Plants. Archived 2013-05-08 at the Wayback Machine Fact Sheet no. 7.400. Colorado State University Extension. 2009.
^ Corn Speedwell. TurfFiles.
^ Persian speedwell. Weed Gallery. U.C. Davis.
^ ^a ^b Creeping Speedwell. Archived 2010-04-18 at the Wayback Machine MSU Turf Weeds. Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University.
^ Corn Speedwell. MSU Turf Weeds. Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University.
^ ^a ^b Wang, J.C.; Pan, B.R.; Albach, D.C. (2016). "Evolution of morphological and climatic adaptations in Veronica L. (Plantaginaceae)". PeerJ. 4: e2333. doi:10.7717/peerj.2333. PMC 4991887. PMID 27602296.