It is composed of a white dwarf with a brown dwarf in orbit around it, and is one of the few systems composed of a white dwarf and an associated brown dwarf.[6] The brown dwarf orbits with a period of 116 minutes, or nearly 2 hours.[6]
Properties
The primary is a typical hydrogen white dwarf, as indicated by its spectral type of DA. It has about 39% of the Sun's mass and is only 1.86% as wide (12,900 km).[6] With a high effective temperature of 16,500 K, it emits radiation mostly in the ultraviolet range.[8]
The brown dwarf, designated WD 0137-349B, can be detected from an infrared excess.[2] Although it glows with an effective temperature of 1300 to 1400 K, the side facing the white dwarf's intercepts 1% of its light, and heats it up to around 2000 K.[8] The "night" side spectrum of WD 0137-349B therefore matches that of a mid-T-type brown dwarf, while the "day" side spectrum matches that of an early L-type brown dwarf.[4] The brown dwarf is suspected to be a white dwarf or even a strange star, as a hydrogen-dominated substellar object may be unstable in such a small orbit.[9]
Evolution
The brown dwarf is known to have survived being engulfed when the primary star was a red giant,[6] because it was relatively massive. At that time, the red giant had a radius of 100 R☉.[10] It is thought that the red giant phase of the current white dwarf was shortened from around 100 million years on average, to a few decades—while the brown dwarf was within the red giant, it hastened the expulsion of matter during this phase by rapidly heating gas and accreting a portion of it. During this phase, drag from the red giant also decreased the orbital speed of the brown dwarf, causing it to fall inwards.[11]
The orbit of the brown dwarf is slowly decaying.[6] In about 1.4 billion years, it is thought that the orbit of the brown dwarf will have decayed sufficiently to allow the white dwarf to draw matter away and accrete it on its surface, leading to a cataclysmic variable.[6]
As of 2006, this is the coldest known companion to a white dwarf.[2] This brown dwarf was also the object with the lowest mass known to have survived being engulfed by a red giant. Previously, only red dwarfs had been known to survive being enveloped during a red giant phase. It is thought that objects smaller than 20 Jupiter masses would have evaporated.[11]
Post common envelope white dwarf-brown dwarf binaries
WD 0137-349 represents the first confirmed post common envelope binary (PCEB) containing a white dwarf and a brown dwarf. As of 2018 only 8 of these wd+bd PCEBs are known. The first with a confirmed spectral type was GD 1400, but this second confirmed wd+bd binary after GD 165B[12] was confirmed as a PCEB in 2011, five years later than WD 0137-349.[13]
References
^ abCutri, Roc M.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; Van Dyk, Schuyler D.; Beichman, Charles A.; Carpenter, John M.; Chester, Thomas; Cambresy, Laurent; Evans, Tracey E.; Fowler, John W.; Gizis, John E.; Howard, Elizabeth V.; Huchra, John P.; Jarrett, Thomas H.; Kopan, Eugene L.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Light, Robert M.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; McCallon, Howard L.; Schneider, Stephen E.; Stiening, Rae; Sykes, Matthew J.; Weinberg, Martin D.; Wheaton, William A.; Wheelock, Sherry L.; Zacarias, N. (2003). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)". CDS/ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues. 2246: II/246. Bibcode:2003yCat.2246....0C. S2CID115529446.
