Channel 38 was the second independent station in the New Orleans market when it began broadcasting in 1984. It was owned by Channel 38 Associates, a consortium of mostly out-of-town investors. After a credible start, ratings dropped because of Tribune Broadcasting's purchase of and investment in WGNO, then its primary competition; TVX Broadcast Group acquired the cash-strapped station in late 1985. WNOL became the New Orleans affiliate of Fox at the network's launch in 1986. While the station slowly closed the ratings gap with WGNO, TVX's financial problems led it to sell the station to a group controlled by musician Quincy Jones in 1989.
In 1994, a group in which Fox held a minority stake bought WVUE (channel 8), which had been the ABC affiliate. However, the ABC affiliation went to WGNO. At the same time, Tribune provided financial backing for Jones and other investors to form Qwest Broadcasting and owned a minority stake in the company. On January 1, 1996, WNOL-TV became the new The WB affiliate in the city and absorbed some syndicated programs from WGNO. Upon the legalization of duopolies in 1999, Tribune bought WNOL-TV outright.
Even though Tribune owned two stations in New Orleans, they continued to operate from separate studio facilities until July 2005, when WGNO joined WNOL-TV in the New Orleans Centre shopping mall. A month later, however, Hurricane Katrina inundated the mall and left the two stations without permanent facilities for two years. During this time, in 2006, WNOL-TV began airing a WGNO-produced 9 p.m. newscast, which lasted four years, and The WB yielded to The CW. Tribune was purchased by Nexstar Media Group in 2019.
History
Channel 38 was added to the New Orleans area in 1967 at the request of the Rault Petroleum Company.[2] Rault obtained a construction permit for the station in 1969.[3] The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) canceled the permit, which had carried the call sign WGNO-TV, in 1971 for failure to build.[4]
Establishment
In 1981, the FCC designated applications from five groups seeking channel 38 for comparative hearing: Oak Television of New Orleans, Delta Media, Cypress Broadcasting, National Group Telecommunications, and Comark Television.[5] Cypress Broadcasting obtained the construction permit; in order to raise additional capital, the firm added 100 partners in November 1983. These included Thomas L. Siebert, brother of original general partner Craig Siebert, and Harold "Hal" E. Protter, who had been the general manager at KPLR-TV in St. Louis.[6] The permit was transferred from Cypress to Channel 38 Associates as a result.[7]
1661 Canal Street, New Orleans - former home of WNOL
In spite of the loss of its original broadcast tower in December 1983,[8] WNOL-TV began broadcasting on March 25, 1984, from studios located at 1661 Canal Street. It was the second independent station to sign on in the New Orleans market after WGNO (channel 26), which started in October 1967. Channel 38 aired a lineup including movies, classic reruns, children's shows, and sports.[9] WNOL quickly established strong ratings for a startup station.[10] However, the strong start came with two caveats. One was turnover in personnel; under Protter and his wife Gail Brekke, the station experienced high attrition of staff, one of whom told local media that the executives were "piranhas".[11] Another was a change in ownership at WGNO in 1983, when Tribune Broadcasting acquired channel 26. Protter admitted to Mark Lorando of The Times-Picayune that one reason he had bought into New Orleans was a feeling that WGNO under its previous owners was underperforming; Tribune turned out to be much stiffer competition than anticipated.[11][12] After the newspaper printed the "piranhas" quote, the station published an open letter in the newspaper calling its staff a "winning team".[13] Several former employees would later criticize Protter for an extensive use of trade-out deals, in which the station sold advertising in exchange for goods and services instead of cash.[12]
WNOL-TV had a strong ratings performance in 1984 and tied channel 26 in sign-on to sign-off ratings in February 1985;[8] however, the rest of the year would be much weaker. WGNO stepped up its purchases of syndicated programming to counter the channel 38 threat and sought to shore up its children's programming lineup, an area where WNOL-TV had made significant inroads.[14] The New Orleans market, which had been showing double-digit advertising revenue growth, suddenly slowed down as the local economy slumped; meanwhile, Tribune exercised its group buying power to deny WNOL-TV the opportunity to bid on movie packages and syndicated programs. Ratings for channel 38 dropped significantly from February to October 1985, in part because a cash crunch forced the station to restrict its advertising spending,[12] and Protter began to seek out a larger group of independent stations to give channel 38 additional capital and program purchasing power.[8] Rumors swirled of a bankruptcy filing, while the general manager of one of WNOL-TV's competitors said the plan was a "distress sale".[12] Turnover continued unabated; in 20 months of operation, some 60 to 70 employees departed, including the entire sales department.[12]
TVX ownership
Into this void stepped TVX Broadcast Group, a chain of independent stations based in Virginia Beach, Virginia. TVX agreed in December 1985 to acquire Channel 38 Associates for $13.7 million.[15] The highly cost-conscious company immediately made major budget cuts; the general and limited partners in Channel 38 Associates lost money in the TVX acquisition. It used its group buying power and cost philosophy to reduce the station's expenses in syndicated programming and become competitive in new purchases, while frills were eliminated;[16] Protter and Brekke were dismissed.[16][17][18] Meanwhile, the station ceased its original policy of airing movies uncut to match the rest of the company and because TVX was considering New Orleans as a facility for dubbing programming for distribution throughout the group.[19] Additionally, WNOL-TV became the local affiliate of the new Fox network upon its launch on October 9, 1986.[20] By March 1987, TVX had whittled down the WNOL-TV payroll from 57 to 40 employees, close to the company's target of 37 employees (with which it ran most of its stations)[21]—60 percent of them women, including general manager Madelyn Bonnot and two-thirds of the top administrative positions.[22] It even discontinued all-night weekend movies for a time in an effort to cut costs.[23][24]
TVX made a major purchase in November 1986 when it agreed to acquire five major-market independent stations from Taft Broadcasting.[25] The Taft stations purchase left TVX highly leveraged and highly vulnerable. TVX's bankers, Salomon Brothers, provided the financing for the acquisition and in return held more than 60 percent of the company.[26] The company was to pay Salomon Brothers $200 million on January 1, 1988, and missed the first payment deadline, having been unable to lure investors to its junk bonds even before the Black Monday stock market crash.[27]
While TVX recapitalized by the end of 1988,[28] as a result of its financial difficulties, TVX sought to sell WNOL-TV, which continued to operate in a depressed national and local advertising market.[29] However, it languished, in part because the Protter ownership had saddled the station with a program inventory that was far too large. In 1986, the station had 2,900 titles in its movie library, a number that was pared back to 2,300 by March 1989; it had more syndicated shows than it could air, including Spanish-language cartoons.[30] With the station still up for sale, Fox began an upturn; in July 1989, channel 38 had managed to tie channel 26 again in total-day ratings.[31]
Quincy Jones ownership
Quincy Jones in 1989, the year he acquired WNOL-TV
In September 1989, TVX announced an agreement to sell WNOL-TV to musician Quincy Jones, marking his entrance into television station ownership.[32] The Quincy Jones acquisition was financed by Time Warner as part of a joint venture, Quincy Jones Entertainment Company.[33]
Quincy Jones launched a large public service campaign focused on education, Great Expectations, in late 1991.[34] In ratings, channel 38 continued to tie channel 26 in full-day ratings and beat it in prime time.[35]
Loss of Fox affiliation and switch to The WB
After Fox's May 1994 alignment with New World Communications, which kickstarted several years of affiliation changes nationally, the possibility was raised that WNOL could lose Fox to one of the three very high frequency (VHF) commercial stations in New Orleans.[36] Those worries came as one of those stations—WVUE—was put up for sale by its owner, Burnham Broadcasting. WVUE had already been reported to have rejected advances by Fox prior to going on the market.[36][37]
On August 25, 1994, it was announced that SF Broadcasting—a partnership with minority-owned communications firm Savoy Pictures in which Fox held a minority stake[38]—would acquire three Burnham stations, including WVUE. This immediately set up an affiliation switch in the New Orleans market and left two stations—WNOL and WGNO—seeking the ABC affiliation.[39][40] While Quincy Jones met with leaders of Capital Cities/ABC in Los Angeles at the start of September, talks reached an impasse, reportedly over the fact that Time Warner was an equity investor; at the time, Time Warner was preparing to start The WB, a new national network, in January 1995. After Jones returned, several WNOL advertising staffers applied for jobs at WGNO, already under the impression that their station would not be the ABC affiliate. In a September 18 article, Lorando told ABC that it need not bother announcing WGNO as its new affiliate because "everybody already knows".[41]
Tribune's role became even larger when Jones restructured his broadcasting interests in a deal announced in November 1994. Quincy Jones, along with partners Willie Davis, Don Cornelius, and Geraldo Rivera, became the majority owners of a new company, Qwest Broadcasting. Qwest would own WNOL-TV and buy WATL in Atlanta, with Bonnot heading television station operations. Tribune would own up to 45 percent of the company and provide back-office management services in New Orleans and Atlanta, both markets where Tribune already owned stations.[42][43] Meanwhile, FCC approval of the SF Broadcasting purchase was delayed by more than a year because of a commission inquiry as to whether Fox was a foreign-owned company as a result of Rupert Murdoch's interest. However, ABC opted to strike first. On August 10, 1995, WGNO was finally announced as the new ABC affiliate in New Orleans beginning in 1996.[44]
WNOL van with WB logo, April 1996
The New Orleans affiliation switch took place on January 1, 1996. At that time, Fox moved to WVUE; ABC moved to WGNO; and WNOL picked up The WB, which had been on channel 26.[45] Despite exchanging the Fox lineup for the lower-rated WB shows, the station's total-day ratings remained unchanged over the year before.[46] The station also found high ratings from its classic sitcoms, which in some cases outrated newscasts on competing stations.[47]
In August 1999, WNOL-TV relocated from the Canal Street offices to a 23,000-square-foot (2,100 m2) space on the third floor of the New Orleans Centre shopping mall, a $5.5 million investment. The station's syndicated sitcoms were competing with and occasionally beating local news on the other stations.[48] For the shopping mall, it was an attempt to attract customers to the center's lightly trafficked third floor.[49]
Tribune Broadcasting ownership
On November 15, 1999, the FCC allowed the outright ownership of duopolies—two stations in one market. Qwest Broadcasting's various partners had serious disagreements as to the company's direction,[50] and the rule change allowed Tribune to buy WNOL-TV and WATL outright, paying $95 million for the 67 percent of the company it did not own.[51] In WNOL-TV, Tribune acquired the fourth-highest-rated WB affiliate in the nation.[52]
The stations were combined under WGNO's general manager; channel 38 began to air prime time news breaks promoting WGNO's late newscasts,[53] and Tribune also began to analyze how to put the two stations under one roof, with WGNO in the World Trade Center and WNOL in the New Orleans Centre. The duopoly also represented renewed interest in New Orleans for Tribune, which had previously sought to sell WGNO.[52][54]
WNOL and WGNO did not operate from the same facility until July 2005, when channel 26 moved from the 28th and 29th floors of the World Trade Center to the New Orleans Centre, where their footprint expanded to 36,000 square feet (3,300 m2). The relocation and installation of new transmitters at Chalmette were an investment of nearly $10 million.[55]
Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Katrina devastated the New Orleans area in August 2005 and led to years of operational challenges for WGNO and WNOL. Even though the New Orleans Centre was only flooded on the first floor,[56] it never reopened.[57] Both stations' transmitters were a loss, submerged by six feet (1.8 m) of flooding and with a small alligator and fish found stuck in a fence; a digital transmitter from Tribune-owned WTIC-TV in Hartford, Connecticut, was converted to analog use and shipped to New Orleans, and WGNO was temporarily broadcast in digital form by WPXL-TV.[58] Tribune had already restored a signal for satellite viewers by moving master control for the stations to Indianapolis and Chicago.[59] The WB donated $100,000 to help WNOL employees.[60] WGNO–WNOL set up facilities in two double-wide trailers and moved its business operations to Covington; this followed six weeks in which WGNO's newscasts were aired from fellow ABC affiliate WBRZ-TV in Baton Rouge.[61] The stations moved back to the World Trade Center in April 2006.[62] Amidst this turmoil, WNOL-TV changed networks when The WB and UPN merged to form The CW in September 2006; 16 of Tribune's WB affiliates, including channel 38, were announced as The CW stations when the network was revealed that January.[63][64]
The Galleria in Metairie has housed WGNO and WNOL since 2007.
The Trade Center was only a temporary solution. In August 2007, Tribune officially moved to The Galleria in Metairie.[65] Work also began on restoring digital broadcast facilities. WGNO had been assigned channel 15 for digital use and WNOL channel 40, but after Katrina, Tribune opted to rebuild WNOL on channel 15—broadcasting both stations—and convert WGNO to digital on channel 26 at the analog transition, sharing a site with WDSU.[66][67]
Newscast
WGNO began producing a half-hour prime time newscast at 9 p.m. for WNOL-TV on May 1, 2006;[68] news had been planned for a number of years under Tribune management.[53] The weeknight-only newscast competed against a longer established hour-long in-house newscast on Fox affiliate WVUE and gained a competitor in June 2007, when WUPL began airing a half-hour prime time newscast produced by WWL-TV in that time slot.[69] The program suffered from dismal ratings, which resulted in the cancellation of the newscast after a four-year run; the program aired for the last time on June 4, 2010, as part of a refocus to emphasize the station's syndicated sitcom reruns. The next Monday, June 7, the station shifted to airing CW programming from 8 to 10 p.m. instead of 7 to 9 p.m.[70]
The 54.1 subchannel of WUPL is broadcast on WNOL-TV as part of the market's ATSC 3.0 (NextGen TV) deployment plan. WUPL began broadcasting in ATSC 3.0 on December 15, 2022.[76]
^Rassenfoss, Stephen (November 17, 1986). "Taft Broadcasting sells Channel 21". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Fort Worth, Texas. p. A17. Archived from the original on July 26, 2022. Retrieved July 26, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^Weiss, Michael (July 8, 1987). "Broadcaster to focus on trimming costs: Channel 21's new owner 'doing deals'". The Dallas Morning News. p. 1D.
^Weiss, Michael (January 24, 1988). "Channel 21's latest signals show trouble, possible sale". The Dallas Morning News. p. 2H.
^Lorando, Mark (August 31, 1989). "Arsenio making huge rating haul". The Times-Picayune. p. E1.
^Lorando, Mark (September 21, 1989). "Composer Quincy Jones agrees to buy WNOL-TV". The Times-Picayune. p. D1.
^"Quincy Jones' Sugar Daddy: Time Warner bankrolls record producer's broadcasting venture". San Francisco Chronicle. p. E4.
^Lorando, Mark (December 17, 1991). "Listening to his heart". The Times-Picayune. pp. C-1, C-7. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2023.
^Lorando, Mark (July 10, 1991). "What we're watching". The Times-Picayune. p. E-1.
^Lorando, Mark (September 18, 1994). "Rumors simple as ABC/WGNO". The Times-Picayune. pp. F-1, F-3. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2023.
^"Media group formed: Minority firm to buy stations". The Times-Picayune. November 17, 1994. p. C1.
^Lorando, Mark (August 11, 1995). "WGNO is new ABC affiliate: Changeover set for March". The Times-Picayune. p. A-1.
^Lorando, Mark (October 11, 1995). "Stations uncork plans for switch: Happy New Year: Network affiliations will change on Jan. 1". The Times-Picayune. p. E-1.
^Lorando, Mark (June 17, 1996). "Shuffle surprises". The Times-Picayune. p. D1.
^"New Orleans: a city, and a TV market, like no other". Broadcasting & Cable. January 19, 1998. GaleA20188663.
^Lorando, Mark (August 13, 1999). "High on New Orleans: WNOL moves up to a space in New Orleans Centre". The Times-Picayune. p. E1.
^Thomas, Greg (June 12, 1998). "WNOL 38 to move to mall: Glass TV studio lets public watch". The Times-Picayune. p. C1.
^Kirchen, Rich (November 19, 1999). "Davis stays on quest to stick out 'this minority ownership thing'". Milwaukee Business Journal. p. 17. GaleA58162955.
^ abLorando, Mark (March 8, 2000). "Two stations, one owner". The Times-Picayune. p. F1.
^ abDavis Hudson, Eileen (May 7, 2001). "New Orleans". Mediaweek. pp. 48–54. ProQuest213625293.
^"Duopoly in the Delta". Electronic Media. March 13, 2000. p. 3. GaleA60305820.
^Thomas, Greg (July 30, 2005). "Studios switch spaces: Channel 26 just relocated to New Orleans Centre, and Channel 3 [sic] plans to build nearby in the CBD". The Times-Picayune. p. Money 1.
^Kerschbaumer, Ken; Higgins, John M. (September 2, 2005). "A Massive Rebuild for Television". Broadcasting & Cable. Archived from the original on October 17, 2021. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
^Walker, Dave (April 15, 2006). "Gypsy TV". The Times-Picayune. p. Living 1.
^Kurz, Phil (December 2005). "Hurricane snapshots". Broadcast Engineering. pp. 72–77. ProQuest204191417.
^Whitney, Daisy (September 12, 2005). "Stations Battle Their Way Back; Recovery Slow in New Orleans". TelevisionWeek. GaleA136270604.
^Walker, Dave (August 29, 2007). "A studio of their own - After two years of station-hopping, WGNO settles into the suburbs". The Times-Picayune. p. Living 1.
1These stations are owned by Mission Broadcasting but operated by Nexstar under an LMA. 2These stations are owned by Londen Media Group but operated by Nexstar under a TBA. 3Paramount Global and Warner Bros. Discovery still own a combined 25 percent stake in The CW, however the network is operated entirely by Nexstar. 4These stations are owned by Vaughan Media but operated by Nexstar under an LMA. 5TelevisaUnivision owns the licenses to these stations but the stations themselves are operated by Entravision Communications (of which the company owns a 10 percent stake) under an LMA.
CREB3PengidentifikasiAliasCREB3, LUMAN, LZIP, sLZIP, cAMP responsive element binding protein 3ID eksternalOMIM: 606443 MGI: 99946 HomoloGene: 31375 GeneCards: CREB3 Pola ekspresi RNAReferensi data ekspresi selengkapnyaOntologi genFungsi molekuler• DNA binding• RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding• homodimerisasi protein• protein dimerization activity• cAMP response element binding protein binding• GO:0001131, GO:0001151, GO:0001130, GO:…
Carex frankii Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Plantae Divisi: Tracheophyta Kelas: Liliopsida Ordo: Poales Famili: Cyperaceae Genus: Carex Spesies: Carex frankii Nama binomial Carex frankiiKunth Carex frankii adalah spesies tumbuhan seperti rumput yang tergolong ke dalam famili Cyperaceae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari ordo Poales. Spesies Carex frankii sendiri merupakan bagian dari genus Carex.[1] Nama ilmiah dari spesies ini pertama kali diterbitkan oleh Kunth. Referensi ^ Carex. …
Asian pay television channel This article is about the Southeast Asian pay television channel. For the Russian television network, see Channel One Russia. For the Thai television network, see One 31. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: One Southeast Asian TV channel – news · newspapers · books · scho…
Presiden Negara Republik SingapuraPetahanaTharman Shanmugaratnamsejak 14 September 2023GelarBapak Presiden (informal)Yang mulia (diplomatik)KediamanIstanaDitunjuk olehParlemen (1965–1991)Pemilihan umum (sejak 1991)Masa jabatan6 tahun, dapat dipilih kembali 1 kali lagiDasar hukumKonstitusi Singapura, Pasal 17Pejabat perdanaYusof IshakDibentuk9 Agustus 1955; 68 tahun lalu (1955-08-09)GajiS$1,680,000 per tahunSitus webistana.gov.sg Daftar presiden Singapura Nama Tionghoa Hanzi tradision…
Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Maiko (disambiguasi). Misedashi, sebuah hari saat seorang gadis menjadi maiko. Maiko (舞妓code: ja is deprecated , [[|IPA]] /ˈmaɪkoʊ/ MY-koh, bahasa Jepang: [ma.iko]) adalah orang yang berpenampilan mirip geisha di Kyoto dan Jepang Barat. Pekerjaan mereka adalah mementaskan lagu, tarian, dan memainkan shamisen atau alat musik Jepang tradisional lainnya kepada para pengunjung pada ozashiki. Maiko biasanya berusia 15 sampai 20 tahun dan menjadi geisha setelah b…
العلاقات الكاميرونية الوسط أفريقية الكاميرون جمهورية أفريقيا الوسطى الكاميرون جمهورية أفريقيا الوسطى تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات الكاميرونية الوسط أفريقية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين الكاميرون وجمهورية أفريقيا الوسطى.[1][2][3][4][5…
Adıyaman (dahulu Pordonnium) ialah kota di tenggara Turki, ibu kota Provinsi Adıyaman. Merupakan salah satu dari kota yang berkembang pesat di Turki. Penduduknya bertambah dari 100.045 (1990) menjadi 178.538 (2000). Referensi Richard Talbert, Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, (ISBN 0-691-03169-X), hal. 67. Artikel bertopik geografi atau tempat Turki ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.lbs
This is the talk page for discussing improvements to the Black Lives Matter template. Put new text under old text. Click here to start a new topic. New to Wikipedia? Welcome! Learn to edit; get help. Assume good faith Be polite and avoid personal attacks Be welcoming to newcomers Seek dispute resolution if needed This template was considered for deletion on 26 May 2015. The result of the discussion was no consensus, but feel free to open a new discussion.. This template was considered for deleti…
Lamiaceae Daun madu limau TumbuhanJenis buahkapsul dan Buah beri TaksonomiDivisiTracheophytaSubdivisiSpermatophytesKladAngiospermaeKladmesangiospermsKladeudicotsKladcore eudicotsKladasteridsKladlamiidsOrdoLamialesFamiliLamiaceae Martinov, 1820 Tipe taksonomiLamium Tata namaStatus nomenklaturnomen conservandum lihat teks.lbs Suku lavender-lavenderan atau Lamiaceae adalah salah satu famili anggota tumbuhan berbunga. Menurut Sistem klasifikasi APG II suku ini termasuk dalam ordo Lamiales. Lami…
Winter X Games XV(Winter X Games Fifteen)Location Aspen, ColoradoDatesJanuary 26–30← 20102012 → Winter X Games XV (styled as Winter X Games Fifteen in the official logo) were held from January 26 to January 30, 2011, in Aspen, Colorado. They are the 10th consecutive Winter X Games to be held in Aspen. The events were broadcast on ESPN. Sports The following are the events at Winter X Games 15. Skiing Snowboarding Snowmobiling Highlights In the 2011 Aspen Winter X Games, To…
Land regeneration method (replacement of trees) This article is about natural or intentional restocking of former forests and woodlands. For the establishment of a forest in an area where there was no forest before, see Afforestation. For reforestation and afforestation together, see Forestation. For protecting natural forests, see Proforestation. A forest, six years after reforestation efforts Reforestation in progress: Direct-sowing of seed in a burned area (after a wildfire) in the Idaho Panh…
Alaska Template‑class Alaska portalThis template is within the scope of WikiProject Alaska, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of the U.S. state of Alaska on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks.AlaskaWikipedia:WikiProject AlaskaTemplate:WikiProject AlaskaAlaska articlesTemplateThis template does not require a rating on Wikipedia's content assessment scale. Arctic Template‑classT…
Динамика численности населения Болгарии в 1961—2010-е годы Возрастно-половая пирамида населения Болгарии на 2020 год По состоянию на 31 декабря 2022 года численность населения Болгарии оценивается в 6 447 710 человек[1]. Согласно переписи населения по состоянию на 1 февраля 2011 год…
الجيش الألماني (الفيرماخت) الدولة ألمانيا النازية الإنشاء 21 مايو 1935 الانحلال 20 أغسطس 1946 جزء من فيرماخت الاشتباكات الحرب العالمية الثانية تعديل مصدري - تعديل لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع الجيش الألماني (توضيح). الجيش الألماني (بالألمانية: Heer (Wehrmacht)) هو ع…
Peta infrastruktur dan tata guna lahan di Komune Houilles. = Kawasan perkotaan = Lahan subur = Padang rumput = Lahan pertanaman campuran = Hutan = Vegetasi perdu = Lahan basah = Anak sungaiHouillesNegaraPrancisArondisemenSaint-Germain-en-LayeKantonHouillesAntarkomuneCommunautéde communesde la Boucle de la SeineKode INSEE/pos78311 / Houilles merupakan sebuah komune di pinggiran baratlaut Paris, Prancis. Terletak 14.2 km (8.8 mil) dari pu…
Scottish political party The subject of this article is participating in the 2024 general election to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom on 4 July, and has had no MPs in the House of Commons since Parliament was dissolved on 30 May. Some parts of this article may be out of date during this period. Please feel free to improve this article (but note that updates without valid and reliable references will be removed) or discuss changes on the talk page. Alba Party Pàrtaidh AlbaLe…
.svg){kind=logo}
