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Weapons of the Laotian Civil War

The Laotian Civil War was a military conflict of the Cold War in Asia that pitted the guerrilla forces of the Marxist-oriented Pathet Lao against the armed and security forces of the Kingdom of Laos (French: Royaume du Laos), led by the conservative Royal Lao Government, between 1960 and 1975. Main combatants comprised:

To meet the threat represented by the Pathet Lao insurgency, the Laotian Armed Forces depended on a small French military training mission (French: Mission Militaire Française près du Gouvernment Royale du Laos or MMF-GRL),[1] headed by a general officer, an exceptional arrangement permitted under the 1955 Geneva Accords, as well as covert assistance from the United States in the form of the Programs Evaluation Office (PEO), established on 15 December 1955, replaced in 1961 by the Military Assistance Advisory Group (Laos), which was later changed in September 1962 into the Requirements Office.[2] Between 1962 and 1971, the U.S. provided Laos with direct military assistance, but not including the cost of equipping and training irregular and paramilitary forces by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).[3] In addition to U.S. covert support, the FAR received further military assistance from the United Kingdom, Thailand, Burma, the Philippines, the Republic of China (Taiwan), Cambodia, South Vietnam, South Korea, Japan, Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia and Australia.

PEO adviser Jack F. Mathews with then Major Vang Pao, commander of the 10éme Bataillon de Infanterie (10 BI), at Nong Net, July 1960.
An Auto Defense de Choc (ADC) Hmong guerrilla company assembles at Phou Vieng, Spring 1961.
Pathet Lao's Laotian People's Liberation Army (LPLA) Anti-aircraft artillery crew, 1967.

An eclectic variety of weapons was used by all sides in the Laotian Civil War. Laotian regular FAR and FAN and irregular SGUs weaponry in the early days of the war was a hodgepodge, with most of their combat units equipped in a haphazard way with an array of French, American, Australian, British and German weapon systems, mostly of WWII-vintage, either drawn from First Indochina War stocks handed down by the French or secretly provided by the Americans.[8][9] After 1955 however, the FAR began the process of standardisation on U.S. equipment, with its airborne and infantry units first taking delivery of semi-automatic and automatic small-arms of WWII/Korean War-vintage in late 1959, followed by the delivery between 1963 and 1971 of more modern military equipments, which included aircraft, armored and transport vehicles, and long-range artillery pieces. In 1969 secret deliveries of modern U.S. small-arms arrived in Laos, and were initially only given to the Laotian Royal Guard and airborne units; standardisation in U.S. fully-automatic infantry weapons in the RLA and the irregular SGUs was completed by 1971, replacing much of the older weaponry.[10][11] Captured infantry weapons of Soviet and Chinese origin were also employed by elite commando or airborne units and the irregular SGUs while on special operations in the enemy-held areas of north-eastern and south-eastern Laos.[12][13]

During the early phase of the war, the Pathet Lao likewise was largely equipped with WWII-vintage French, Japanese, American, British, German, Chinese and Czechoslovakian weapons either pilfered from French colonial forces during the First Indochina War, seized from Laotian FAR units or provided by the Vietminh and subsequently by North Vietnam. As the war progressed, these obsolete weapons began to be partially superseded by more modern Eastern Bloc military hardware, including semi-automatic and fully automatic small-arms, artillery pieces, armored and transport vehicles, and aircraft of Soviet, Chinese and Hungarian origin, mostly being funnelled through the North Vietnamese. Although the Pathet Lao standardized on Soviet and Chinese weapons and equipment by the early 1970s, its guerrilla forces continued to make use of captured enemy stocks until the end of the war.

Royal Lao Armed Forces, FAN and SGUs equipment

Revolvers

Received from the U.S. Government, used by Laotian government officials and military officers.[14]

Colt Cobra .38 Special snub-nose revolver

Pistols

M1911A1 pistol

Submachine guns

M3 submachine gun

Bolt-action rifles

M1903 Springfield rifle

Carbines

M1 Carbine

Sniper rifles

Battle rifles

M16A1 was the standard Royal Lao Army (RLA) issue assault rifle

Shotguns

Winchester Model 1200 pump-action shotgun

Light machine guns

M1918A2 Browning Automatic Rifle

General-purpose machine guns

Medium and heavy machine guns

M2HB heavy machine gun

Grenade systems

Land mine systems

Rocket systems

Anti-tank rockets

M72 LAW

Grenade launchers

M79 grenade launcher
M203 grenade launcher

Recoilless rifles

Mortars

Brandt Mle 27(31) 81 mm mortar
M29 81 mm mortar
M30 4.2-inch (106.7 mm) mortar

Howitzers

M101 105 mm howitzer
M114 155 mm howitzer
M116 75 mm pack howitzer

Air defense guns

Vehicles

M8 Greyhound armoured car
PT-76 light tank

Helicopters

Aircraft

A Royal Lao Air Force (RLAF) T-28D Nomad armed trainer taxies at Long Tieng airfield, September 1972

River craft

Pathet Lao LPLA equipment

Pistols

Submachine guns

Carbines

Bolt-action rifles

Chinese Type 53 carbine.

Sniper rifles

Hungarian M/52 sniper rifle with PU 3.5× optics.

Battle rifles

Light machine guns

Degtyaryov DP/DPM light machine gun (Chinese Type 53)

General-purpose machine guns

Medium and heavy machine guns

SG-43/SGM Goryunov machine gun (Chinese Type 53/57)

Grenade systems

Land mine systems

Rocket systems

Anti-tank rocket launchers

Type 69 RPG

Grenade launchers

Recoilless rifles

B-10 recoilless rifle

Mortars

Howitzers

M-30 122 mm towed howitzer (M1938)

Air defense guns

37 mm automatic air defence gun M1939 (61-K)
57 mm AZP S-60 air defense gun

Vehicles

BTR-152 APC

Helicopters

Aircraft

River craft

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), pp. 24; 33.
  2. ^ Ahern, Undercover Armies: CIA and Surrogate Warfare in Laos (2006), pp. 52; 55.
  3. ^ Castle, At War in the Shadow of Vietnam (1993), pp. 9-12; 15-19.
  4. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960–75 (1989), p. 5.
  5. ^ Conboy and Morrison, Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos (1995), p. 100.
  6. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), p. 30.
  7. ^ Conboy and Morrison, Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos (1995), pp. 97–99.
  8. ^ Sananikone, The Royal Lao Army and U.S. Army advice and support (1981), p. 30.
  9. ^ Conboy and Morrison, Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos (1995), pp. 3-4.
  10. ^ a b c Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), pp. 15-21.
  11. ^ a b c d Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), p. 59.
  12. ^ a b Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), pp. 41-42.
  13. ^ Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), pp. 10; 18; 34.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), p. 15.
  15. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960–75 (1989), p. 15.
  16. ^ a b Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), p. 38.
  17. ^ Walter, Walther Pistols – PP, PPK and P 38 (2022), pp. 68-70.
  18. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 2: The CIA Paramilitary Campaign in Laos, 1969-1974 (2022a), p. 7.
  19. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), p. 12.
  20. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), p. 36.
  21. ^ Bonn International Center for Conversion; Bundeswehr Verification Center. "Sten MP". SALW Guide: Global distribution and visual identification.
  22. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), pp. 42; 46.
  23. ^ a b Conboy and McCouaig, South-East Asian Special Forces (1991), p. 8.
  24. ^ a b c d Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), p. 3.
  25. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), p. 39.
  26. ^ a b Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), pp. 10; 18.
  27. ^ a b "Post-WWII use of the MAS-36 rifle: Part II (export users)". wwiiafterwwii.wordpress.com. 2015-08-23. Archived from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved 2017-06-15.
  28. ^ Bonn International Center for Conversion. "MAS 49/56". SALW Guide: Global distribution and visual identification.
  29. ^ Thompson, The M1 Carbine (2011), p. 67.
  30. ^ a b Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), p. 42.
  31. ^ Foreign Military Assistance and the U.S. M1 & M2 Carbines
  32. ^ a b Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), p. 20.
  33. ^ a b Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), p. 9.
  34. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 1: The CIA Paramilitary Campaign in Laos, 1961-1969 (2021), p. 29.
  35. ^ Bonn International Center for Conversion. "MAS 49". SALW Guide: Global distribution and visual identification.
  36. ^ Walter, John (2006). Rifles of the World (3rd ed.). Iola, WI: Krause Publications. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-89689-241-5.
  37. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), p. 37.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g h i Rottman, The AK-47 Kalashnikov-series assault rifles (2011), p. 78.
  39. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), pp. 15; 21.
  40. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), p. 18.
  41. ^ a b Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), p. 46.
  42. ^ a b Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 1: The CIA Paramilitary Campaign in Laos, 1961-1969 (2021), p. 16.
  43. ^ a b c d e Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), p. 18.
  44. ^ a b c d e f g h i Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), p. 34.
  45. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), p. 24.
  46. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), pp. 43; 45.
  47. ^ Rottman, The Bazooka (2012), pp. 29-30.
  48. ^ Conboy and Morrison, Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos (1995), pp. 241-242.
  49. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 1: The CIA Paramilitary Campaign in Laos, 1961-1969 (2021), pp. 25-26.
  50. ^ a b Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 2: The CIA Paramilitary Campaign in Laos, 1969-1974 (2022a), p. 56.
  51. ^ Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), p. 39.
  52. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), pp. 21; 43.
  53. ^ a b c "RPG-2". SALW Guide.
  54. ^ Bonn International Center for Conversion. "RPG 7". SALW Guide: Global distribution and visual identification.
  55. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), p. 21.
  56. ^ Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), p. 12.
  57. ^ Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), p. 23.
  58. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), p. 67.
  59. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), p. 30.
  60. ^ a b Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), p. 40.
  61. ^ a b c d e f g h i j SIPRI Arms Transfers Database
  62. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 1: The CIA Paramilitary Campaign in Laos, 1961-1969 (2021), p. 14.
  63. ^ Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), p. 12.
  64. ^ Zaloga and Laurier, M24 Chaffee Light Tank 1943–85 (2003), p. 22.
  65. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), pp. 39; 46.
  66. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), pp. 8; 19.
  67. ^ a b c Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), p. 13.
  68. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 1: The CIA Paramilitary Campaign in Laos, 1961-1969 (2021), p. 51.
  69. ^ a b Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), p. 20.
  70. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), pp. 25; 48.
  71. ^ Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), pp. 12; 20.
  72. ^ Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), pp. 40; 63.
  73. ^ Conboy and Morrison, Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos (1995), p. 290.
  74. ^ Lathrop, McDonald and Laurier, Cadillac Cage V-100 Commando 1960-71 (2002), p. 38.
  75. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), pp. 31; 40-43.
  76. ^ Foss, Jane's Tank & Combat Vehicle recognition guide (2002), p. 215.
  77. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), pp. 45-46.
  78. ^ a b c "Annex C Appendix II". US Army Technical Manual of Foreign Military Sales: Battlefield Damage Assessment and Repair (PDF). Washington, D.C. 18 December 1987. p. 262. TM 9-2320-356-BD. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2013.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  79. ^ Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), pp. 63-64.
  80. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), p. 42.
  81. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 2: The CIA Paramilitary Campaign in Laos, 1969-1974 (2022a), p. 31.
  82. ^ "World Air Forces 2017". FlightGlobal. 2 December 2016. Archived from the original on December 2, 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
  83. ^ a b c d e f Conboy and Morrison, Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos (1995), p. 102 (Notes 2, 9).
  84. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Royal Lao Air Force Aircraft Types". aeroflight.co.uk. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  85. ^ Gunston, An Illustrated Guide to Military Helicopters (1981), p. 62.
  86. ^ a b c d e f Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), p. 16.
  87. ^ a b c Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), p. 32.
  88. ^ a b Gunston, An Illustrated Guide to Military Helicopters (1981), p. 82.
  89. ^ "World Air Forces 1971 pg. 932". flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  90. ^ Krivinyi, World Military Aviation (1977), p. 148.
  91. ^ Taylor and Munson, Jane's Pocket Book of Major Combat Aircraft (1973), p. 179.
  92. ^ Krivinyi, World Military Aviation (1977), p. 178.
  93. ^ Andrade, Militair 1982 (1982), p. 146.
  94. ^ Nalty, Neufeld and Watson, An Illustrated Guide to the Air War over Vietnam (1982), pp. 114-115.
  95. ^ Fitzsimons, The Defenders: A Comprehensive Guide to Warplanes of the USA (1988), p. 137.
  96. ^ Adcock, Greer and Sewell, T-28 Trojan in action (1989), pp. 32; 37.
  97. ^ Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), p. 29.
  98. ^ Davis and Greer, Gunships, A Pictorial History of Spooky (1982), pp. 13-14.
  99. ^ Nalty, Neufeld and Watson, An Illustrated Guide to the Air War over Vietnam (1982), pp. 46-49.
  100. ^ ADF Serials list of Australian military DC-2s/DC-3s/C-47s Archived 2011-06-07 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 2010-06-19
  101. ^ a b Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), p. 37.
  102. ^ Beck, "Database: Fairchild C-123 Provider" (2022), p. 123.
  103. ^ Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), p. 5.
  104. ^ Conboy and Morrison, Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos (1995), p. 15.
  105. ^ Churchill, Hit My Smoke: Forward Air Controllers in Southeast Asia (1997), p. 121.
  106. ^ Nalty, Neufeld and Watson, An Illustrated Guide to the Air War over Vietnam (1982), pp. 36-37.
  107. ^ a b c Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), pp. 64-65.
  108. ^ Cabin type patrol boats – Site navypedia.org
  109. ^ Chris Craft patrol boats – Site navypedia.org
  110. ^ 11m patrol boats – Site navypedia.org
  111. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), p. 67.
  112. ^ LCM(6) type landing craft – Site navypedia.org
  113. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), pp. 64-65; 67.
  114. ^ a b c Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), p. 41.
  115. ^ Thompson, Soviet Pistols – Tokarev, Makarov, Stechkin and others (2015), p. 74.
  116. ^ Jones, Richard D.; Ness, Leland S., eds. (January 27, 2009). Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010 (35th ed.). Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-2869-5
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  118. ^ Bonn International Center for Conversion. "MAS 49/56". SALW Guide: Global distribution and visual identification.
  119. ^ Harriman, The Mosin-Nagant Rifle (2016), pp. 70-72.
  120. ^ "The Chinese Type 53 Carbine". Mosin-Nagant.net. Archived from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
  121. ^ Harriman, The Mosin-Nagant Rifle (2016), pp. 70-72.
  122. ^ "The Chinese Type 53 Carbine". Mosin-Nagant.net. Archived from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
  123. ^ Harriman, The Mosin-Nagant Rifle (2016), p. 55.
  124. ^ McNab, The SVD Dragunov Rifle (2023), pp. 36-37.
  125. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), pp. 15; 41.
  126. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), pp. 15; 41.
  127. ^ Jones, Richard D. Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010. Jane's Information Group; 35 edition (January 27, 2009). ISBN 978-0-7106-2869-5
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  • Steven J. Zaloga and Jim Laurier, M24 Chaffee Light Tank 1943–85, New Vanguard series 77, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2003. ISBN 9781841765402
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  • Timothy Castle, At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: United States Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government, 1955–1975, Columbia University Press, 1993. ISBN 978-0-231-07977-8
Index: pl ar de en es fr it arz nl ja pt ceb sv uk vi war zh ru af ast az bg zh-min-nan bn be ca cs cy da et el eo eu fa gl ko hi hr id he ka la lv lt hu mk ms min no nn ce uz kk ro simple sk sl sr sh fi ta tt th tg azb tr ur zh-yue hy my ace als am an hyw ban bjn map-bms ba be-tarask bcl bpy bar bs br cv nv eml hif fo fy ga gd gu hak ha hsb io ig ilo ia ie os is jv kn ht ku ckb ky mrj lb lij li lmo mai mg ml zh-classical mr xmf mzn cdo mn nap new ne frr oc mhr or as pa pnb ps pms nds crh qu sa sah sco sq scn si sd szl su sw tl shn te bug vec vo wa wuu yi yo diq bat-smg zu lad kbd ang smn ab roa-rup frp arc gn av ay bh bi bo bxr cbk-zam co za dag ary se pdc dv dsb myv ext fur gv gag inh ki glk gan guw xal haw rw kbp pam csb kw km kv koi kg gom ks gcr lo lbe ltg lez nia ln jbo lg mt mi tw mwl mdf mnw nqo fj nah na nds-nl nrm nov om pi pag pap pfl pcd krc kaa ksh rm rue sm sat sc trv stq nso sn cu so srn kab roa-tara tet tpi to chr tum tk tyv udm ug vep fiu-vro vls wo xh zea ty ak bm ch ny ee ff got iu ik kl mad cr pih ami pwn pnt dz rmy rn sg st tn ss ti din chy ts kcg ve
Prefix: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

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