The Wheel of the Year is an annual cycle of seasonalfestivals, observed by a range of modern pagans, marking the year's chief solar events (solstices and equinoxes) and the midpoints between them. British neopagans crafted the Wheel of the Year in the mid-20th century, combining the four solar events ("quarter days") marked by many European peoples, with the four seasonal festivals ("cross-quarter days") celebrated by Insular Celtic peoples.[1] Different paths of modern Paganism may vary regarding the precise timing of each celebration, based on such distinctions as the lunar phase and geographic hemisphere.
Observing the cycle of the seasons has been important to many people, both ancient and modern. Modern pagan festivals that rely on the Wheel are based to varying degrees on folk traditions, regardless of actual historical pagan practices.[2] Some Wiccans use the term sabbat (/ˈsæbət/) to refer to each festival.[3]
Origins
Seasonal festival activities of pagan peoples differed across ancient Europe. Among the British Isles, Anglo-Saxons primarily marked the solar stations (solstices and equinoxes), while InsularCeltic peoples marked the four midpoints between them.[4] The four Celtic festivals were known to the Gaels as Beltane (1 May), Lughnasadh (1 August), Samhain (1 November), and Imbolc (1 February).
Two neopagan groups in Britain popularized these seasonal festival calendars in the twentieth century: the Bricket Wood coven, a Wiccan group led by Gerald Gardner, and the Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids, a neo-Druidic group led by Ross Nichols. Legend holds that Gardner and Nichols harmonized an eight-fold calendar during a naturist retreat, merging the four solar stations alongside their four midpoints as a unified festival cycle.[citation needed] Coordination eventually had the benefit of better aligning celebrations between the two neopagan groups.[7] Gardner's first publications refer to the Celtic festivals as "May eve, August eve, November eve (Hallowe'en), and February eve".[3]
The phrase 'Wheel of the Year' was in use by the mid-1960s to describe an annual cycle of eight observances.[8] Prominent Wiccan Aidan Kelly gave names to the Wiccan summer solstice (Litha) and equinox holidays (Ostara and Mabon) in 1974, which were then promoted by Timothy Zell through his Green Egg magazine.[9] Popularization of these names happened gradually; in her 1978 book Witchcraft For Tomorrow, influential Wiccan author Doreen Valiente did not use Kelly's holiday names, instead simply identifying the solstices and equinoxes ("Lesser Sabbats") by their seasons.[10] Valiente identified the four "Greater Sabbats", or fire festivals, by the names Candlemas, May Eve, Lammas, and Hallowe'en, while also naming their Gaelic counterparts Imbolc, Beltane, Lughnasa, and Samhain.[11]
Due to early Wicca's influence on modern paganism and the syncretic adoption of Anglo-Saxon and Celtic motifs, Wheel of the Year festival names in English commonly combine the Celtic names used by Gardner and the Germanic-derived names introduced by Kelly, regardless whether local celebrations are based on those cultures.
Festivals
In many traditions of modern pagancosmology, all things are considered to be cyclical, with time as a perpetual cycle of growth and retreat tied to the Sun's annual death and rebirth. This cycle is also viewed as a micro- and macrocosm of other life cycles in an immeasurable series of cycles composing the Universe. The days that fall on the landmarks of the yearly cycle traditionally mark the beginnings and middles of the four seasons. They are regarded with significance and host to major communal festivals. These eight festivals are the most common times for community celebrations.[2][12][13]
In addition to the quarter and cross-quarter days, other festivals may also be celebrated throughout the year, especially in the context of polytheistic reconstructionism and other ethnic traditions. While festivals of the Wheel are steeped in solar mythology and symbolism, many Wiccan esbats are commonly based on lunar cycles. Together, they represent the most common celebrations in Wiccan-influenced forms of modern paganism, especially in Neopagan witchcraft groups.[12][13]
Midwinter, falling on or about 21 December, has been recognized as a significant turning point in the yearly cycle since the late Stone Age. Ancient megalithic sites Newgrange and Stonehenge were carefully aligned with the winter solstice sunrise and sunset.[14] While commonly referred to as "Yule", after the Germanic and later Northern European winter festival of the same name, those celebrations by Germanic heathens likely followed the Christianisation of the Germanic peoples. Historical sources indicate those observances coinciding with the full moon of the lunisolar month following the winter solstice, ranging between January 5th and February 2nd in the Gregorian calendar.[15]
The reversal of the Sun's ebbing presence in the sky symbolizes the rebirth of the solar god and presages the return of fertile seasons.[citation needed] From Germanic to Roman tradition, this is the most important time of celebration.[16][17] Midwinter is observed as Alban Arthan among modern Druids.[18]
Practices vary, but sacrifice offerings, feasting, and gift giving are common elements of Midwinter festivities. Bringing sprigs and wreaths of evergreenery (such as holly, ivy, mistletoe, yew, and pine) into the home and tree decorating are also common during this time.[16][19][20] In Roman traditions, additional festivities occur during the six days leading up to Midwinter.[17]
Imbolc is the traditional Gaelic name for 1 February and traditionally marks the first stirrings of spring. It aligns with the contemporary observance of Groundhog Day. It is time for purification and spring cleaning in anticipation of the year's new life. In Rome, it was historically a shepherd's holiday,[21] while the Gaels associated it with the onset of ewes' lactation, prior to birthing the spring lambs.[22][23]
Known as Alban Eilir in strands of neo-druidry, this holiday is the second of three spring celebrations (the midpoint between Imbolc and Beltane), during which light and darkness are again in balance, with light on the rise. It is a time of new beginnings and of life emerging further from the grips of winter.[27]
Beltane, Beltaine, or May Day, 1 May, is traditionally the first day of summer in Ireland. In Rome the earliest celebrations appeared in pre-Christian times with the festival of Flora, the Roman goddess of flowers, and the Walpurgisnacht celebrations of the Germanic countries.[28]
Since the Christianisation of Europe, a more secular version of the festival has continued in Europe and America, commonly referred to as May Day. In this form, it is well known for maypole dancing and the crowning of the May Queen.
Celebrated by many pagan traditions, in neo-druidry this festival recognizes the power of life in its fullness, the greening of the world, youthfulness and flourishing.[29]
Midsummer, which is marked around 21 June, is one of the four solar holidays and is considered the turning point at which summer reaches its height. Some Wiccan traditions call the festival Litha, a name occurring in Bede's The Reckoning of Time (De Temporum Ratione, eighth century), which preserves a list of the (then-obsolete) Anglo-Saxon names for the months of the early Germanic calendar. Ærra Liða (first or precedingLiða) roughly corresponds to June in the Gregorian calendar, and Æfterra Liða (followingLiða) to July. Bede writes that "Litha means gentle or navigable, because in both these months the calm breezes are gentle and they were wont to sail upon the smooth sea".[30]
In some neo-druid traditions the festival is called Alban Hefin. The sun in its greatest strength is greeted and celebrated on this holiday. While it is the time of greatest strength of the solar current, it also marks a turning point, for the sun also begins its time of decline as the wheel of the year turns. Arguably the most important neo-druidic festival, due to the focus on the sun and its light as a symbol of divine inspiration. Neo-druid groups frequently celebrate this event at Stonehenge.[31]
Lughnasadh (/ˈluːnæsə/) is the Gaelic name for a harvest festival held on or around 1 August, while Lammas is an English name for a Catholic holiday on the same date. Wiccans mark the holiday by baking a figure of the god in bread and eating it, to symbolize the sanctity and importance of the harvest. Celebrations vary, as not all Pagans are Wiccans. The Irish name Lughnasadh[4][32] is used in some traditions to designate this holiday. Some Wiccan traditions base their celebrations on the Celtic deity Lugh, for whom the holiday is named, while others draw on more eclectic sources. While Lughnasadh is one of the most common names for the holiday in Wicca currently, in early versions of Wiccan literature, the festival is referred to as August Eve.[33]
Lammas is often referenced interchangeably with Lughnasadh, though the two are sometimes recognized as distinct and separate holidays. While Lughnasadh has Celtic origins, Lammas is a Christian holiday, often marked with the blessing of loaves of bread by the church. The name Lammas (contraction of loaf mass) implies it is an agrarian-based festival and feast of thanksgiving for grain and bread, which symbolises the first fruits of the harvest.[32][34]
The holiday of the autumnal equinox is known variously among neopagans as Mabon, Mheillea, Harvest Home, Feast of the Ingathering, Meán Fómhair, An Clabhsúr, or Alban Elfed (in neo-druidry). It is a neopagan festival of thanksgiving for the fruits of the earth and a recognition of the need to share them to secure the blessings of the Goddess and the Gods during the coming winter months. The festival is generally considered to be a feast-centered holiday.
Like Ostara, Midsummer/Litha, and Yule, the festival is generally considered one of the Quarter Days and is sometimes categorized as a minor sabbat, in contrast to the major sabbats of Imbolc, Beltaine, Lughnasadh, and Samhain. Celebrations of Mabon can differ greatly between Wiccan traditions. Many Wiccans draw inspirations from a wide variety of sources, such as the German Oktoberfest, the Slavic Dožinky, and the American Thanksgiving. The name Mheillea draws from the Manxharvest festival of Yn Mheillea while the name Mabon was coined by Aidan Kelly around 1970 as a reference to Mabon ap Modron, a character from Welsh mythology, and has become the most commonly used name for the holiday among Wiccans today.[35]
Samhain (/ˈsɑːwɪn/), or Sauin, is the name of a traditional Gaelic festival held around 1 November. The name and date were adopted by Wiccans for one of their four Greater Sabbats. For Wiccans, Samhain is a time to celebrate the lives of those who have passed on, and it often involves paying respect to ancestors, family members, elders of the faith, friends, pets, and other loved ones who have died. Aligned with the contemporary observance of Halloween and Day of the Dead, in some traditions the spirits of the departed are invited to attend the festivities. It is seen as a festival of darkness, which is balanced at the opposite point of the Wheel by the festival of Beltane, which is celebrated as a festival of light and fertility.[36] Many neopagans believe that the veil between this world and the afterlife is at its thinnest point of the year at Samhain, making it easier to communicate with those who have departed.[13]
Celebration commonly takes place outdoors in the form of a communal gathering.
Dates of celebration
The precise dates on which festivals are celebrated often vary to some degree, as would the related agricultural milestones of the local region. Celebrations may occur on the astrologically precise quarter and cross-quarter days, the nearest full moon, the nearest new moon, or the nearest weekend for contemporary convenience. The festivals were originally celebrated by peoples in the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Consequently, the traditional timing for seasonal celebrations do not align with the seasons in the Southern Hemisphere or near the equator. Pagans in the Southern Hemisphere often advance these dates by six months to coincide with their own seasons.[13][39][40][41]
Offerings of food, drink, various objects, etc. have been central in ritualpropitiation and veneration for millennia. Modern pagan practice strongly avoids sacrificing animals in favour of grains, herbs, milk, wines, incense, baked goods, minerals, etc. The exception being with ritual feasts including meat, where the inedible parts of the animal are often burned as offerings while the community eats the rest.[42][43]
Sacrifices are typically offered to gods and ancestors by burning them. Burying and leaving offerings in the open are also common in certain circumstances. The purpose of offering is to benefit the venerated, show gratitude, and give something back, strengthening the bonds between humans and divine and between members of a community.[42][44][45]
It is a misconception in some quarters of the modern pagan community, influenced by the writings of Robert Graves,[49] that historical Celts had an overarching narrative for the entire cycle of the year. While the various Celtic calendars include some cyclical patterns, and a belief in the balance of light and dark, these beliefs vary between the different Celtic cultures. Modern preservationists and revivalists usually observe the four 'fire festivals' of the Gaelic Calendar, and some also observe local festivals that are held on dates of significance in the different Celtic nations.[50][51]
Slavic mythology tells of a persisting conflict involving Perun, god of thunder and lightning, and Veles, the black god and horned god of the underworld. Enmity between the two is initiated by Veles' annual ascent up the world tree in the form of a huge serpent and his ultimate theft of Perun's divine cattle from the heavenly domain. Perun retaliates to this challenge of the divine order by pursuing Veles, attacking with his lightning bolts from the sky. Veles taunts Perun and flees, transforming himself into various animals and hiding behind trees, houses, even people. (Lightning bolts striking down trees or homes were explained as results of this.) In the end Perun overcomes and defeats Veles, returning him to his place in the realm of the dead. Thus the order of the world is maintained.[52][53][54]
The idea that storms and thunder are actually divine battle is pivotal to the changing of the seasons. Dry periods are identified as chaotic results of Veles' thievery. This duality and conflict represents an opposition of the natural principles of earth, water, substance, and chaos (Veles) and of heaven, fire, spirit, order (Perun), not a clash of good and evil. The cosmic battle between the two also echoes the ancient Indo-European narrative of a fight between the sky-borne storm god and chthonicdragon.
On the great night (New Year), two children of Perun are born, Jarilo, god of fertility and vegetation and son of the Moon, and Morana, goddess of nature and death and daughter of the Sun. On the same night, the infant Jarilo is snatched and taken to the underworld, where Veles raises him as his own. At the time of the spring equinox, Jarilo returns across the sea from the world of the dead, bringing with him fertility and spring from the evergreen underworld into the realm of the living. He meets his sister Morana and courts her. With the beginning of summer, the two are married bringing fertility and abundance to Earth, ensuring a bountiful harvest. The union of Perun's kin and Veles' stepson brings peace between two great gods, staving off storms which could damage the harvest. After the harvest, however, Jarilo is unfaithful to his wife and she vengefully slays him, returning him to the underworld and renewing enmity between Perun and Veles. Without her husband, god of fertility and vegetation, Morana – and all of nature with her – withers and freezes in the ensuing winter. She grows into the old and dangerous goddess of darkness and frost, eventually dying by the year's end only to be reborn again with her brother in the new year.[52][53]
In Wicca, the narrative of the Wheel of the Year traditionally centers on the sacred marriage of the God and the Goddess and the god/goddess duality. In this cycle, the God is perpetually born from the Goddess at Yule, grows in power at the vernal equinox (as does the Goddess, now in her maiden aspect), courts and impregnates the Goddess at Beltane, reaches his peak at the summer solstice, wanes in power at Lammas, passes into the underworld at Samhain (taking with him the fertility of the Goddess/Earth, who is now in her crone aspect) until he is once again born from Her mother/crone aspect at Yule. The Goddess, in turn, ages and rejuvenates endlessly with the seasons, being courted by and giving birth to the Horned God.[13][55][56]
Many Wiccan, modern Druids, and eclectic modern pagans incorporate a narrative of the Holly King and Oak King as rulers of the waning year and the waxing year respectively. These two figures battle endlessly with the turning of the seasons. At the summer solstice, the Holly King defeats the Oak King and commences his reign.[57]: 94 After the Autumn equinox the Oak King slowly begins to regain his power as the sun begins to wane. Come the winter solstice the Oak King in turn vanquishes the Holly King.[57]: 137 After the spring equinox the sun begins to wax again and the Holly King slowly regains his strength until he once again defeats the Oak King at the summer solstice. The two are ultimately seen as essential parts of a whole, light and dark aspects of the male God, and would not exist without each other.[13][58][59][60]
The Holly King is often portrayed as a woodsy figure, similar to the modern Santa Claus, dressed in red with sprigs of holly in his hair and the Oak King as a fertility god.[61][62]
^Valiente, Doreen. 1978. Witchcraft For Tomorrow. London: Robert Hale Limited.
^ abZell-Ravenheart, Oberon; Zell-Ravenheart, Morning Glory (2006). "Book III: Wheel of the Year". In Kirsten Dalley and Artemisia (ed.). Creating Circles & Ceremonies: Rituals for All Seasons And Reasons. Book-Mart Press. p. 192. ISBN1-56414-864-5.
^Chadwick, Nora K.; Cunliffe, Barry (1970). The Celts. Harmondsworth: Penguin. p. 181. ISBN0-14-021211-6.
^ abRabinovitch, Shelley T.; Lewis, James R. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Modern Witchcraft and Neo-Paganism. Citadel Press. pp. 232–233. ISBN0-8065-2407-3.
^"Deeper into Alban Eilir". Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids. 18 January 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
^Zell-Ravenheart, Oberon; Zell-Ravenheart, Morning Glory (2006). "Book III: Wheel of the Year". In Kirsten Dalley and Artemisia (ed.). Creating Circles & Ceremonies: Rituals for All Seasons And Reasons. Book-Mart Press. pp. 203–206. ISBN1-56414-864-5.
^"Deeper Into Beltane". Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids. 18 January 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
^"Deeper into Alban Hefin". Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids. 18 January 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
^ abStarhawk (1979, 1989) The Spiral Dance: A Rebirth of the Ancient Religion of the Great Goddess. New York, Harper and Row ISBN0-06-250814-8 pp.191-2 (revised edition)
^"Lammas (n.)". etymonline.com. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
^Zell-Ravenheart, Oberon Zell-Ravenheart & Morning Glory (2006). Creating circles & ceremonies : rituals for all seasons & reasons. Franklin Lakes, NJ: New Page Books. p. 227. ISBN1564148645.
^Starhawk (1979, 1989) The Spiral Dance: A Rebirth of the Ancient Religion of the Great Goddess. New York, Harper and Row ISBN0-06-250814-8 pp.193-6 (revised edition)
^Smith, Bonnie G. (2004). Women's History in Global Perspective. University of Illinois Press. p. 66. ISBN978-0-252-02931-8. Retrieved 14 December 2015. The pre-Christian observance obviously influenced the Christian celebration of All Hallows' Eve, just as the Taoist festival affected the newer Buddhist Ullambana festival. Although the Christian version of All Saints' and All Souls' Days came to emphasize prayers for the dead, visits to graves, and the role of the living assuring the safe passage to heaven of their departed loved ones, older notions never disappeared.
^Roberts, Brian K. (1987). The Making of the English Village: A Study in Historical Geography. Longman Scientific & Technical. ISBN978-0-582-30143-6. Retrieved 14 December 2015. Time out of time', when the barriers between this world and the next were down, the dead returned from the grave, and gods and strangers from the underworld walked abroad was a twice- yearly reality, on dates Christianised as All Hallows' Eve and All Hallows' Day.
^Hume, Lynne (1997). Witchcraft and Paganism in Australia. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. ISBN9780522847826.
^Vos, Donna (2002). Dancing Under an African Moon: Paganism and Wicca in South Africa. Cape Town: Zebra Press. pp. 79–86. ISBN9781868726530.
^Bodsworth, Roxanne T (2003). Sunwyse: Celebrating the Sacred Wheel of the Year in Australia. Victoria, Australia: Hihorse Publishing. ISBN9780909223038.
^ abThomas, Kirk. "The Nature of Sacrifice". Cosmology. Ár nDraíocht Féin: A Druid Fellowship. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
^Bradbury, Scott (1995). "Julian's Pagan Revival and the Decline of Blood Sacrifice". Phoenix. 49 (4 (Winter)): 331–356. doi:10.2307/1088885. JSTOR1088885.
^Krasskova, Galina; Wodening, Swain (forward) (2005). Exploring the northern tradition: A guide to the gods, lore, rites, and celebrations from the Norse, German, and Anglo-Saxon traditions. Franklin Lakes, NJ: New Page Books. ISBN9781435658943.
^Bonewits, Isaac (2006). Bonewits's Essential Guide to Druidism. New York, New York: Kensington Publishing Group. pp. 179, 183–4, 128–140. ISBN0-8065-2710-2.
^McColman, Carl (2003). Complete Idiot's Guide to Celtic Wisdom. Alpha Press. pp. 12, 51. ISBN0-02-864417-4.
^ abFarrar, Janet & Stewart Farrar; with line illustrations by Stewart; Farrar, photographs by Ian David & Stewart (1984). A witches bible. New York: Magickal Childe. ISBN093970806X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Farrar, Janet and Stewart (1988). Eight Sabbats for Witches, revised edition. Phoenix Publishing. ISBN0-919345-26-3.
Graph that displays observed data in a time sequencer A simple run chart showing data collected over time. The median of the observed data (73) is also shown on the chart. A run chart, also known as a run-sequence plot is a graph that displays observed data in a time sequence. Often, the data displayed represent some aspect of the output or performance of a manufacturing or other business process. It is therefore a form of line chart. Overview Run sequence plots[1] are an easy way to gra…
Robert KubicaRobert Kubica di Barcelona (2019)Lahir7 Desember 1984 (umur 39) Kraków, PolandiaKarier Kejuaraan Dunia Formula SatuKebangsaan PolandiaTahun aktif2006-2010, 2019TimBMW Sauber, Renault, WilliamsNomor mobil88Jumlah lomba97 (97 starts)Juara dunia0Menang1Podium12Total poin274Posisi pole1Lap tercepat1Lomba pertamaGrand Prix Hungaria 2006Menang pertamaGrand Prix Kanada 2008Menang terakhirGrand Prix Kanada 2008Lomba terakhirGrand Prix Abu Dhabi 2019Klasemen 201919th (1 pts) Rober…
Hedy LamarrHedy Lamarr (1940)LahirHedwig Eva Maria Kiesler(1914-11-09)9 November 1914Vienna, Austria-HungariaMeninggal19 Januari 2000(2000-01-19) (umur 85)Casselberry, Florida, A.S.PekerjaanAktris, penemuTahun aktif1930–1958Suami/istriFritz Mandl (m.1933–1937; bercerai) Gene Markey (m.1939–1941; bercerai) John Loder (m.1943–1947; bercerai) Teddy Stauffer (m.1951–1952; bercerai) W. Howard Lee (m.1953–1960; bercerai) Lewis J. Boies (m.1963–1965; bercerai) Hedy Lamarr (/ˈhe…
Gerhana Bulan Total16 Juli 2000 Jalur bulan melintasi bayangan bumi. Gama 0.0302 Magnitudo 1.7684 Seri (dan anggota) 129 (37 dari 71) Durasi (j:mnt:dtk) Totalitas 1:46:25 Sebagian 3:56:02 Penumbra 6:14:31 Kontak (UTC) P1 10:48:22 U1 11:57:35 U2 13:02:23 Puncak 13:55:35 U3 14:48:47 U4 15:53:55 P4 17:02:46 Bulan melewati pusat bayangan Bumi saat nodus turun di konstelasi Sagittarius di orbitnya. Sebuah gerhana bulan total terjadi pada Minggu 16 Juli 2000, gerhana bulan kedua yang terjadi pada 2000…
Electrolux ABJenisPublik (OMX: ELUX B)Didirikan1919Kantorpusat Stockholm, SwediaPendapatanSEK 101,598 miliar (2011)[1]Laba operasiSEK 3,017 miliar (2011)Laba bersihSEK 2,064 miliar (2011)Total asetSEK 76,38 miliar (akhir 2011)Total ekuitasSEK 20,64 miliar (akhir 2011)Karyawan52.916 (2011)Situs webwww.electrolux.com Electrolux AB merupakan sebuah perusahaan multinasional yang menghasilkan berbagai macam produk elektronik yang berasal dari Swedia. Perusahaan ini didirikan pada tahun 1…
Patung dan altar Hung Shing pada Kuil Hung Shing di Hang Mei Tsuen, Ping Shan, Hong Kong. Hong Sheng (Hanzi=洪聖; pinyin=Hóng shèng;Kantonis=Hung Shing), juga dipanggil dengan nama Hong Sheng Ye (洪聖爺; Hóng shèng yé; Hung Shing Ye) dan Da Wang (大王; dàwáng; Tai Wong), merupakan seorang pejabat pemerintahan pada masa Dinasti Tang (618-907 Masehi)[1][2] yang bernama Hong Xi (洪熙; Hóng Xī; Hung Hei). Ia bertugas di Pun Yue yang kini disebut dengan nama Guangdon…
Rovine di Richmond, in Virginia a seguito della guerra di secessione americana, afro americani liberati che votano per la prima volta nel 1867[1], Ufficio dell'agenzia dei liberti a Memphis, rivolta di Memphis del 1866 Questa voce è parte della serieStoria degli Stati Uniti d'America Nativi americani Civiltà precolombiane Periodo coloniale 1776-1789 1789-1849 1849-1865 1865-1918 1918-1945 1945-1964 1964-1980 1980-1988 1988-presente Regioni storiche degli Stati Uniti d'America Questo bo…
British radio programme Just a MinuteNicholas Parsons hosted the show for almost 52 yearsGenrePanel gameRunning time30 minutes (6:30 pm – 7:00 pm)Country of originUnited KingdomLanguage(s)EnglishHome stationBBC Radio 4SyndicatesBBC World ServiceBBC Radio 4 ExtraHosted byNicholas Parsons (1967–2019)See list of guest presentersSue Perkins (2021–present)[1]StarringClement FreudPeter JonesDerek NimmoKenneth WilliamsPaul MertonSee list of guest panellistsCreated byIan MessiterProduc…
2002 studio album by Trin-i-tee 5:7The KissStudio album by Trin-i-tee 5:7ReleasedJune 25, 2002Recorded2000–2002GenreUrban contemporary gospel, R&B, neo-soul[1]Length59:19LabelGospoCentricProducerTravon Potts, PAJAM, Fred Jerkins III, Anson Dawkins, Eric Dawkins, Shep Crawford, Darren Limitless Henson, Carvin Ransum Haggins, Big Bert, Myron ButlerTrin-i-tee 5:7 chronology Spiritual Love(1999) The Kiss(2002) Holla: The Best of Trin-i-tee 5:7(2007) The Kiss is the third st…
Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang karakter Disney. Untuk penggunaan lain, lihat Olaf (disambiguasi). OlafTokoh FrozenBerkas:Olaf from Disney's Frozen.pngPenampilanperdanaFrozenPenciptaChris BuckJennifer LeePengisi suaraJosh GadInformasiSpesiesBoneka saljuJenis kelaminPerempuan Olaf si Boneka salju adalah sebuah karakter fiksi dari film animasi tahun 2013 Frozen, yang diproduksi oleh Walt Disney Animation Studios. Ia di ciptakan di Frozen (2013) oleh Elsa dalam lagu Let it go , Olaf berada di Fi…
Berikut adalah daftar daerah yang dijuluki Venesia dari Utara. Julukan tersebut mengacu pada berbagai kota di Eropa Utara yang memiliki kanal sehingga dibandingkan dengan Venesia, Italia, yang dikenal karena kanal-kanalnya (lihat Canal Grande). Beberapa kota (e.g. Amsterdam) mendapat julukan ini selama beberapa abad, sedangkan kota-kota seperti Birmingham mendapat julukan ini pada era modern dan dipromosikan oleh tim humas pemerintah kota.[1] Daftar ini belum tentu lengkap. Anda dapat me…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Januari 2023. Artikel ini bukan mengenai Gajah. Husain bin ThohaSyekh Gajah BarongNamaHusain bin ThohaKebangsaanIndonesiaZamanVOCJabatanPanglima Kesultanan Banten Habib Husain bin Thoha, atau yang lebih dikenal dengan Syekh Gajah Barong adalah seorang panglima perang d…
Fantasy! JūichiAlbum studio karya Morning MusumeDirilis1 Desember 2010Direkam2010GenreJapanese popDurasi1:39:18LabelZetima RecordsProduserTsunkuKronologi Morning Musume 10 My Me(2010)10 My Me2010 Fantasy! Jūichi(2010) 12, Smart(2011)12, Smart2011 Singel dalam album Fantasy! Jūichi Seishun CollectionDirilis: 9 Juni, 2010 Onna to Otoko no Lullaby GameDirilis: 17 November 2010 Fantasy! Jūichi (Fantasy! 拾壱code: ja is deprecated , Fantasy! Sebelas) adalah album studio kesebelas grup idola…
Province of Canada This article is about the Canadian province. For other uses, see Ontario (disambiguation). Province in CanadaOntarioProvince FlagCoat of armsMotto(s): Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Latin)(Loyal she began, loyal she remains) BC AB SK MB ON QC NB PE NS NL YT NT NU Coordinates: 49°15′N 84°30′W / 49.250°N 84.500°W / 49.250; -84.500[1]CountryCanadaBefore confederationCanada WestConfederationJuly 1, 1867 (1st, with New Brunswick, …
Minor league players and teams affiliated with the Washington Nationals professional baseball organization include: Players Darren Baker Baseball player Darren BakerWashington Nationals Second basemanBorn: (1999-02-11) February 11, 1999 (age 25)Redwood City, CaliforniaBats: LeftThrows: Right Darren John Baker (born February 11, 1999) is an American professional baseball second baseman in the Washington Nationals organization. Baker is the son of former MLB player and manager Dusty Baker. Da…
Brice Dja Djédjé Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Brice Dja DjédjéTanggal lahir 23 Desember 1990 (umur 33)Tempat lahir Aboudé, Pantai GadingTinggi 1,80 m (5 ft 11 in)Posisi bermain BekInformasi klubKlub saat ini WatfordNomor 26Karier junior1995–1998 Montrouge1998–2002 Issy-les-Moulineaux2002–2010 Paris Saint-GermainKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2010–2014 Evian 93 (5)2014–2016 Marseille 63 (0)2016– Watford 0 (0)Tim nasional‡2013– Pantai Gading 7 (0) * P…
Lupita TovarLupita Tovar pada sekitar tahun 1931LahirGuadalupe Natalia Tovar(1910-07-27)27 Juli 1910Matías Romero, Oaxaca, MeksikoMeninggal12 November 2016(2016-11-12) (umur 106)Los Angeles, California, Amerika SerikatMakamHillside Memorial Park CemeteryNama lainLupita KohnerPekerjaanPemeranTahun aktif1929–1945Karya terkenalDráculaSantaSuami/istriPaul Kohner (m. 1932; wafat 1988)Anak2; termasuk Susan Kohner Guadalupe Nat…