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The Horrifying Inspection by Taiwanese printmaker Huang Rong-can. It describes the hostile environment in Taiwan shortly after the February 28 incident, which marked the start of the White Terror period.
The period of White Terror generally does not include the February 28 incident of 1947, in which the KMT killed at least 18,000 Taiwanese civilians in response to a popular uprising, and also summarily executed many local political and intellectual elites. The two are frequently discussed in tandem as it was the catalyst that motivated the KMT to begin the White Terror.[5][6] Martial law was declared and lifted twice during the February 28 incident.
Two years after the February 28 incident, the KMT retreated from mainland China to Taiwan during the closing stages of the Chinese Civil War in 1949. Wanting to consolidate its rule on its remaining territories, the KMT imposed harsh political suppression measures, which included enacting martial law, executing suspected leftists or those they suspected to be sympathetic toward the communists.[7] Others targeted included Taiwanese locals and indigenous peoples who participated in the February 28 incident, such as Uyongʉ Yata'uyungana, and those accused of dissidence for criticizing the government.[8]
The KMT carried out persecutions against those who criticized or opposed the government, accusing them of attempting to subvert the regime, while excessively expanding the scope of punishment throughout this period.[9] It made use of the Taiwan Garrison Command (TGC), a secret police, as well as other intelligence units by enacting special criminal laws as tools for the government to purge dissidents.[10]Basic human rights and the right to privacy were disregarded, with mass pervasive monitoring of the people, filings of sham criminal cases against anyone who were suspected as being a dissident, as well as labelling any individuals who were not conforming a pro-regime stance as being communist spies, often without merit.[11] Others were labeled as Taiwanese separatists and prosecuted for treason.[12] It is estimated that about 3,000 to 4,000 civilians were executed by the government during the White Terror.[1] The government was also suspected of carrying out extrajudicial killings against exiles in other countries.[a]
Pro-democracy demonstrations attempted during this period, such as the Kaohsiung Incident, were harshly suppressed. The KMT ruled as a one-party state, with the existence of real opposition parties strictly outlawed, resulting in non-existent competitive elections. Despite the existence of nominally fair local elections, some unapproved tangwai candidates that won local elections such as Hsu Hsin-liang were spuriously impeached and often forced into exile.[13] These limited elections were also marred by electoral fraud, most notably during the Zhongli incident.
The ruling pattern and repression of Chiang Kai-shek's regime are rooted in its neo-nationalist ideology and theory. Two of the most prominent movements that practiced KMT’s neo-nationalist ideas were the New Life Movement in Mainland China and the Chinese Cultural Renaissance movement in Taiwan. The New Life Movement has been described by some academics and scholars as "Confucian fascism", which imitates certain fascist regimes to increase Chiang's control of the everyday lives of the citizens.[14][15] Another example is the KMT's National Revolutionary Army (later reorganized into the Republic of China Armed Forces in 1947), which was heavily dependent on German military assistance to counter raging communist insurgencies, with its army doctrine inspired by the German military mission during the Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941) until Nazi Germany decided to withdraw in 1938 to align with Imperial Japan.[16][17][18] When Chiang retreated to Taiwan in 1949, his regime suspended the liberal democratic provisions in the ROC constitution indefinitely under the martial law, and ruled Taiwan under a variation of right-wing dictatorship. The legacy of authoritarianism during the White Terror in Taiwan has persisted until today, and political discussions about this topic continue to be highly controversial on the island.[19]
Time period
The White Terror is generally considered to have begun with the declaration of martial law on 19 May 1949. For its ending date, some sources cite the lifting of martial law on 15 July 1987,[20] while others cite the repeal of Article 100 of the Criminal Code on 21 September 1992, which allowed for the persecution of people for "anti-state" activities.[3] Martial law officially lasted for almost four decades,[b] which had been the longest period of martial law in the world at the time it was lifted. It is now the second longest, after Syria's 48-year period of martial law which lasted from 1963 to 2011.[21]
Most prosecutions took place between the first two decades as the KMT wanted to consolidate its rule on the island. Most of those prosecuted were labeled by the Kuomintang (KMT) as "bandit spies" (匪諜), meaning communist spies, and punished as such, often with execution.[20]Chiang Kai-shek once famously said that he would rather "mistakenly kill 1,000 innocent people than allow one communist to escape".[22]
The KMT mostly imprisoned Taiwan's intellectuals and social elites out of fear that they might resist KMT rule or sympathize with communism and separatism.[1] For example, the Formosan League for Reemancipation was a Taiwanese independence group established in 1947, which the KMT believed to be under communist control, leading to its members being arrested in 1950. The World United Formosans for Independence was persecuted for similar reasons. However, other prosecutions did not have such clear reasoning, such as in 1968, when Bo Yang was imprisoned for his choice of words in translating a Popeye comic strip. A large number of the White Terror's other victims were mainland Chinese, many of whom owed their evacuation to Taiwan to the KMT.[23]
Many mainlander victims of White Terror, such as Bo Yang, Lei Chen, and Li Ao, moved on to promote Taiwan's democratization and the reform of the Kuomintang. In 1969, future president Lee Teng-hui was detained and interrogated for more than a week by the Taiwan Garrison Command, which demanded to know about his "communist activities" and told him "killing you at this moment is as easy as crushing an ant to death." Three years later he was invited to join the cabinet of Chiang Ching-kuo.[24]
Fear of discussing the White Terror and the February 28 Incident gradually decreased with the lifting of martial law after the 1987 Lieyu massacre,[25] culminating in the establishment of an official public memorial and an apology by PresidentLee Teng-hui in 1995. In 2008, President Ma Ying-jeou addressed a memorial service for the White Terror in Taipei. Ma apologized to the victims and their family members on behalf of the government and expressed the hope that Taiwan would never again experience a similar tragedy.[26]
Victims
Around 140,000 Taiwanese were imprisoned under harsh treatment during this period, with many either indirectly dying or suffering various health problems in the process. About 3,000 to 4,000 were directly executed for their real or perceived opposition to the KMT's Chiang Kai-shek government.[1] Most of the victims of the White Terror were men, however, a number of women were tortured and/or executed.[27][28]
Examples
1949: April 6 Incident [zh], TGC besieged dormitories of NTU and NTNU to arrest students for a public protest incited by a bicycle traffic ticket, which started the precedent of Academic White Terror, the military custom of entering schools to arrest students and teachers.[29][30]
1949: July 13 Penghu incident, where secondary school students, mostly refugees from Shandong province, were conscripted by force as soldiers on July 13. Two school principals and five students were executed for attempting to report the incident.[31][32]
1953 – 1954: Polish civilian tanker Praca and general cargo ship Prezydent Gottwald were assaulted on the Pacific Ocean with 1 death in custody;[40][41] 29 Chinese sailors were imprisoned for up to 35 years, with 3 being executed and 6 others dying while imprisoned.[42]
1954: Tainan Post Office Case [zh]: 51 postal staff were arrested and tortured for a socialist book found on a desk; 14 were sentenced to prison, including a pregnant woman Ting Yao-tiao. Ting and her close friend Shi Shui-huan [zh] were executed two years later in 1956 with the toddler, who had been born in prison, being violently separated from her mother and injured by guards.[43][44]
1955: Over 300 subordinate officers of pro-British/American general Sun Li-jen were arrested, tortured and imprisoned for high treason as communist spies.[47][48] Sun was under house arrest for 33 years until 1988.[49]
1960: Lei Chen, publisher of the Free China Journal and scholars organizing a democratic party were arrested,[52] and imprisoned up to 10 years,[53] where his memoir of his time in jail was incinerated.[54]
1961: Su Tung-chi [zh] case: TGC arrested over 300 Taiwanese independence supporters in secret trials; the number held was reduced to 49 after reporting by French news agency AFP.[55]
1966: Shin Sheng News Case [zh]: Following the first wave of persecution and execution in 1947, newspaper journalists were framed and persecuted as suspected communist spies. Reporter Shen Yuan-zhang [zh] was tortured to death naked by a rope cutting through the vagina, while her husband was beaten up next door hearing her screaming.[56][57]
1979 – 1980: TGC arrested over 100 pro-democracy activists after a protest on December 10 1979, some were tortured, 8 court-martialed for rebellion, 37 charged in civilian courts, 91 eventually released, later known as the Kaohsiung Incident.
1980: The mother and twin daughters of democracy activist Lin Yi-hsiung (arrested following the Kaohsiung incident) were stabbed to death on February 28.[58][59]
1981: Carnegie Mellon statistics professor Chen Wen-chen is found dead on July 3 after a long interrogation session with government officials during a visit to Taiwan.[60][61]
1987: 1987 Lieyu massacre: 19 landed refugees were killed by the military and evidence was destroyed. The ROC government denied that the incident occurred after it was reported by journalists and during questioning by the parliament.[64][65]
Since the lifting of martial law in 1987, the government has set up the 228 Incident Memorial Foundation, a civilian reparations fund supported by public donations for the victims and their families. Many descendants of victims remain unaware that their family members were victims, while many of the families of victims, especially from Mainland China, did not know the details of their relatives' mistreatment during the riot. The Taiwanese government also established the Transitional Justice Commission, which aimed to erase the authoritarian legacy of the KMT regime under Chiang and deliver justice to the families and relatives of the victims.
The 1989 dark humorBanana Paradise is the second film of the Taiwan Modern Trilogy by Wang Toon, who applied a real cross-strait case reported in 1988 to develop the script with the preposterous irony of a Chinese Mainlander refugee couple's struggle living with fake identifications since the Chinese Civil War throughout the White Terror era till the reunion of divided families in 1988.[66][67][68]
The 1995 romance Good Men, Good Women by Hou Hsiao-hsien based on the biography book named after the Japanese song <幌馬車の唄> in real life of Chiang Bi-Yu as a political prisoner (daughter of Chiang Wei-shui, starring Annie Yi in 3 interlude roles) to research the complexity of Taiwanese history and national identity.[69][70]
The 1995 film Super Citizen Ko by Wan Jen surrounding a political prisoner during martial law who looks for the grave of a friend who was executed.[72][73]
The 2000 criminal mystery Forgotten or Forgiven by Zhong-zheng Wang and Wei-jian Hong, portraits a grim police detective growing up from the harsh environment of a White Terror victim family follows a lead to discover the true identity of the low-profiled target, his partner's father, as actually a secret agency deserter with the repentance through life against the Agency who involved in his case, then solved the conundrum in 2 generations after the final showdown of the deserter confronting his old commander.[74][75]
The 2019 horror film Detention, an adaptation of the eponymous video game based on true events, specifically the 1947 Keelung Senior High School Incident where dozens of students, teachers and journalists were either executed or imprisoned for political reasons during the White Terror.[80]
Vern Sneider's novel A Pail of Oysters in 1953 was based on the officer's personal field survey revealing people's life in Taiwanese society under suppression in 1950s, was banned by Chinese Nationalists' authorities until being reissued in 2016 – 35 years after his death.[82][83][84][85]
Tehpen Tasi's autobiographyElegy of Sweet Potatoes (Japanese: 臺湾のいもっ子) in 1994, based on his testimony with the other political prisoners together for 13 months in 1954–1955.[86][87]
Julie Wu's The Third Son in 2013 describes the event and its aftermath from the viewpoint of a Taiwanese boy.[88]
Jennifer J. Chow's The 228 Legacy in 2013 focuses on how there was such an impact that it permeated throughout multiple generations within the same family.[89]
Shawna Yang Ryan's Green Island in 2016 tells the story of the incident as it affects three generations of a Taiwanese family.[90]
Ken Liu's The Paper Menagerie & Other Short Stories in 2016 includes a short story titled The Literomancer which references the February 28 incident from the perspective of a young American girl who had recently moved to Taiwan, and asks both her father, who works on an American military base, and a neighbor, and old man named Mr. Kan about the incident. It develops on these two different perspectives throughout the story, becoming progressively darker.
Principle Jian Tian-lu's Hushen, a 2019 literature award winner expresses the humanity concern in contrast with the brutality on the first scene of 1987 Lieyu massacre.[91]
Games
In 2014, Sharp Point Press and Future-Digi publicized the 'Rainy Port Keelung with 3 light novels telling a love story in the background of Keelung Massacre during the Feb. 28 incident.[92]
In 2017, Taiwanese game developer Red Candle Games launched Detention, a survival horror video game created and developed for Steam. It is a 2D atmospheric horror side-scroller set in 1960s Taiwan under martial law following the February 28 incident. The critically acclaimed game also incorporates religious elements based on Taiwanese culture and mythology. Rely On Horror gave the game a 9 out of 10, saying that "every facet of Detention moves in one harmonious lockstep towards an unavoidable tragedy, drowning out the world around you."[93]
In 2017, Erotes Studio produced Blue Blood Lagoon with the story of high-school students running for life to escape from the bloodshed of military conscription arrest, prosecution and execution during the July 13 Penghu incident.[94]
In 2019, Team Padendon publicized a ghost RPGPAGUI based on a true family story of the Kaohsiung Massacre victims in Feb. 28 Incident: An orphan raised by a temple uncovered his identity and looked for his dispersed family for over 60 years with no result until he died; an old lady in her 90s heard the news arrives but only find her son in the coffin.
In 2020, MatchB Studio produced an adventure puzzle Halflight with two brothers playing near a base witnessed an execution site upon the Feb. 28 incident, and one fell missing in chaos, followed by the family being persecuted apart, so the little boy went back trying to find the younger brother, but only stepped into the worse ending in 50 years.
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^Lu, Fang-shang (1999). 《戒嚴時期台北地區政治案件相關人士口述歷史:白色恐怖事件查訪(上、下)》 [Oral History of People Related to Political Cases in Taipei During the Martial Law Period: Investigation on the White Terror Incidents (Part 1 & 2)] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Taipei City Archives. ISBN9789570249767.
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^Kuo, Chi-Bin (16 July 2020). "3"(PDF). 桂永清與戰後海軍重整 [Gui Yong-ching and the Navy Reorganization after the Chinese Civil War] (Thesis) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taoyuan, Taiwan: Institute of Historical Research, National Central University. Archived(PDF) from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
^Zhang, Yan-hsian; Gao, Shu-yuan (1998). 《鹿窟事件調查研究》 [Investigation aResearch on the Luku Incident] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). New Taipei City: Cultural Affairs Department, New Taipei City Government. ISBN9570217588. Archived from the original on 2022-07-15. Retrieved 2022-07-15.
^傅琪貽 (13 October 2017). "戰後臺灣原住民的白色恐怖 (1950年代)" [The White Terror on the Taiwanest Aborigines after WWII in 1950s] (PDF). Taiwanese History and International Academic Research Cross-Strait (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: 臺灣日本綜合研究所. Archived(PDF) from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
^Maciej Rosalak (1 June 2021). "Statki PRL w pułapce Czang Kaj-szeka" [Ships of the Polish People's Republic in the trap of Chiang Kai-shek] (in Polish). Warsaw: Orle Pióro. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
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^Li, Zhen-hsiang (8 January 2009). "Praca" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taiwan News Weekly, ver. 376, Taiwan Association for Truth and Reconciliation. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
^Wang, Feng (16 October 2015). 刺殺蔣介石:美國與蔣政權鬥爭史 [Assassination on Chiang Kai-shek: A History of American Struggle with Chiang's Regime] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: China Times Publishing. ISBN9789571364308. Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
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^Yao, Mu-chi (2012-12-01). "〈白色的歲月變色的我〉". 《秋蟬的悲鳴:白色恐怖受難文集第一輯》 [The Cry of the Autumn Cicada: White Terror Anthology (Volume 1)] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). New Taipei City: National Human Rights Museum. ISBN9789860348613.
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Lokasi Distrik Akumi di Prefektur Yamagata. Lokasi munisipalitas yang ada di Distrik Akumi, Prefektur Yamagatawarna hijau - cakupan wilayah distrik saat iniwarna kuning - bekas wilayah distrik pada awal zaman Meiji Distrik Akumi (飽海郡code: ja is deprecated , Akumi-gun) adalah sebuah distrik yang terletak di Prefektur Yamagata, Jepang. Per 1 Oktober 2020, distrik ini memiliki estimasi jumlah penduduk sebesar 13.032 jiwa dan kepadatan penduduk sebesar 62,54 orang per km². Distrik ini memilik…
Simbol kedokteran hewan: tongkat Asklepios dan huruf V (merujuk pada veteriner) Kedokteran hewan adalah suatu disiplin ilmiah yang mempelajari cara melakukan diagnosis, terapi, dan pencegahan penyakit pada hewan. Ilmu kedokteran hewan diterapkan secara luas terhadap berbagai hewan, baik hewan domestik maupun satwa liar, serta mencakup hewan terestrial dan hewan akuatik. Selain kesehatan hewan, aspek lain yang didalami oleh bidang ilmu ini adalah kesejahteraan hewan dan kesehatan masyarakat veter…
Genus of flowering plants Milktrees Sapium glandulosum Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Malpighiales Family: Euphorbiaceae Subfamily: Euphorbioideae Tribe: Hippomaneae Subtribe: Hippomaninae Genus: SapiumJacq. Synonyms[1] Sapiopsis Müll.Arg. Seborium Raf. Sapium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Euphorbiaceae.[2][3] It is widespread across most of Latin America and the West …
Tevfik Fikret Tevfik Fikret (26 Desember 1867 – 19 Agustus 1915) ialah seorang penyair besar dan pembaharu sastra Turki dan salah satu penganjurnya. Di awal kepenyairannya ia dibantu Sultan Abd-ul-Hamid II. Ia dikenal dengan pandangan apriorinya dalam banyak syairnya seperti yang dikenal dengan sikap ateistiknya. Banyak syairnya bercerita tentang anaknya, yang mendapat pendidikan tinggi di Eropa dan Amerika, kemudian masuk Kristen, bahkan menjadi agamawan besar Kristen di sana. B…
Avril LavigneLavigne pada tahun 2013LahirAvril Ramona Lavigne27 September 1984 (umur 39)Belleville, Ontario, KanadaWarga negara Kanada Prancis Pekerjaan Penyanyi penulis lagu aktris Tahun aktif1999–sekarangKota asalGreater Napanee, Ontario, KanadaSuami/istri Deryck Whibley (m. 2006; c. 2010) Chad Kroeger (m. 2013; sep 2015) Karier musikGenre Pop punk pop rock alternative rock …
2002 French filmThe AdversaryFilm posterDirected byNicole GarciaWritten byFrederic Belier-Garcia Jacques Fieschi, from the book by Emmanuel CarrèreProduced byAlain SardeStarringDaniel Auteuil Géraldine PailhasCinematographyJean-Marc FabreEdited byEmmanuelle CastroMusic byAngelo BadalamentiDistributed byBac FilmsRelease date 28 August 2002 (2002-08-28) Running time130 minutesCountryFranceLanguageFrenchBox office$5.7 million [1] The Adversary (French: L'Adversaire) is a 20…
Tabung vidikon berdiameter 2⁄3 inci (17 mm) Tampilan sejumlah tabung kamera video dari tahun 1930-an dan 1940-an, yang difoto pada tahun 1954, dengan penemu ikonoskop Vladimir K. Zworykin. Tabung kamera video adalah perangkat yang didasarkan pada tabung sinar katoda yang digunakan pada kamera televisi untuk menangkap gambar televisi, sebelum diperkenalkannya sensor gambar peranti tergandeng-muatan (charge-coupled device, CCD) pada tahun 1980-an. Beberapa jenis tabung yang berbeda tela…
Skadron Udara 1/Elang KhatulistiwaLanud SupadioLambang Skadud 1Dibentuk29 April 1950NegaraIndonesiaCabang TNI Angkatan UdaraTipe unitKomando TempurBagian dariWing Udara 7MarkasLanud Supadio, Kubu RayaMotoAkasa Waskita Dwi Matra VidyaUlang tahun29 AprilSitus webwww.tni-au.mil.id Skadron Udara 1/Elang Khatulistiwa adalah sebuah Skadron udara dari Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Udara, yang berbasis di Pangkalan Udara Supadio, Kabupaten Kubu Raya. Saat ini skadron ini dilengkapi dengan pesawat …
Norwegian architect and professor Munchmuseet, Oslo. Einar Frithjof Myklebust (17 May 1922 – 9 June 2017[1]), was a Norwegian architect and professor at NTH (now (NTNU).[2] Einar Myklebust worked between 1953–1964 together with the architect Gunnar Fougner. He was professor from 1964–1970 in Byggekunst IV (monumental architecture), architecture department, Norwegian Institute of Technology (now Norwegian University of Science and Technology), Trondheim. From 1970 he…