Wingspan

The wingspan (or just span) of a bird or an airplane is the distance from one wingtip to the opposite wingtip. For example, the Boeing 777–200 has a wingspan of 60.93 metres (199 ft 11 in),^[1] and a wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans) caught in 1965 had a wingspan of 3.63 metres (11 ft 11 in), the official record for a living bird. The term wingspan, more technically extent, is also used for other winged animals such as pterosaurs, bats, insects, etc., and other aircraft such as ornithopters. In humans, the term wingspan also refers to the arm span, which is the distance between the length from the end of an individual's arm (measured at the fingertips) to the individual's fingertips on the other arm when raised parallel to the ground at shoulder height.

Wingspan of aircraft

The wingspan of an aircraft is always measured in a straight line, from wingtip to wingtip, regardless of wing shape or sweep.

Implications for aircraft design and animal evolution

The lift from wings is proportional to their area, so the heavier the animal or aircraft the bigger that area must be. The area is the product of the span times the width (mean chord) of the wing, so either a long, narrow wing or a shorter, broader wing will support the same mass. For efficient steady flight, the ratio of span to chord, the aspect ratio, should be as high as possible (the constraints are usually structural) because this lowers the lift-induced drag associated with the inevitable wingtip vortices. Long-ranging birds, like albatrosses, and most commercial aircraft maximize aspect ratio. Alternatively, animals and aircraft which depend on maneuverability (fighters, predators and prey, as well as those who live amongst trees and bushes, insect catchers, etc.) need to be able to roll fast to turn, and the high moment of inertia of long narrow wings, as well as the high angular drag and quick balancing of aileron lift with wing lift at a low rotation rate, produce lower roll rates. For them, short-span, broad wings are preferred. Additionally, ground handling in aircraft is a significant problem for very high aspect ratios and flying animals may encounter similar issues.

The highest aspect ratio of man-made wings are aircraft propellers, in their most extreme form as helicopter rotors.

Wingspan of flying animals

To measure the wingspan of a bird, a live or freshly-dead specimen is placed flat on its back, the wings are grasped at the wrist joints and the distance is measured between the tips of the longest primary feathers on each wing.^[2]

The wingspan of an insect refers to the wingspan of pinned specimens, and may refer to the distance between the centre of the thorax and the apex of the wing doubled or to the width between the apices with the wings set with the trailing wing edge perpendicular to the body.

Wingspan in sports

In basketball and gridiron football, a fingertip-to-fingertip measurement is used to determine the player's wingspan, also called armspan. This is called reach in boxing terminology. The wingspan of 16-year-old BeeJay Anya, a top basketball Junior Class of 2013 prospect who played for the NC State Wolfpack, was officially measured at 7 feet 9 inches (2.36 m) across, one of the longest of all National Basketball Association draft prospects, and the longest ever for a non-7-foot player, though Anya went undrafted in 2017.^[3] The wingspan of Manute Bol, at 8 feet 6 inches (2.59 m), is (as of 2013) the longest in NBA history, and his vertical reach was 10 feet 5 inches (3.18 m).^[4]^[5]

Wingspan records

Largest wingspan

Aircraft (current): Scaled Composites Stratolaunch — 117 m (385 ft) ^[6]
Bat: Large flying fox – 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)^[7]
Bird: Wandering albatross – 3.63 m (11 ft 11 in)^[8]
Bird (extinct): Argentavis – Estimated 7 m (23 ft 0 in)^[9]
Reptile (extinct): Quetzalcoatlus pterosaur – 10–11 m (33–36 ft)^[10]
Insect: White witch moth – 28 cm (11.0 in)^[11]
Insect (extinct): Meganeuropsis (relative of dragonflies) – estimated up to 71 cm (28.0 in)^[12]

Smallest wingspan

Aircraft (biplane): Starr Bumble Bee II – 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in)^[13]
Aircraft (jet): Bede BD-5 – 4.27 m (14 ft 0 in)^{[citation needed]}
Aircraft (twin engine): Colomban Cri-cri – 4.9 m (16 ft 1 in)
Bat: Bumblebee bat – 16 cm (6.3 in)^[7]
Bird: Bee hummingbird – 6.5 cm (2.6 in)^[14]
Insect: Tanzanian parasitic wasp (Fairyfly) – 0.2 mm (0.0079 in)^[15]

References

^ 777-200/300 Airplane Characteristics for Airport Planning (PDF) (Technical report). Boeing. December 2008. p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 15, 2014.
^ Pennycuick, C. J. (2008). Modelling the flying birds. Academic Press. ISBN 9780123742995.
^ Smith, Cameron (June 17, 2013). "High school basketball player's stunning wingspan". Yahoo Sports!. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
^ Schudel, Matt (June 19, 2010). "Manute Bol, former Washington Bullet and one of NBA's tallest players, dies at 47". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
^ "Former NBA player Manute Bol to speak at Union". Union College. November 3, 2008. Retrieved December 8, 2012.
^ "Paul Allen showed off his new rocket-launching plane today, and it's BIG". Ars Technica. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
^ ^a ^b "Bats". Sea World. Archived from the original on November 19, 2005. Retrieved June 23, 2007.
^ Wood, Gerald (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Guinness Superlatives. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.
^ Chatterjee, Sankar; Templin, R. Jack; Campbell, Kenneth E.Jr. (2007). "The aerodynamics of Argentavis, the world's largest flying bird from the Miocene of Argentina". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (30): 12398–12403. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702040104. PMC 1906724. PMID 17609382.
^ Connor, Steve (September 10, 2005). "Flying dinosaur biggest airborne animal". New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved June 23, 2007.
^ "Largest Lepidopteran Wing Span". University of Florida Book of Insect Records. Archived from the original on March 2, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2007.
^ Mitchell, F.L. and Lasswell, J. (2005): A dazzle of dragonflies Texas A&M University Press, page 47
^ "Starr bumble bee". Pima Air & Space Museum. Archived from the original on November 11, 2007. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
^ Adrienne Glick. "Mellisuga helenae bee hummingbird". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
^ "Smallest Insect Filmed in Flight". ScienceDaily. Retrieved November 29, 2013.