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Chemioinformatica

La chemioinformatica è l'uso del computer e delle tecniche dell'informazione, applicate ad una serie di problemi nel campo della chimica. Queste tecniche in silico sono usate dalle compagnie farmaceutiche nel processo di scoperta dei nuovi farmaci. Questi metodi possono anche essere usati nella industrie chimiche e affini, in varie altre forme.

Storia

Il termine chemioinformatica fu definito da F.K. Brown[1][2] nel 1998:

(EN)

«Chemoinformatics is the mixing of those information resources to transform data into information and information into knowledge for the intended purpose of making better decisions faster in the area of drug lead identification and optimization.»

(IT)

«La chemioinformatica è la combinazione di quelle risorse informative per la trasformazione dei dati in informazioni, e le informazioni in conoscenze, con l'intento di prendere il più velocemente possibile le decisioni ottimali nel campo della costruzione e dell'ottimizzazione dei modelli di farmaci.»

Basi

La chemioinformatica combina i campi scientifici della chimica e dell'informatica, per esempio nell'area della teoria chimica dei grafi ed estraendo informazioni dallo spazio chimico.[3][4] È previsto che lo spazio chimico contenga almeno molecole. La chemioinformatica può anche essere applicata all'analisi dei dati per varie industrie come quelle della carta, delle tinture e quelle ad esse correlate.

Applicazioni

Immagazzinamento e recupero

Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Database chimico.

L'applicazione principale della chemioinformatica è nell'immagazzinamento dell'informazione riguardante i composti chimici. L'efficiente ricerca di tale informazione immagazzinata include argomenti di cui si occupa l'informatica come il data mining e il machine learning. Temi di ricerca correlati includono:

Formato dei file

Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Formato dei file chimici.

La rappresentazione in silico delle strutture chimiche utilizza formati specializzati quali il Chemical Markup Language basato su XML, o SMILES. Queste rappresentazioni sono spesso utilizzate per l'immagazzinamento in grandi database chimici. Mentre molti formati sono adatti per le rappresentazioni visive in 2 o 3 dimensioni, altri sono più adatti per lo studio delle interazioni fisiche e delle modellistica molecolare.

Screening virtuale

Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Screening virtuale.

In contrasto con lo screening ad alte prestazioni, lo screening virtuale implica la creazione di grandi librerie virtuali in silico di composti, i quali sono quindi sottoposti a un programma di docking allo scopo di identificare i membri maggiormente attivi. In alcuni casi, la chimica combinatoria viene utilizzata nello sviluppo delle librerie per aumentare l'efficienza dell'estrazione di informazione dallo spazio chimico. Più comunemente, vengono sottoposti a screening diverse librerie di piccole molecole o prodotti naturali.

Relazione quantitativa struttura-attività (QSAR)

Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Relazione quantitativa struttura-attività.

Consiste nel calcolo dei valori della relazione quantitativa struttura-attività e della relazione quantitativa struttura-proprietà, utilizzati per prevedere l'attività dei composti in funzione delle loro strutture. In questo contesto esiste anche una forte relazione con la chemiometria. Sono anche rilevanti i sistemi esperti, dato che essi rappresentano parti della conoscenza chimica come una rappresentazione in silico.

Note

  1. ^ F.K. Brown Chapter 35. Chemoinformatics: What is it and How does it Impact Drug Discovery. Annual Reports in Med. Chem., Ed. James A. Bristol, 1998, Vol. 33, pp. 375.
  2. ^ Brown, Frank. Editorial Opinion: Chemoinformatics – a ten year update Current Opinion in Drug Discovery & Development (2005), 8(3), 296-302.
  3. ^ Gasteiger J.(Editor), Engel T.(Editor): Chemoinformatics: A Textbook. John Wiley & Sons, 2004, ISBN 3-527-30681-1
  4. ^ A.R. Leach, V.J. Gillet: An Introduction to Chemoinformatics. Springer, 2003, ISBN 1-4020-1347-7

Voci correlate

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Controllo di autoritàLCCN (ENsh2003001403 · GND (DE4290091-8 · J9U (ENHE987007537451805171

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