外種皮を除去することで発芽が促進されるが、これは種子が長期の休眠を行わないことを示唆している[32]。播種後の数週間は湿度を保つ必要があるが、水に浸かってはならない。播種前の種子でも、水に浸けると発芽が阻害される可能性がある[32]。野生個体から採取された種子はアスペルギルス属(Aspergillus niger var. phoenicis)の胞子に重度に汚染されていることが多く[33]、発芽後すぐに根腐れを起こす可能性が高い。この菌は成長途中の雌花に侵入する。受粉滴の形成に伴って感染が急激に増加することから、これを通して胞子は内部の種子に侵入すると見られる[34]。このため、野生下の種子は熟する前に発芽能力を失ってしまうこともある。植物園など栽培下の種子は汚染の度合いが少なく、根腐れの可能性も低い。殺菌剤のテブコナゾールは感染制御に有効であるかもしれない[34]。
^Frederick Welwitscii (1861). “Extract from a Letter, addressed to Sir William J. Hooker, on the Botany of Benguela, Mossamedes, &c, in Western Africa.”. The Proceedings of the Linnean Society. Botany. (London: the Linnean Society) V.: 182-187. May be downloaded from: https://ia600607.us.archive.org/33/items/mobot31753002653522/
^Hooker, Joseph Dalton. On Welwitschia, a new genus of Gnetaceae. Transactions of the Linnean Society v.24 (1864) pp 1-46. May be downloaded from https://archive.org/details/mobot31753002433701
^Alice Notten (2003年). “Welwitschia mirabilis”. PlantZAfrica. The South African National Biodiversity Institute. 2014年12月28日閲覧。
^Chaw S-M., C.L. Parkinson, Y. Cheng, T.M. Vincent and J. D. Palmer (2000) Seed plant phylogeny inferred from all three plant genomes: Monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from conifers Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America 97:4086-4091
^Wang, Z-Q. (2004) A new Permian Gnetalean cone fossil as evidence for supporting molecular phylogeny. Annals of Botany 94:281-288
^Dilcher, D.L., M. E. Bernardes-de-Oliveira, D. Pons and T.A. Lott (2005) Welwitschiaceae from the Lower Cretaceous of northeastern Brazil. American Journal of Botany 92:1294-1310
^Jacobson, K.M. and E. Lester (2003). A first assessment of genetic variation in Welwitschia mirabilis Hook. Journal of Heredity 94:212-217
^ abvan Wyk, A.E. and G.F. Smith (2001). Regions of Floristic Endemism in Southern Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield.
^Kers, L.E. (1967). The distribution of Welwitschia mirabilis Hook. F. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 61:97-125
^Henchel, J.R. and M.K. Seely (2000). Long-term growth patterns of Welwitschia mirabilis, a long-lived plant of the Namib Desert (including a bibliography). Plant Ecology 150:7-26
^Bornman, C.H., J.A. Elsworthy, V. Butler and C.E.J Botha (1972). Welwitschia mirabilis: Observations on general habit, seed, seedling, and leaf characteristics. Madoqua Series II 1:53-66.
^Eller, B.M, D. J. von Willert, E. Brinckmann and R. Baasch (1983). Ecophysiological studies on Welwitschia mirabilis in the Namib desert. South African Journal of Botany 2:209-223.
^von Willert, D.J. N. Armbruster, T. Drees and M. Zaborowski (2005). Welwitschia mirabilis: CAM or not CAM - what is the answer? Functional Plant Biology 32:389-395.
^ abcWhitaker, C., P. Berjak, H. Kolberg, and N.W. Pammenter (2004). Responses to various manipulations, and storage potential, of seeds of the unique desert gymnosperm, Welwitschia mirabilis Hook. fil. South African Journal of Botany 70: 622-630.
^Cooper-Driver, G.A., C. Wagner and H. Kolberg (2000). Patterns of Aspergillus niger var. phoenicis (Corda) Al-Musallam infection in Namibian populations of Welwitschia mirabilis Hook. f. Journal of Arid Environments 46:181-198
^ abWhitaker, C., N. Pammenter, and P. Berjak(2008). Infection of the cones and seeds of Welwitschia mirabilis by Aspergillus niger var. phoenicis in the Namib-Naukluft Park. South African Journal of Botany 74:41-50