外向性と内向性(がいこうせいとないこうせい、英: extraversion and introversion)という特性は、人間の性格理論の中で中心的な次元である。内向性と外向性という用語はカール・ユングによって心理学に導入されたが[1]、一般的な理解や現在の心理学的な用法は異なる。外向性は、社交的で話好きで活発な行動に現れる傾向があり、内向性は、より内省的で控えめな行動に現れる傾向がある[2]。ユングは内向性を「主観的な心的内容を通じて人生に向き合う姿勢タイプ」と定義し、外向性を「外的な対象に興味を集中させる姿勢タイプ」と定義した[3]。
文の数が多く、研究のための資源を多く消費するのが、陳述式測定法である。回答者は、例えば「パーティーでたくさんの人と話す」や「他人の周りで不快に感じることがよくある」といった文に対して、自分がどの程度当てはまるかを尋ねられる[24]。陳述式測定法は、北米の人口においては語彙的測定法と同様に受け入れられる心理測定学的特性を持っているが、一般的にエミックな開発をしているため、他の人口で使うには適していない[27]。例えば、パーティーでのおしゃべりについて尋ねる文は、アメリカ人がすると想定されているパーティーに参加しない人にとっては、意味のある答えをするのが難しい。さらに、文の中に使われる時々口語的な北米の言葉は、アメリカ以外で使うには適していない。例えば、「Keep in the background」や「Know how to captivate people」という文は、母語話者でない英語話者にとっては、文字通りの意味以外では理解しにくいことがある。
^Jung, C. G. (1921) Psychologische Typen, Rascher Verlag, Zurich – translation H.G. Baynes, 1923.
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^“Storytelling scholars and the mythic child: Rhetorical aesthetics in two case studies”. Culture & Psychology17 (3): 339–358. (September 2011). doi:10.1177/1354067X11408135. ISSN1354-067X.
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^Cain, Susan (2012), Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking at page 3 (Introduction) and page 280 (note 11). • Goudreau, Jenna, "The Secret Power Of Introverts" (WebCite archive), Forbes, January 26, 2012.
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