^“International Child Abductions: A Manual for Parents”. Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada. Government of Canada (22 October 2009). 25 October 2009閲覧。 “Many civil law countries – in contrast with common law countries such as Canada (with the exception of the province of Quebec), Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom – will not extradite their own nationals. Nearly all the countries of Latin America and Europe are civil law countries. Experience has shown that foreign governments are often unwilling to extradite anyone for parental child abduction.”
^“2002(A)No.805”. 2017年2月14日閲覧。 “Where a person of Dutch nationality, who has been living separately from his Japanese wife, forcibly takes his two-year and four-month-old daughter, who has been in the custody of his wife, from the hospital where she is staying, for the purpose of taking her away to the Netherlands, such an act of the Dutch person shall constitute an offense of kidnapping for the purpose of transporting the kidnapped person to a foreign country, and cannot be justified even if consideration is given to the fact that the Dutch person intended to take his daughter back to his home country as one of the persons having parental power over her.”
^In the Best Interests of the Court: What American Lawyers Need to Know About Child Custody and Visitation in Japan", Colin P.A. Jones "The crime in question was abduction or enticement for purpose of removing from Japan (国外移送目的略取及び誘拐 kokugai iso mokuteki ryakushu oyobi yukai). KEIHO [PENAL CODE], art. 226. This provision of the Penal Code was amended in 2005 so that it covers kidnapping and abduction from any country not just Japan." pg 258, Note, the author warns on page 169 of a possible bias in the paper due to the fact that the author has lost the custody of his children in Japanese court.“アーカイブされたコピー”. 2009年7月31日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2010年7月14日閲覧。
^“Remember the Children”. 2017年2月14日閲覧。 “Wood's is just one of the 31 active cases of child custody and family distress that the Canadian Embassy is currently dealing with in Japan, a sharp increase from the 21 active cases a year earlier.”[リンク切れ]
^Pidd, Helen (9 August 2009). “500 children a year abducted from UK”. The Guardian (London). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/09/children-abduction-kidnapping-uk-data5 May 2010閲覧. "Almost 500 children were abducted from the UK and taken abroad illegally last year, according to figures released to the Guardian under the Freedom of Information Act. There were 336 cases of child abduction reported to authorities in the UK in 2008, an increase of 20% on 2005 figures. These cases involved an estimated 470 children last year. More children were taken illegally to Pakistan than any other country (30 cases in 2008), followed by the USA (23), Ireland (22) and Spain (21). Other abduction hotspots included Australia, France and Egypt."
^Akbar, Arifa (3 February 2003). “Family collusion 'fuels child abduction in ethnic minorities'”. The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/family-collusion-fuels-child-abduction-in-ethnic-minorities-596489.html5 May 2010閲覧. "Parents of abducted children faced problems from their communities in the UK and from the abductor's family members in their home countries, as they often colluded in abductions, they said. According to the Reunite International Child Abduction Centre, women from ethnic minorities do not take legal action because they are afraid of bringing dishonour to the family by disobeying their husbands. The centre said these children – who are taken back to the parents' country of origin and often forced to marry – accounted for about 43 per cent of child abduction cases in 2001."[リンク切れ]
^Tommy Thompson (26 March 2004). “Japan Needs International Child Support Law”. The International Herald Tribune/Asahi Shimbun. http://www.international-divorce.com/thompson.htm25 October 2009閲覧. "Japanese law enforcement and social service agencies unfortunately seem unable to enforce custody and support orders — even those laid down by their own courts, let alone from another country's courts."
^Takehiko Kambayashi (15 October 2009). “Released, American father still faces uphill child custody battle in Japan”. Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/1015/p06s11-woap.html27 October 2009閲覧. ""After divorce, dual custody of children is not allowed here," says Reichi Miyahara, the leader of fathers' rights group, who supports single-parent families in Fukuoka. He adds that the nation's family registry system, known as koseki, does not allow placement of a child on two people's registry."
^Civil Code of Japan Article 766. If parents divorce by mutual consultation, the matter of who will have custody over a child and any other necessary matters regarding custody is determined by that consultation. If there the consultation does not reach agreement, or if there is no consultation, the family court shall determine custody. Article 819. If parents divorce by mutual consultation, they must determine in such consultation which parent shall have parental rights. (2) In the case of a judicial divorce, the court determines which parent shall have parental rights.
^Civil Code of Japan Article 840. If there is no one to become a guardian of a minor pursuant to the provisions of the preceding article, the family court shall appoint a guardian of a minor on the application of a minor ward or his/her relative, or other interested person. This shall also apply in a case where any vacancy in the position of a guardian of a minor occurs.
^Hague Conference (5 September 2010). “Status Table”. CONVENTION ON THE CIVIL ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL CHILD ABDUCTION. Hague Conference on International Law (HHCH). 5 September 2010閲覧。
^"Meanwhile, because the Hague is not retroactive, parents like Navy Cmdr. Paul Toland are also pushing U.S. and Japanese officials to devise a task force to help resolve the approximately 80 open cases involving more than 100 Japanese-American children documented by the State Department." [1]
^“Full Text”. CONVENTION ON THE CIVIL ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL CHILD ABDUCTION. Hague Conference on International Law (HHCH) (25 October 1980). 26 October 2009閲覧。
^“Think of the Children”. 2017年2月14日閲覧。 “At a recent conference on child abduction held at the Canadian Embassy in Tokyo, a spokesman said the Ministry wasn’t opposed to the convention, but that “at present there is not enough support from Japanese nationals."”
^“Think of the Children”. 2017年6月19日閲覧。 “At a recent conference on child abduction held at the Canadian Embassy in Tokyo, a spokesman said the Ministry wasn’t opposed to the convention, but that “at present there is not enough support from Japanese nationals."”
^“国際結婚の紛争解決条約、国内法整備に2年必要”. Yomiuri Online (The Yomiuri Shimbun). オリジナルの18 October 2009時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20091021150609/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/politics/news/20091017-OYT1T01224.htm21 October 2023閲覧. "中央当局を設置する国家行政組織法改正や、裁判所が返還命令を出すための新たな特別法の制定が必要だとされ、法務省が法制審議会(法相の諮問機関)に諮問すると、審議に「1年は必要」(同省幹部)となる。このため、条約締結の前提となる関連法案提出は早くても11年の通常国会、国会承認も11年以降となる可能性が高まっている。 which via DeepL翻訳 translates to: It is believed that it is necessary to amend the National Administrative Organisation Act to establish a central authority and to enact a new special law for the courts to issue restitution orders, and if the Ministry of Justice consults the Legislative Council (an advisory body to the Minister of Justice), "a year will be needed" for deliberations (a senior Ministry official). Therefore, it is increasingly likely that the relevant legislation, which is a prerequisite for concluding the treaty, will be submitted to the ordinary parliamentary session in 2011 at the earliest, and parliamentary approval will also not be granted until after 2011."