分枝杆菌屬 (学名:Mycobacterium )為放线菌门 的一屬细菌,且為分枝桿菌科唯一的屬。为形状不规则的革兰氏阳性杆菌,不能游动,通常抗酸,无气生菌丝和孢子。
该属细菌包括许多已知在哺乳類动物 中造成严重疾病的病原菌 ,包括结核杆菌 (Mycobacterium tuberculosis )和麻风杆菌 (Mycobacterium leprae )[ 1] 。
希臘語 中的 myco 表示「真菌」,意思是說該屬的物種通常在液態培養基的表面,形成類似黴菌的菌落。[ 2]
2018年,基于全基因组测序的数据,对分枝杆菌属进一步进行修订,并拆分出4个新的菌属,即Mycolicibacillus 、Mycolicibacter 、Mycobacteroides 和Mycolicibacterium 。[ 3]
微生物特徵
微生物細胞壁 : 1. 外層脂質 2. mycolic acid 3. 多醣 (arabinogalactan ) 4. 肽聚糖 5. 細胞膜 6. lipoarabinomannan (LAM) 7. phosphatidylinositol mannoside 8. 細胞壁骨架
本屬物種為好氧型細菌,且為不運動型細菌(海洋分枝桿菌 除外,其可以在巨噬細胞 內運動),為一種抗酸型細菌 [ 1] 。分枝桿菌並不會形成内孢子 或莢膜 ,因此常被認定為革蘭氏陰性菌 。且分枝桿菌在革蘭氏染色上並無法染上結晶紫 ,因此無法被歸類於革蘭氏陽性菌或陰性菌。
雖然說本屬不產孢子,但有兩個物種似乎例外,那就是海洋分枝桿菌 (Mycobacterium marinum )和牛分枝桿菌(M. bovis )[ 4] 。但進一步的研究引發了爭論。[ 5]
分枝桿菌的特點就是其細胞壁較其他物種厚,且呈蠟狀疏水性,並含有大量的分枝菌酸 (mycolic acids)。多醣會將分枝菌酸層及肽聚糖層拉在一起,讓細胞壁變得十分堅韌。若可干擾其細胞壁的生物合成途徑,也許可以開發治療肺結核 的藥物。[ 6]
物種
Phylogenetic Position of the Tubercle Bacilli within the Genus Mycobacterium The blue triangle corresponds to tubercle bacilli sequences that are identical or differing by a single nucleotide. The sequences of the genus Mycobacterium that matched most closely to those of M. tuberculosis were retrieved from the BIBI database (http://pbil.univ-lyon.fr/bibi/ [永久失效連結 ] ) and aligned with those obtained for 17 smooth and MTBC strains. The unrooted neighbor-joining tree is based on 1,325 aligned nucleotide positions of the 16S rRNA gene. The scale gives the pairwise distances after Jukes-Cantor correction. Bootstrap support values higher than 90% are indicated at the nodes.
表型测试可用于识别和区分不同的分枝杆菌物种和菌株。在以前的系统中,分枝杆菌根据它们的外观和生长速度进行分组的。然而,这些是近祖共性(symplesiomorphies)的,并且最近的分类基于支序分类学 (cladistics)进行的。
慢速生長菌
结核分枝杆菌复合群[ 7] (Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members are causative agents of human and animal tuberculosis. Species in this complex include:
結核桿菌 ( Mycobacterium tuberculosis ),肺结核分枝杆菌,肺結核 的主要致病菌。
牛分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium bovis
卡介苗 Mycobacterium bovis BCG
非洲分支杆菌 Mycobacterium africanum
卡氏分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium canetti
羊分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium caprae
田鼠分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium microti
海豹分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium pinnipedii ,鳍脚亚目动物分枝杆菌
鸟分枝杆菌复合群[ 7] [ 8] (Mycobacterium avium complex)
戈登分枝杆菌支序群[ 10] (Mycobacterium gordonae clade)
堪薩斯分支桿菌支序群 (Mycobacterium kansasii clade)
无色分枝杆菌/土分枝杆菌支序群 Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum /terrae clade
Mycolactone-producing mycobacteria
溃疡分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium ulcerans MacCallum et al. 1950 , 其会引起布如里氏潰瘍 ("Buruli"), 或 "Bairnsdale, ulcer"]]
假分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii Rhodes et al. 2005
Mycobacterium shottsii Rhodes et al. 2003
猴分枝杆菌支序群 Mycobacterium simiae clade
未分群
生長速率中等
快速生長菌
龟分枝杆菌支序群 Mycobacterium chelonae clade
膿腫分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium abcessus
龟分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium chelonae
博氏分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium bolletii
偶然分枝杆菌群 Mycobacterium fortuitum clade
Mycobacterium parafortuitum 支序群
Mycobacterium vaccae 支序群
CF
未分群
未分群
分枝桿菌噬菌體
分枝杆菌可以被分枝杆菌噬菌体 所感染,这种细菌病毒将来可能用于通过噬菌体疗法 治疗结核病和相关疾病。
參見
參考文獻
^ 1.0 1.1 Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors). Sherris Medical Microbiology 4th. McGraw Hill. 2004. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9 .
^ James H. Kerr and Terry L. Barrett, "Atypical Mycobacterial Diseases", Military Dermatology Textbook , p. 401.
^ Gupta RS, Lo B, Son J. Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomic Studies Robustly Support Division of the Genus Mycobacterium into an Emended Genus Mycobacterium and Four Novel Genera. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:67.
^ Ghosh, Jaydip; Larsson, Pontus; Singh, Bhupender; Pettersson, B. M. Fredrik; Islam, Nurul M.; Sarkar, Sailendra Nath; Dasgupta, Santanu; Kirsebom, Leif A. Sporulation in mycobacteria . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2009-06-30, 106 (26). ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 2705590 . PMID 19541637 . doi:10.1073/pnas.0904104106 (英语) .
^ Traag BA, Driks A, Stragier P, Bitter W, Broussard G, Hatfull G, Chu F, Adams KN, Ramakrishnan L, Losick R.2010. "Do mycobacteria produce endospores?" Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 2010 Jan 12;107(2):878-81.
^ Bhamidi S. Mycobacterial Cell Wall Arabinogalactan. Bacterial Polysaccharides: Current Innovations and Future Trends . Caister Academic Press. 2009. ISBN 978-1-904455-45-5 .
^ 7.0 7.1 术语在线—权威的术语知识服务平台 . www.termonline.cn. [2022-08-02 ] .
^ 國家教育研究院雙語詞彙、學術名詞暨辭書資訊網 . terms.naer.edu.tw. [2022-08-02 ] .
^ Rahman, Syed Asad; Singh, Yadvir; Kohli, Sakshi; Ahmad, Javeed; Ehtesham, Nasreen Z.; Tyagi, Anil K.; Hasnain, Seyed E. Lee, Sang Yup , 编. Comparative Analyses of Nonpathogenic, Opportunistic, and Totally Pathogenic Mycobacteria Reveal Genomic and Biochemical Variabilities and Highlight the Survival Attributes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis . mBio. 2014-12-31, 5 (6) [2022-08-02 ] . ISSN 2161-2129 . PMC 4222108 . PMID 25370496 . doi:10.1128/mBio.02020-14 . (原始内容存档 于2022-06-25) (英语) .
^ clade - 支序群;分支群;分支 . [2021-04-09 ] . (原始内容存档 于2021-04-21).
^ Fukano H, Kazumi Y, Sakagami N, Fujiwara N, Ato M, Mitarai S, Hoshino Y. Mycobacterium kiyosense sp. nov., a scotochromogenic slow-glowing species isolated from respiratory specimens. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:5917.
^ Musser E, Smith C, Halse TA, Kohlerschmidt D, Rourke A, Fiero A, Musser KA, Escuyer V, Lapierre P. Characterization of Mycobacterium salfingeri sp. nov.: A novel nontuberculous mycobacteria isolated from a human wound infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:992610.
延伸閱讀
外部連結
template:Gram-positive actinobacteria diseases
template:Mycobacteria