1863年瑞士商人亨利·杜南用個人財力成立日內瓦社會公共福祉,後來日內瓦社會公共福祉發展為現今為人所知的紅十字國際委員會(英語:International Committee of the Red Cross, ICRC)。1870年法國與德國爆發普法戰爭,亨利·杜南領導紅十字國際委員會代表團治療受傷的士兵,亨利·杜南也因此在1901年獲得諾貝爾和平獎。[11][12]在普法戰爭時法國紅十字會參與不多,戰後法國紅十字會成為形塑法國公民社會非宗教人道組織的主要力量。法國紅十字會跟陸軍的醫療服務團隊有緊密關聯,1914年之前,法國紅十字會在國內規模成長為有1,000個當地委員會、164,000名會員、21,500位受訓護士,資產規模達到2,700萬法郎。[13]
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^Mariuzzo, Andrea, American cultural diplomacy and post-war educational reforms: James Bryant Conant's mission to Italy in 1960, History of Education, 2016, 45 (3): 352, doi:10.1080/0046760X.2016.1154192
^Jayanth K. Krishnan, "Professor Kingsfield goes to Delhi: American academics, the Ford Foundation, and the development of legal education in India." American Journal of Legal History 46.4 (2004): 447–499. online (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
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