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御制平定西藏碑

御制平定西藏碑
2006年的御制平定西藏碑碑亭
西藏自治区文物保护单位
地址拉萨市城关区
分类石窟寺及石刻
时代1724年
认定时间1996年4月16日
1938年的御制平定西藏碑碑亭

御制平定西藏碑,位于西藏自治区拉萨市布达拉宫方城南门外西侧,为纪念清军平定准噶尔之乱控制西藏而立。汉语“西藏”一词便由该碑开始正式使用。

简介

康熙五十七年(1718年)、康熙五十九年(1720年),清军先后两次进入西藏,平定准噶尔之乱。为纪念此胜利,康熙六十年(1721年),康熙帝亲撰碑文,用满文汉文蒙古文藏文四体文字镌刻,记述了清朝派兵平定入侵西藏的蒙古准噶尔部的功德。[1]

清朝雍正二年(1724年),内阁学士鄂贲等人刻立于布达拉宫门前。乾隆年间,增建琉璃瓦歇山顶碑亭。该碑与御制十全记碑东西相对。1965年,将该碑及碑亭与御制十全记碑及碑亭一同迁入龙王潭公园,1990年两碑及碑亭又迁回布达拉宫方城南门外。[1][2]

1938年的布达拉宫方城南门外,可见西侧(图中左侧)的御制平定西藏碑,东侧(图中右侧)的御制十全记碑,以及御制十全记碑南侧的恩兰·达札路恭纪功碑

御制平定西藏碑保存完好。该碑的形制与内地的清朝御制碑完全相同。此碑为螭首方额,其中宽1.13米,碑额高1米,厚0.42米。碑额正面右侧篆书阴刻“敕建”二字,正面左侧刻有4列藏文;碑额背面右侧刻有一竖行蒙古文,背面左侧刻有竖行满文。碑身正面右侧刻有小楷汉字15竖行,正面左侧刻有印刷体藏文46列;背面右侧刻有蒙古文15竖行,背面左侧刻有满文15竖行。碑身宽1.05米,高1.84米,厚0.35米。碑身正面与背面的上、下、左、右均刻有宽0.16米的云带纹边框。碑座为叠涩方座,分成上、中、下三阶。上阶宽1.23米,高0.45米,厚0.54米,正面、背面分别刻有海水太阳云纹;中阶宽1.44米,高0.25米,长1.47米;下阶露出地面的部分宽2米,高0.2米,长2米。该碑石总高3.74米,下有龟趺座,并建有碑亭加以保护。[1]

康熙帝御书《御制平定西藏碑》后,汉语“西藏”这一名称正式出现,取代了中国以来的“吐蕃”,的“朵甘”、“乌思藏”、“阿里三廓”(元为“纳里速古鲁孙”)等名称。[3]碑文中也有「土伯特國」、「土伯特」的稱呼。

1996年,御制平定西藏碑被列为西藏自治区文物保护单位[1]

《康熙朝实录·卷之二百九十三》载,康熙六十年九月:[4]

蒙古王、贝勒、贝子、公、台吉、及吐伯特酋长等奏,西藏平定,请于招地建立丰碑,以纪盛烈,昭垂万世。上允所请。御制碑文曰:

昔者,太宗文皇帝崇德七年,班禅额尔德尼達赖喇嘛顾实汗,谓东土有圣人出,特遣使自人跡不至之区,經讎敵之國,越數年始达盛京,至今八十載,同行善事,俱为施主,颇极安宁。后達赖喇嘛之殁,第巴隐匿不奏者,十有六年,任意妄行,拉藏滅之,復興其法,因而允从拉藏、青海群眾公同之請。中間策妄阿喇布坦妄生事端,動準噶爾之眾,肆行奸诈,滅壞達賴喇嘛,并廢第五輩達賴之塔,辱衊班禪,毀壞寺廟,殺戮喇嘛,名為興法而實滅之,且欲竊據土伯特國。朕以其所為非法,爰命皇子為大將軍,又遣朕子孫等,调发满洲蒙古绿旗兵,各数万,歷煙瘴之地,士馬安然而至。賊眾三次乘夜盜營,我兵奮力擊殺,賊皆喪膽遠遁。一矢不發,平定西藏,振兴法教,賜今胡必爾汗冊印,封為第六辈達赖喇嘛,安置禪榻,撫綏土伯特僧俗人眾,各復生業。於是文武臣工,咸謂王師西討,歷瘴癘險遠之區,曾未半載,輒建殊勳,實從古所未有。而诸蒙古部落、及土伯特酋長,亦合詞奏曰:皇帝勇略神武,超越往代,天兵所臨,邪魔掃蕩,復興蒙古向所尊奉法教。坎麻藏、衛等部人眾,咸得拔離湯火,樂土安居。如此盛德大業,非臣下頌揚所能宣罄。請賜御製碑文,鐫勒招地,以垂永久。朕何功焉,而群眾勤請不已。爰紀斯文,立石西藏。俾中外知達賴喇嘛等三朝恭順之誠、諸部落累世崇奉法教之意。朕之此舉所以除逆撫順,綏眾興教云爾。

布达拉宫方城大门。门外西侧(图中左侧)为御制平定西藏碑,东侧(图中右侧)为御制十全记碑

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 御制平定西藏碑. 西藏在线. (原始内容存档于2014-07-03). 
  2. ^ 拉萨名胜古迹. 西藏政府门户网站. 2006-11-08. (原始内容存档于2016-03-04). 
  3. ^ 徐学林编著. 中国历代行政区划. 合肥: 安徽教育出版社. 1991: 275 [2023-12-18]. ISBN 7-5336-0945-X. (原始内容存档于2023-12-23). 
  4. ^ 链接至维基文库 《康熙朝實錄·卷之二百九十三》. 维基文库 (中文). 

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