^ 1.01.1Jerry W. Shay; Woodring E. Wright; Harold Werbin. Defining the molecular mechanisms of human cell immortalization. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1991, (1072): 1–7. PMID 1850299. doi:10.1016/0304-419x(91)90003-4.
^Two-step process leads to cell immortalization and cancer Clearer view of the role telomere length and telomerase play in cell immortalization. Science Daily.缺少或|url=为空 (帮助); 使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助)