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粤海关

粤海关,為清朝始设负责对外贸易实务的行政官署,前身为市舶司,后為广州海关。粵海關下轄數十個口岸,是清代前期及中期最大的海上對外貿易通道。由于粤海关的最高长官——粤海关监督通常由内务府户部中的满洲官员充当,粤海关又称戶部分司,因此外商常以闽南语发音的“户部”(英語:Hoppo,或音译河泊)代称。[1]

歷史

背景

清康熙二十三年(1684年),清廷攻佔台灣後解除海禁,允許與外國貿易往來,並分別在廣東、福建、浙江和江蘇四個沿海省份設粵海關、閩海關浙海關江海關四大海關,以管理四省對外通商事宜。粵海關於1685年成立,官署設在省城(廣州)天字码头,在黃埔村(黃埔洲)設黃埔掛號口和稅。關部行台則設在澳門關前街和關後街之間的地段。

據《粵海關志》與《黃埔掛號口圖》記載,在黃埔口設有黃埔稅館、夷務所、買辦館和永靖營等機構。清政府當時規定:「凡載洋貨入口之外國商船,不得沿江停泊,必須下錨於黃埔。」故粵海關建立後,進廣州貿易的外國商船基本都是經黃埔古港進出。 [參⁠ 1]

粵海關澳門關部行台設立後,澳門通往廣州的對外貿易運輸從陸路改為水路。為鼓勵外國商船來華進行貿易,粵海關監督赴澳門巡視時,還會親自上船丈量船舶,按地方政府的優惠政策減收貨稅。1849年,澳門總督亞馬留實行擴張殖民政策,拆毀香山縣丞衙署,更率兵推倒懸掛在澳門關部行台前的中國旗桿、遣走海關官員,將關部行台封閉。澳門海關官員被迫遷離,經兩廣總督與行台官員基溥相討,關部行台改設於廣州黃埔辦公。

發展

清廷放宽海禁後,准许外商在指定口岸通商后,逐步建立了一套管理外商来华贸易的制度,主要有公行制度商馆制度[參⁠ 2]。浙江、福建與廣東地區盛行海外貿易,人民時常與日本琉球、東南亞各國及葡萄牙西班牙荷蘭等西洋各國展開貿易。到十八世紀還有英國法國美國,其中英國幾乎獨佔對華貿易。西洋各國與日俱增的需要清朝的絲綢茶葉甘蔗,然而清朝對西洋事物需求不大,使得中國對外貿易呈現大幅出超的情形。大量銀元流入中國,增加貨幣流通量,刺激物價上漲,促進商業繁榮[參⁠ 2]。在此期間,中國沿海以泉州漳州廈門福州廣州先後崛起,成為貿易大城,操控對外國際貿易[參⁠ 2]

乾隆二十二年(1757年),由于外商频年不断的掠夺和违法行为,清廷只保留粵海關提供給「西洋」商人作為通商地點。到十九世紀,英國在印度種植鴉片,並且大量銷往中國。這使得中國對外貿易逆轉為入超。鴉片的問題引爆鴉片戰爭,中國戰敗後門戶大開。[參⁠ 2]

收入

鸦片战争前,粤海常关税收在全国常关中位居第一,年均90多万银两,到乾嘉之际突破百万大关。鸦片战争后,常关衰落,关税剧减。咸丰四年至光绪二十六年的税收,粤海常关的税银仅为一口通常时期(乾隆22年-道光20年)的25%左右,而到光绪二十七年,五十里内常关归并粤海新关管理时,粤海常关税收则降至21%。

下轄口岸

據《粵海關志》記載,粵海關共下轄包括

澳门总口、乌坎总口、梅蓑总口、海安总口、海口总口共五大总口

佛山口、黄埔口, 虎门口、紫妮口、市桥口、镇口口、神泉口、甲子口、锡石口、汕尾口、长沙口、析门口、平海口、稳山口、湖东口、墩头口、庵埠口、双溪口、溪东口、汕头口、潮阳口、后溪口、江门口、海门口、达豪口、澄海口、卡路口、南洋口、府馆口、东陇口、障林口、黄岗口、乌塘口、北炮台口、对楼小口、水东口、拘州口、芷芍口、暗辅口、两家滩口、阳江口、东西乡口、白沙小口、徐博小口、南樵小口、田头小口、锦囊小口、雷洲口、赤坎口、沙老口、乐民口、山口小口、钦州口、铺前口、廉州口、青润口、束会口、禹州口、澹州口、北黎口、陆水口、崖州口等四十三处小口

参考文献

    參:

  1. ^ 歷經古代“海上絲綢之路”的盛衰——黃埔古港. 高球先生. 2009-02-25 [2016-07-26]. (原始内容存档于2016-08-17). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 《中國古代經濟簡史》第六章 〈封建社会明清的经济〉. 复旦大学. 1982年: 第154-第166頁. 

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