系谱学家有些专攻特定的家族(如(英文))、有些专攻特殊的姓氏(如(英文))、有些专攻类似村庄教区或小型社区(如(英文))、或是研究一些非常出名的人物。Bloodlines of Salem便是专门的家史研究中典型的一例。任何能提供塞勒姆审巫案(Salem Witch Trials)中参与者血统的人,甚至只是它的支持者都会受到该研究团队的热烈欢迎。
系谱学家和家族传人通常会加入家史团队(family history societies)。在这里,刚加入的可以从经验更加老道的研究者那里取经。这些团队通常也会把成果做出索引,使其更容易进入公众的视线,从而开展活动以支持保留公共记录文献以及公墓。一些学校还让学生参与到这种活动中来作为涉及移民和历史的课程的辅助教学方式。[2] 此外,重大遗传疾病的家族病史无疑是研究家族史的另一大好处。
“系谱”和“家谱”类似,但从定义上来说存在微小的差别。虽然一般來說也交替使用著这两个词,但是系谱学家协会(Society of Genealogists)将系谱定义为“透过准确的资料中提供能证明后代之间血统联系的证据,建立起血统的传承”,而将家谱定义为“研究家族及其生活的社区、国家的历史沿革的学科”。[3] 有时候这两种词汇的使用与宗教氛围密切相关,比如在欧洲常用“家谱”,而在美国则更多使用“系谱”。[4]
现在,系谱学已经变得更加随处可见,普通人也开始像以前的贵族一样为自己的家族研究和编纂家谱[7]。20世纪70年代末期,由于一部电视剧《根:一個美國家庭的傳奇》(Roots: The Saga of an American Family)的大受欢迎,系谱学也迎来了一次春天。原作者艾利斯·哈利便是根据自己家族的故事创作了这部小说,并最后被改编成了一部迷你剧[8]。
19世纪早期,由于約翰.法默(John Farmer,1789–1838)等人的努力,美国系谱学方面的研究才被系统化。[11] 在他之前,追溯自己的祖先常常被当作是殖民者为了确保社会地位而争相与英国皇室沾亲带故的行为,与新生的合众国自由平等、面向未来的精神相背离。[11]就在美国国土越来越宽广时,研究古物,尤其是当地历史,成为瞻仰早期美洲原住民成就的一种方式。[來源請求]在早期合众国对美洲祖先的自豪的意识形态中,法默使古物研究变得可为大众接受,并构建了系谱学的框架。他与古物研究和系谱学都较完善的新英格兰地区的古文物研究者取得联系,并成为了这场运动的协调者、支持者和贡献者。19世纪20年代,他和同僚们开始出版诚意十足的有关系谱学和考古学的小册子,并慢慢累积了一些忠实读者。虽然法默死于1839年,但他的努力直接导致了新英格兰地区最古老最权威的致力于公共记载的组织之一,新英格兰历史宗谱学会(New England Historic Genealogical Society)的建立[12]。该协会出版了《新英格兰历史宗谱索引》(New England Historical and Genealogical Register)。
成立于1894年的犹他宗谱学会后来成为了耶稣基督后期圣徒教会(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints)的家谱分部。该部门的研究机构,美国家譜圖書館(Family History Library)开展了世界上最大的宗谱资料收集项目。[13] 而其初衷是为了协助一些特殊的宗教仪式追溯血统,后期圣徒教会的信众相信这些仪式会让家庭成员永远在一起。他们还相信这实现了圣经的一个预言:先知以利亞将重临人间,并“把父亲的心转向儿女,把儿女的心转向父亲”[14]。
由于人的DNA包含着直接由祖先遗传下来的完全相同的信息,所以遺傳指紋分析有时也用于系谱学研究。三种DNA收到特别青睐:由直系母方遗传下来的,几乎未经突变的线粒体DNA( mitochondrial DNA );由直系父方遗传下来并只表现在男性个体中,同样很少有突变的Y染色体DNA以及可能家族中任何一位亲属都可能拥有的22对非性染色体的常染色体DNA。
家谱DNA测试的出现,让两个人确定自己是否为同一祖先的不同后代提供了精确的手段。个人的遗传测试结果会被存入数据库,帮助人们确定在历史上是否有同一个祖先。比如分子系谱学研究项目(Molecular Genealogy Research Project)。但测序的结果,对于父系和母系双方的用处都是有限的。
在爱尔兰,谱系资料一直被专业的历史学家记录,直到17世纪中叶盖尔文明(Gaelic civilization)的覆灭。其中最杰出的也许当数Dubhaltach MacFhirbhisigh(卒于1671)编纂的,2004年出版的《爱尔兰血统全书》( Leabhar na nGenealach/The Great Book of Irish Genealogies)。
^Ronald Bishop, "In the Grand Scheme of Things: An Exploration of the Meaning of Genealogical Research," Journal Of Popular Culture 2008 41(3): 393–412.
^Michelle Hudson, "The Effect of 'Roots' and the Bicentennial on Genealogical Interest among Patrons of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History," Journal of Mississippi History 1991 53(4): 321–336
^James B. Allen et al. "Hearts Turned To The Fathers," BYU Studies 1994–1995 34(2): 4–392
^Board for Certification of Genealogists, The BCG Genealogical Standards Manual (Provo, Utah: Ancestry, 2000); National Genealogical Society, American Genealogy (Arlington, Virginia: 2005); Val D.
^Elizabeth Shown Mills, Evidence Explained: Citing History Sources from Artifacts to Cyberspace, (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 2007).
^Peter R. Knights, "City Directories as Aids to Ante-Bellum Urban Studies: A Research Note," Historical Methods Newsletter, Sept. 1969 2:1–9
^Thea Miller, "The German registry: The evolution of a recordkeeping model," Archival Science Volume 3, Number 1 / March, 2003 pp 43–62; Michael Drake, "An Elementary Exercise in Parish Register Demography," Economic History Review Vol. 14, No. 3 (1962), pp. 427–445 in JSTOR (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
^Donald Harman Akenson, Some Family: The Mormons and How Humanity Keeps Track of Itself Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2007; Johni Cerny and Wendy Elliott, The Library: A Guide to the LDS Family History Library.
^Mark D. Herber, Ancestral Trails: The Complete Guide to British Genealogy and Family History 2nd ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2006; David Hey, Family History and Local History in England. London: Longman, 1987; Sherry Irvine, Scottish Ancestry: Research Methods for Family Historians, 2nd ed. Provo, UT: Ancestry, 2003; David Moody, Scottish Family History. Baltimore: Genealogical Pub. Co., 1990.
^Trafford R. Cole, Italian Genealogical Records: How to Use Italian Civil, Ecclesiastical & Other Records in Family History Research Salt Lake City, Utah: Ancestry, 1995; Cruise, M. T. W., Guidelines For Ancestry Research With an Emphasis on African-American Genealogy Dublin, VA: Author, 2007; Jessie Carney Smith, Ethnic Genealogy: A Research Guide, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1983.
^G. J. A. Guth, "Surname Spellings and Computerised Record Linkage," Historical Methods Newsletter, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 10–19, 1976.
^E. A. Wrigley, English population history from family reconstitution, 1580–1837 (1997); Catherine Quantin et al., "Which are the best identifiers for record linkage?," Informatics for Health and Social Care 2004, Vol. 29, No. 3-4, Pages 221–227
^Marc Picard, "Genealogical Evidence and the Americanization of European Family Names," Names: American Name Society 2009 57(1): 30–51
^ 41.041.1Peter R. Knights, "The Accuracy of Age Reporting in the Manuscript Federal Census of 1850 and 1860," Historical Methods Newsletter, 4 (1971), 79–83; Karen Oppenheim Mason and Lisa G. Cope, "Sources of Age and Date-of-Birth Misreporting in the 1900 U.S. Census," Demography vol. 24, no. 4 (Nov., 1987), pp. 563–573.
^Richard H. Steckel, "The Quality of Census Data for Historical Inquiry: A Research Agenda," Social Science History, vol. 15, no. 4 (Winter, 1991), pp. 579–599.
扩展阅读
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