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胡塞运动

安拉的辅士
أَنْصَار ٱللَّٰه
領導人侯賽因·胡塞 
(1994年—2004年)
阿卜杜勒-馬立克·胡塞
(2004年至今)
发言人Mohammed Abdul Salam[4]
活躍期1994年至今
(2004年起拥有武裝)
总部 葉門薩達薩那
活跃地区
意識形態宰德派復興主義[5]
伊斯蘭革命[6][7]
社會正義[8][9][10][11]
反遜尼派[12][13] (被指控但否認)
團結什葉派-遜尼派[14][15]
反帝國主義[16]
民族統一主義[17]
反猶太復國主義[16]
反猶太主義[18] (否認)[19]
伊斯蘭主義[7]
也門民族主義[14][20]
大帳篷民粹主義[14]
反美主義[21][22]
反烏克蘭主義[23][24]
人數350000
盟友國家盟友

非國家盟友

對手國家

非國家

戰役、戰爭也门什叶派起义
叙利亚内战
也门内战 (2014年至今)[63][64]
以色列—哈瑪斯戰爭
被以下
認定為恐怖組織
 沙烏地阿拉伯[65]
 阿联酋[66]
 美国[67]
 马来西亚[68]
网站Ansarollah.com

胡塞运动(阿拉伯语:الحوثيون‎,羅馬化al-Ḥūthiyyūn發音:[al.ħuː.θi.juːn]),正式名称是安拉的辅士(阿拉伯语:أنصار الله‎ ,拉丁化:anṣār allāh),又译真主虔信者,是也门的一个伊斯兰教什叶派宰德派反政府武装组织[70]

历史

目前的也门局势:
  胡塞运动和薩利赫的支持者控制
  也门总统阿卜杜拉布·曼苏尔·哈迪支持者控制
  哈德拉毛人部落民兵控制
胡塞运动的書法體標誌。其內容為「信道的人們啊,你們應當做協助真主的人」(古蘭經61:14)[71][72]

胡塞运动的前身“信仰青年”于1992年在也门北部萨达省建立[73],创立者为宰德派宗教领袖侯赛因·胡塞

2003年伊拉克战争中,“信仰青年”在也门首都萨那萨利赫清真寺英语Saleh Mosque宣传反美反犹太口号。其后也门政府逮捕其多名成员。[74]虽然时任也門总统阿里·阿卜杜拉·萨利赫為宰德派出身,但萨利赫政府亲美,并且和以逊尼派为主的海湾合作委员会国家保持友好关系,導致青年信仰者視其為叛徒,双方渐行渐远。

2004年,侯赛因·胡塞开始武装起義反抗,但于9月10日在和也门政府军的战斗中陣亡。其追随者将“信仰青年”组织改名为“胡塞”,以示永远紀念侯赛因·胡塞。[75][76]此后,胡塞组织与也门政府间时断时续的冲突不断。直至2010年,双方签署了停火协议。[77]

胡塞运动参与了2011年葉門反政府示威,但反对海湾合作委员会达成的协议,该协议将建立包括萨利赫在內的联合政府。

2011年11月,胡塞运动已控制也门北部的萨达省焦夫省[78]

也門前總統阿里·阿卜杜拉·萨利赫自2014年起與胡塞武裝結盟,直至2017年胡塞武裝以「叛國罪」將他暗殺

2014年9月,胡塞运动进攻首都萨那发动政变,控制了部分政府大楼和广播电台。[79]这引起了逊尼派阿拉伯半岛基地组织的仇恨,该组织已经策划实施了多起针对胡塞运动的袭击事件。[80][81]

2014年底,胡塞运动與前總統萨利赫結盟,共同對抗也門政府。[82]

武裝控制首都

2015年1月,胡塞运动继续控制首都萨那,围困了总理府。与政府军的交火造成多人死亡。[83]1月22日,在胡塞运动占领总统府、官邸和重要军事设施后,总统阿卜杜·拉布·曼苏尔·哈迪及其内阁辞职。

2月6日,胡塞运动宣布成立“总统委员会”和“全国过渡委员会”,以取代也门总统和议会治理国家。但联合国美国海合会等不予承认。[84]海合会一直指责伊朗支持胡塞叛军。

2月21日,总统哈迪从胡塞武装的软禁中逃离首都萨那,返回原南也门的首都亚丁。随后,他收回之前的辞呈[85]海合会国家纷纷将使馆迁至亚丁,以表示对哈迪的支持。[86]

胡塞运动繼續向亞丁推進。3月26日,以沙特阿拉伯為首的多國聯軍發起果斷風暴行動,針對胡塞运动目標的持續空襲開始。

2017年9月,胡塞运动宣布任命「軍隊指揮官」、「最高司法委員會主席」和「財政部長」等要職,但盟友前總統薩利赫不同意,拒絕承認任命。2017年11月底,胡塞运动与萨利赫的關係急速惡化,雙方部队在也门首都萨那發生衝突。萨利赫於12月2日提出与沙特领导的联军进行对话,被胡塞运动指責為對盟友發動“政变”。[87][88]薩利赫與胡塞运动決裂後,雙方部隊爆發激戰。12月4日,萨利赫在逃離薩那的途中被胡塞运动殺死。[82]

介入以色列—哈瑪斯戰爭

美国国防部表示,在紅海北部執行任務的美軍卡尼号驱逐舰,2023年10月19日擊落由獲伊朗支持的胡塞武裝所發射3枚巡航導彈及多架無人機。國防部表示,未能確定攻擊目標,但導彈和無人機來自也門,沿紅海向北飛行,有可能針對以色列,事件中並無美軍或平民受傷。[89]

另外有报道提到《以色列时报》援引《华尔街日报》,称沙特阿拉伯于10月25日的上周拦截了疑似也门胡塞武装向以色列发射的一枚巡航导弹。[90][91]

胡塞武裝對此未有回應,惟早前曾警告若果美國直接介入以巴衝突,該組織將加入哈马斯的行動[89]

2023年11月20日,胡塞武装在红海扣押以色列商船“银河指挥官”号。[92]

12月15日,也门胡塞武装宣称对两艘前往以色列的船只发射了导弹。

12月30日,懸掛新加坡旗的馬士基-杭州號(Maersk Hangzhou)貨櫃船遭胡塞武裝發射兩枚導彈攻擊,美軍艦艇成功攔截兩枚導彈。12月31日,馬士基-杭州號又遭到胡塞武裝的四艘武裝快艇追截及開火射擊,胡塞武裝企圖登船挾持,馬士基-杭州號發出求救信號,美國海軍派出艦載直升機阻止,胡塞武裝的武裝快艇向美軍直升機開火,美軍直升機隨即還擊,將其中三艘胡塞武裝快艇擊沉,另一艘則脫逃,胡塞武裝最少十人被擊斃,貨櫃船及美軍無人傷亡[93]

2024年1月18日,美國政府將也門胡塞武裝重新列入恐怖組織名單。白宮國家安全顧問沙利文發表聲明說,為應對也門胡塞武裝持續的威脅和襲擊,美國將胡塞武裝列為「特別認定全球恐怖份子」實體,以阻止恐怖份子向他們提供資金,進一步限制胡塞武裝進入金融市場,並追究他們襲擊往來紅海和亞丁灣商船的責任。如果胡塞武裝停止襲擊,美國將立即重新評估有關決定。[94]

2月4日,美國與英國對葉門胡塞運動實施大規模軍事打擊,也門北部13個地點的36個胡塞武裝目標遭到襲擊[95]。胡塞武装与美国、英国、以色列进行了持续至今的冲突对抗。

2024年11月1日,联合国公布一份专家报告表示,在伊朗黎巴嫩真主党支持下,胡塞武装接受伊斯兰革命卫队特种部队“聖城軍”、黎巴嫩真主党以及伊拉克亲伊朗组织提供的武器装备和训练下,也門胡塞武装已经变成了一个强大的军事组织,报告估计,2024年年中胡塞武装人员的数量已经有35万人,而该数字在2022年是22万人,2015年是3万人 [96]

恐怖主义指控

沙特阿拉伯阿联酋巴林以色列均明確表示胡塞运动为恐怖主义組織。

2021年1月10日,美國川普政府的國務卿蓬佩奧發佈聲明,決定將胡塞运动列為恐怖組織[97]。2月16日,美國新任喬·拜登政府宣佈將胡塞运动從恐怖主義組織名單中移除。[98][99]2024年1月17日,美国宣布胡塞運動再被列入特別指定全球恐怖組織(Specially Designated Global Terrorist,SDGT)名單[100]

侵犯人权行为

安全理事会第 2140 号决议所设也门问题专家小组称,胡塞武装分子实施了一系列侵犯人权行为,包括违反国际人道主义法、虐待妇女和儿童。年仅13岁的儿童因涉嫌同性恋取向的“猥亵行为”或因其家人不遵守胡塞武装的意识形态或规定的“政治案件”而被捕。未成年人与成年囚犯共处一室,据可靠报告,被关押在萨那Al-Shahid Al-Ahmar警察局的男孩遭到蓄意强奸。[101][102]

童兵

胡塞武装被指控违反国际人道主义法,如使用童兵[103][104][105]、炮击平民区[106]、与强迫疏散和处决[107]。据人权观察组织称,胡塞武装在2015年加紧招募儿童。联合国儿童基金会提到,胡塞武装和也门其他武装团体中的儿童占也门所有战斗人员的三分之一[108]

劫持人质

据人权观察组织称,胡塞武装把劫持人质作为一种牟利手段。人权观察记录了16起胡塞当局非法扣押人员的案件,其中很大一部分是为了向亲属勒索钱财或用他们来交换被敌对势力扣押的人员[109]

虐待妇女与儿童

联合国资助的调查人员发现了胡塞武装招募数十名少女充当线人、护士和警卫的证据(这在也门这种保守的社会中是不寻常的现象),12名女孩因被招募而遭受性暴力、包办婚姻和童婚。报告称,胡塞武装以金钱为诱饵招募了年仅七岁的男孩。报告引用了数百个案例,发生在2019年夏季至2020年夏季[110]

联合国也门问题专家小组发现了胡塞武装强奸女性被拘留者以“净化”她们、作为惩罚或逼供的事件。专家小组记录了胡塞武装强迫被拘留妇女成为性工作者,同时为胡塞武装收集信息的案例。记录在案的事例包括,2021年,一名女性被拘留者在胡塞武装团体拘留中心被迫与多名男子发生性关系,作为她为重要客户充当性工作者做准备的一部分,同时也为了获取信息。专家小组还收到资料称,另一名被拘留者被迫成为妓女,为胡塞武装分子收集信息,以换取释放,2019年还记录了另一起类似事件。这也导致被胡塞武装分子拘留的妇女会遭到社会排斥,其中一名妇女因给家庭蒙羞而被家人所杀[111]

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