運動控制 (生物體)

運動控制（Motor control）是指具有神经系统的生物對其身體動作的控制。運動控制包括了反射^[1]以及趨性。

為了要控制身體動作，神经系统需要來自整合多重感官的資訊（包括對外部世界的感覺以及本體感覺），產生必要的信號，使骨骼肌依信號動作。這個路徑上包括了許多不同的學科，例如多感官整合（英语：multisensory integration）、信号处理、运动协调、生物力学及認知^[2]^[3]，有關在相關計算上的挑戰會放在「感覺運動控制」（sensorimotor control）以下進行討論^[4]。成功的運動控制對於和外界互動，以達到生物想要目的非常有關，也和生物的姿勢、平衡及動作穩定性有關。

有些研究者（大部份是研究生物運動的神經學家，例如Daniel Wolpert（英语：Daniel Wolpert）和Randy Flanagan（英语：Randy Flanagan））認為大腦的存在就是完全是為了運動控制^[5]。

參考資料

^ Sibson, Francis. On The Causes Which Excite And Influence Respiration In Health And Disease.. The Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association. 1850,. 5 - New Series: 181–350. In all these instances the act of inspiration is excited through the reflex function of the nervous system -- the sudden impression made on the skin stimulates the extremities of the incident nerves; the stimulus is conveyed by the incident nerves to the spinal nervous centre, and is thence transmitted back over the motor nerves of inspiration. That these respiratory movements are purely excito-motor, and performed without the intervention of sensation, in many of those instances in which the excited movements are most energetic, is proved by the case with which remarkable movements of respiration were occasioned by stimulating the surface in cases of syncope, hysteria, and epilepsy, cases in which sensation was altogether absent, and was only restored after repeatedly stimulating the surface, and so inducing deep reflex inspirations again and again by exciting the incident nerves. [Page 206]
^ Rosenbaum, David A. Human motor control. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. 1991: 411. ISBN 978-0-12-597300-7.
^ Wise, Stephen P.; Shadmehr, Reza. Motor Control. Encyclopedia of the Human Brain. Academic Press. July 10, 2002: 137–157. ISBN 978-0122272103.
^ Franklin, David W.; Wolpert, Daniel M. Computational Mechanisms of Sensorimotor Control. Neuron. November 2011, 72 (3): 425–442. PMID 22078503. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.10.006  （英语）.
^ Wolpert, Daniel, The real reason for brains, [2020-03-27], （原始内容存档于2022-07-12）（英语）

36. J.A. Adams. A closed loop theory of motor learning. In: Journal of Motor Behavior 3 (1971) p 111-150

37. George E. Stelmach (Ed.) Motor Control, Issues and Trends. Academic press. New York 1976

延伸閱讀

Schmidt, Richard A.; Lee, Timothy Donald. Motor control and learning : a behavioral emphasis. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 2011. ISBN 978-0-7360-7961-7. OCLC 814261802.
Shadmehr, Reza.; Wise, Steven P. The computational neurobiology of reaching and pointing : a foundation for motor learning. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-262-19508-9. OCLC 54529569.
Iaroslav Blagouchine and Eric Moreau. Control of a Speech Robot via an Optimum Neural-Network-Based Internal Model With Constraints. IEEE Transactions on Robotics, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 142—159, February 2010. Archive.is的存檔，存档日期2015-03-08

[1] Sibson, Francis. On The Causes Which Excite And Influence Respiration In Health And Disease.. The Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association. 1850,. 5 - New Series: 181–350. In all these instances the act of inspiration is excited through the reflex function of the nervous system -- the sudden impression made on the skin stimulates the extremities of the incident nerves; the stimulus is conveyed by the incident nerves to the spinal nervous centre, and is thence transmitted back over the motor nerves of inspiration. That these respiratory movements are purely excito-motor, and performed without the intervention of sensation, in many of those instances in which the excited movements are most energetic, is proved by the case with which remarkable movements of respiration were occasioned by stimulating the surface in cases of syncope, hysteria, and epilepsy, cases in which sensation was altogether absent, and was only restored after repeatedly stimulating the surface, and so inducing deep reflex inspirations again and again by exciting the incident nerves. [Page 206]

[Rosenbaum1991-2] Rosenbaum, David A. Human motor control. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. 1991: 411. ISBN 978-0-12-597300-7.

[Wise2002-3] Wise, Stephen P.; Shadmehr, Reza. Motor Control. Encyclopedia of the Human Brain. Academic Press. July 10, 2002: 137–157. ISBN 978-0122272103.

[Franklin_425–442-4] Franklin, David W.; Wolpert, Daniel M. Computational Mechanisms of Sensorimotor Control. Neuron. November 2011, 72 (3): 425–442. PMID 22078503. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.10.006  （英语）.

[5] Wolpert, Daniel, The real reason for brains, [2020-03-27], （原始内容存档于2022-07-12）（英语）

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運動控制 (生物體)

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