如康德和柏格森,德勒兹认为传统时空观是立足于主体的位置、运动的。他认为,纯粹的差异是“非时空性”的,差异是一种“the virtual”(虚拟)的概念。“the virtual”(虚拟)在此不是“虚拟现实”的“虚拟”,而是有关普鲁斯特在《追忆似水年华》中对“过去”的定义:“real without being actual, ideal without being abstract”[8] 。(中译本作“现实而非现时,理想而不抽象”[9] )德勒兹说的“虚拟”,是在这个意义上的。也就是说,德勒兹的“虚拟”是如同“过去”之于“当下”那样一般的“一种前在于物的非实体”。德勒兹的“虚拟”是当下真实经验的前在环境条件,是物本身内在的差异性,“从中构建出的概念同概念所指之物是一体的”[10] 。德勒兹有关差异的说法不是实践的空谈抽象,它是一套确实起作用的系统——差异物之关系结构,这个系统构建出了真实的空间、时间和感知。[11]
德勒兹不寻常的形而上学需要一套不寻常的认识论与之配套,这个认识论他自己称之为“‘思想之象’(the image of thoughts)的转向”。
德勒兹认为,亚里士多德、笛卡尔、胡塞尔等经典理论中的思想之象将思维误认为是一种毫无以为的行为:真理或许很难获得,但是思维是定然有能力获得正确的事实和概念等的;上帝之眼、中立角度或许很难达到,然而那是我们理性思维的理想目标;确定性的真实和感知的有序延伸。德勒兹通过形而上学意义上的“流动”(flux)拒绝了经典认识论,他认为,真实的思维是一种对现实的暴力对抗,是一种对有序性的无意识破裂。真实世界能够改变和调整我们的思维。德勒兹认为,与其说思维能够认识真实世界,不如说我们的思维是“无象之思”——一种不是出于主动解决问题,而是被问题所决定的思维进程。“所有作为前提的符码、定理等等,它们并非偶然而生,却也并非自在有理的。它们就像神学:你信,它就是,它的理性逻辑就运作。理性永远是一种从非理性中雕刻出的信仰:它不是隐藏于非理性中的某种原理,而是穿插于非理性元素之间、仅被定义为非理性元素之间的特定关系。所有理性之下,都存在疯癫和流动。”[14]
在《Out of this World: Deleuze and the Philosophy of Creation》中,彼得·霍瓦德(英语:Peter Hallward)认为,德勒兹关于必须的创造性及永恒流变的坚持,使它的哲学无法深入关切真实存在之物。因此,霍瓦德宣称,德勒兹的理论是超脱世俗的,只是一种被动的沉思——关乎所有的同一性都消融到神示的自然自我创生中去。
Deleuze, Gilles: Spinoza: The Velocities of Thought: Lecture 1, 2 December 1980. (Purdue University Research Repository, 2017) doi:10.4231/R7DF6PDS
Deleuze, Gilles: Spinoza: The Velocities of Thought: Lecture 2, 9 December 1980. (Purdue University Research Repository, 2017) doi:10.4231/R78P5XP2
Deleuze, Gilles: Spinoza: The Velocities of Thought: Lecture 3, 16 December 1980. (Purdue University Research Repository, 2017) doi:10.4231/R74X560K
Deleuze, Gilles: Spinoza: The Velocities of Thought: Lecture 4, 6 January 1981. (Purdue University Research Repository, 2017) doi:10.4231/R71834PG
Deleuze, Gilles: Spinoza: The Velocities of Thought: Lecture 5, 13 January 1981. (Purdue University Research Repository, 2017) doi:10.4231/R7WH2N66
Deleuze, Gilles: Spinoza: The Velocities of Thought: Lecture 6, 20 January 1981. (Purdue University Research Repository, 2017) doi:10.4231/R7RR1WF1
Deleuze, Gilles: Spinoza: The Velocities of Thought: Lecture 7, 27 January 1981. (Purdue University Research Repository, 2017) doi:10.4231/R7N014Q0
Deleuze, Gilles: Spinoza: The Velocities of Thought: Lecture 8, 3 February 1981. (Purdue University Research Repository, 2017) doi:10.4231/R7H70D0P
Deleuze, Gilles: Spinoza: The Velocities of Thought: Lecture 9, 10 February 1981. (Purdue University Research Repository, 2017) doi:10.4231/R7CF9N8D
Deleuze, Gilles: Spinoza: The Velocities of Thought: Lecture 10, 17 February 1981. (Purdue University Research Repository, 2017) doi:10.4231/R77P8WK4
Deleuze, Gilles: Spinoza: The Velocities of Thought: Lecture 11, 10 March 1981. (Purdue University Research Repository, 2017) doi:10.4231/R7416V70
Deleuze, Gilles: Spinoza: The Velocities of Thought: Lecture 12, 17 March 1981. (Purdue University Research Repository, 2017) doi:10.4231/R7VH5M1C
Deleuze, Gilles: Spinoza: The Velocities of Thought: Lecture 13, 24 March 1981. (Purdue University Research Repository, 2017) doi:10.4231/R7QR4V9N
Deleuze, Gilles: Spinoza: The Velocities of Thought: Lecture 14, 31 March 1981. (Purdue University Research Repository, 2017) doi:10.4231/R70863HN. «Spinoza: The Velocities of Thought» («Spinoza: Des vitesses de la pensée») was a 14-lecture seminar given by Deleuze at the University of Paris 8 from December 1980 to March 1981. Deleuze had previously published two books on Spinoza, including Expressionism in Philosophy: Spinoza (Spinoza et le problème de l'expression, 1968), and Spinoza: Practical Philosophy (Spinoza: Philosophie pratique, 1970, 2nd ed. 1981). The majority of these lectures were given the same year as the publication of the second edition of the latter title.
引用注释
^ 1.01.1Gilles Deleuze. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. [17 February 2011]. (原始内容存档于2010-07-11). See also: "Difference and Repetition is definitely the most important work published by Deleuze." (Edouard Morot-Sir, from the back cover of the first edition of the English translation), or James Williams' judgment: "It is nothing less than a revolution in philosophy and stands out as one of the great philosophical works of the twentieth century" (James Williams, Gilles Deleuze's Difference and Repetition: A Critical Introduction and Guide [Edinburgh UP, 2003], p. 1).
^Deleuze and Parnet, Dialogues II pp.57-8, trans. Hugh Tomlinson and Barbara Habberjam: "Apart from Sartre, the most important philosopher in France was Jean Wahl." Deleuze goes on to credit Wahl for introducing him to English and American thought. Wahl was among the very first to write about Whitehead and James - both arguably very important to Deleuze - in French. The idea of Anglo-American pluralism in Deleuze's work shows influence of Jean Wahl (see also Mary Frances Zamberlin, Rhizosphere (New York: Routledge, 2006))
^ Proust, Remembrance of Things Past, Translated from the French by Stephen Hudson, Vol. 7 Time Regained,CHAPTER III AN AFTERNOON PARTY AT THE HOUSE OF THE PRINCESSE DE GUERMANTES
^See, e.g., the approving reference to Deleuze's Nietzsche study in Jacques Derrida's essay "Différance", or Pierre Klossowski's monograph Nietzsche and the Vicious Circle, dedicated to Deleuze. More generally, see D. Allison (ed.), The New Nietzsche (MIT Press, 1985), and L. Ferry and A. Renaut (eds.), Why We Are Not Nietzscheans (University of Chicago Press, 1997).
^Sometimes in the same sentence: "one is thus traversed, broken, fucked by the socius" (Anti-Oedipus, p. 347).
^See, for example, Steven Best and Douglas Kellner, Postmodern Theory (Guilford Press, 1991), which devotes a chapter to Deleuze and Guattari.
^Barry Smith (ed.), European Philosophy and the American Academy, p. 34.
^Slavoj Žižek, Organs without Bodies, pp. 19-32, esp. p. 21: "Is this opposition not, yet again, that of materialism versus idealism? In Deleuze, this means The Logic of Sense versus Anti-Oedipus." See also p. 28 for "Deleuze's oscillation between the two models" of becoming.