^American Psychiatric Association, DSM-5 Fact Sheets, Updated Disorders: Gender Dysphoria (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 2013): 2 ("DSM-5 aims to avoid stigma and ensure clinical care for individuals who see and feel themselves to be a different gender than their assigned gender. It replaces the diagnostic name 'gender identity disorder' with 'gender dysphoria', as well as makes other important clarifications in the criteria.").
^Fraser, L; Karasic, D; Meyer, W; Wylie, K. Recommendations for Revision of the DSM Diagnosis of Gender Identity Disorder in Adults. International Journal of Transgenderism. 2010, 12 (2): 80–85. S2CID 144409977. doi:10.1080/15532739.2010.509202.
^Newman, L. Sex, Gender and Culture: Issues in the Definition, Assessment and Treatment of Gender Identity Disorder. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry. July 1, 2002, 7 (3): 352–359. S2CID 145666729. doi:10.1177/1359104502007003004.
^Heylens G, De Cuypere G, Zucker KJ, Schelfaut C, Elaut E, Vanden Bossche H, De Baere E, T'Sjoen G. Gender identity disorder in twins: a review of the case report literature. The Journal of Sexual Medicine. March 2012, 9 (3): 751–7. PMID 22146048. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02567.x. Of 23 monozygotic female and male twins, nine (39.1%) were concordant for GID; in contrast, none of the 21 same‐sex dizygotic female and male twins were concordant for GID, a statistically significant difference (P = 0.005)... These findings suggest a role for genetic factors in the development of GID.
^Diamond, Milton. Transsexuality Among Twins: Identity Concordance, Transition, Rearing, and Orientation. International Journal of Transgenderism. 2013, 14 (1): 24–38. S2CID 144330783. doi:10.1080/15532739.2013.750222. Combining data from the present survey with those from past-published reports, 20% of all male and female monozygotic twin pairs were found concordant for transsexual identity... The responses of our twins relative to their rearing, along with our findings regarding some of their experiences during childhood and adolescence show their identity was much more influenced by their genetics than their rearing.
^Zucker, Kenneth J.; Lawrence, Anne A.; Kreukels, Baudewijntje P.C. Gender Dysphoria in Adults. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 2016, 12: 217–247. PMID 26788901. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093034. [For DSM-5] a reconceptualization was articulated in which 'identity' per se was not considered a sign of a mental disorder. Rather, it was the incongruence between one’s felt gender and assigned sex/gender (usually at birth) leading to distress and/or impairment that was the core feature of the diagnosis.
^Lev, Arlene Istar. Gender Dysphoria: Two Steps Forward, One Step Back. Clinical Social Work Journal. 2013, 41 (3): 288–296. S2CID 144556484. doi:10.1007/s10615-013-0447-0. [Despite some misgivings], I think that the change in nomenclature from the DSM-IV to the DSM-5 is a step forward, that is, removing the concept of gender as the site of the disorder and placing the focus on issues of distress and dysphoria.
^Ansara, Y. Gavriel; Hegarty, Peter. Cisgenderism in psychology: pathologising and misgendering children from 1999 to 2008. Psychology and Sexuality. 2012, 3 (2): 137–60. doi:10.1080/19419899.2011.576696.
^Harmon, A., & Oberleitner, M. G. (2016). Gender dysphoria. In Gale (Ed.), Gale encyclopedia of children's health: Infancy through adolescence (3rd ed.). Farmington, MI: Gale.
^Davidson, Michelle R. (2012). A Nurse's Guide to Women's Mental Health. Springer Publishing Company. p. 114. ISBN 0826171133
^Bryant, Karl Edward. The Politics of Pathology and the Making of Gender Identity Disorder. Ann Arbor, Michigan: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT). 2007: 222. ISBN 9780549268161.
^Giordano, Simona (2012). Children with Gender Identity Disorder: A Clinical, Ethical, and Legal Analysis. New Jersey: Routledge. p. 147. ISBN 0415502713.
^Heylens G, De Cuypere G, Zucker KJ, Schelfaut C, Elaut E, Vanden Bossche H, De Baere E, T'Sjoen G. Gender identity disorder in twins: a review of the case report literature. The Journal of Sexual Medicine. March 2012, 9 (3): 751–7. PMID 22146048. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02567.x. Of 23 monozygotic female and male twins, nine (39.1%) were concordant for GID; in contrast, none of the 21 same‐sex dizygotic female and male twins were concordant for GID, a statistically significant difference (P = 0.005)... These findings suggest a role for genetic factors in the development of GID.
^Diamond, Milton. Transsexuality Among Twins: Identity Concordance, Transition, Rearing, and Orientation. International Journal of Transgenderism. 2013, 14 (1): 24–38. S2CID 144330783. doi:10.1080/15532739.2013.750222. Combining data from the present survey with those from past-published reports, 20% of all male and female monozygotic twin pairs were found concordant for transsexual identity... The responses of our twins relative to their rearing, along with our findings regarding some of their experiences during childhood and adolescence show their identity was much more influenced by their genetics than their rearing.
^Rosenthal, Stephen M. Approach to the Patient: Transgender Youth: Endocrine Considerations. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2014-12-01, 99 (12): 4379–4389. ISSN 0021-972X. PMID 25140398. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1919(英语).
^ 36.036.136.236.3American Psychiatry Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) 5th. Washington, DC and London: American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013: 451–460. ISBN 0-89042-555-8.
^Cohen-Kettenis PT, Pfäfflin F. The DSM diagnostic criteria for gender identity disorder in adolescents and adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior. April 2010, 39 (2): 499–513. PMID 19838784. S2CID 16336939. doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9562-y. The DSM has consistently approached gender problems from the position that a divergence between the assigned sex or “the” physical sex (assuming that “physical sex” is a one-dimensional construct) and “the” psychological sex (gender) per se signals a psychiatric disorder. Although the terminology and place of the gender identity disorders in the DSM have varied in the different versions, the distress about one’s assigned sex has remained, since DSM-III, the core feature of the diagnosis.
^Lawrence AA. Gender Dysphoria. Beidel DC, Frueh BC (编). Adult Psychopathology and Diagnosis 8th. John Wiley & Sons. 2018: 634 [2022-01-08]. ISBN 978-1-119-38360-4. (原始内容存档于2022-01-08). The World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH), for example, defined GD as “discomfort or distress that is caused by a discrepancy between a person’s gender identity and that person’s sex assigned at birth (and the associated gender role and/or primary and secondary sex characteristics)”
^Leiblum, Sandra. Principles and Practice of Sex Therapy, Fourth Edition. The Guilford Press. 2006: 488–9. ISBN 978-1-59385-349-5.
^Committee On Adolescence. Office-based care for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning youth. Pediatrics. July 2013, 132 (1): 198–203. PMID 23796746. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-1282. However, adolescents with multiple or anonymous partners, having unprotected intercourse, or having substance abuse issues should be tested at shorter intervals.
^APA Policy Statements on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, & Transgender Concerns(PDF). American Psychological Association. 2011 [August 27, 2013]. (原始内容存档(PDF)于2022-01-21). BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that APA recognizes the efficacy, benefit, and necessity of gender transition treatments for appropriately evaluated individuals and calls upon public and private insurers to cover these medically necessary treatments;