期刊受到巴黎中央政府的审查。他们在政治上并不完全静止的-他们常常批评教会的虐待和官僚的无能作风。他们支持君主制,所以他们在刺激革命方面只起了很小的作用。[13]但在革命期间,新期刊作为各个派系的宣传机构发挥了核心作用。让-保尔·马拉(1743–1793)是最杰出的编辑。他的人民的朋友(L'Ami du peuple)大力提倡下层阶级反对仇恨时报人民的敌人的权利; 他在被暗杀时,期刊的审查制度也关闭了。直到1800年后,拿破仑重新实行严格的审查制度。[14]
战争期间因为新闻媒体和年轻记者的不足使新闻界陷入了障碍,并且通过大量的审查制度,旨在通过尽量减少不良战争新闻来保持家庭阵线的士气。战后巴黎报纸基本上处于停滞不前的状态,1910年每天的发行量从500万微升至600万。战后的主要成功故事是《巴黎狂欢节》(Paris Soir)。 它没有任何政治议程,致力于提供各种轰动性的报道来帮助发行,并通过提供严肃的文章来树立声望。到1939年,它的发行量已超过170万,是其最接近的竞争对手小报《小巴黎人》(Le Petit Parisien)的两倍。除了每日报纸《巴黎狂欢节》(Paris Soir)外,还赞助了非常成功的女性杂志《玛丽·克莱尔》(Marie-Claire)。另一本杂志《 Match》以美国《生活》杂志的新闻摄影为蓝本。[17]
约翰·冈瑟(John Gunther)在1940年写道,在巴黎的100多家日报中有两家(L'Humanité和法兰西运动的出版物)是诚实的;“其他大多数人,从上到下都有新闻专栏待售”。他报道说,Bec et Ongles同时得到了法国政府,德国政府和亚历山大·斯塔维斯基的资助,据称意大利于1935年向法国报纸支付了6500万法郎。[18]法国在1930年代是一个民主社会,但人民对外交政策的重大问题保持着黑暗。政府严格控制所有媒体进行宣传,以支持政府对意大利,尤其是对纳粹德国的侵略进行绥靖主义的外交政策。共有253种日报,所有报纸均为私有。巴黎的五项主要国家级文件都在特殊利益的控制之下,尤其是支持绥靖主义活动的右翼政治和商业利益。他们都是贪婪的,大笔秘密补贴用来促进各项特殊利益政策的发展。许多主要的记者被秘密地列入政府的工资单。地方的报社严重依赖政府广告,并发布适合巴黎的新闻和社论。大多数国际新闻是通过主要由政府控制的哈瓦斯通讯社机构发布的。[19]
印度在1780年发行的第一份报纸是由詹姆斯·奥古斯都·希基(James Augustus Hicky)担任编辑,名为《希基的孟加拉国公报》(Bengal Gazette)。[35]1826年5月30日,印度第一本印地语报纸《乌丹特·马丁》(Udant Martand)从加尔各答(现加尔各答)开始,该书由Pt. Jugal Kishore Shukla编写。[36][37]莫拉维·穆罕默德·巴基尔(Maulawi Muhammad Baqir)于1836年创立了第一家乌尔都语报纸《德里乌尔都语·阿赫巴尔》。1840年代印度的报刊是在印刷机上印刷的每日或每周小流通量的杂色纸张。很少有人冲出他们的小社区,并且很少有人试图创建更多姓氏,部落和区域亚文化。英印报纸促进了纯粹的英国利益。英国人罗伯特·奈特(Robert Knight,1825–1890年)创建了两本重要的英语报纸,分别是《印度时报》和《政治家》,这些报纸吸引了广泛的印度读者。 他们在印度提倡民族主义,奈特(Knight)向人民介绍了新闻界的力量,并使他们熟悉政治问题和政治进程。[38]
拉丁美洲和加勒比
英国的影响力通过其殖民地以及与主要城市商人的非正式商业关系在全球范围内扩展。他们需要最新的市场和政治信息。伯南布哥日记(Diario de Pernambuco)于1825年在巴西累西腓成立。[39]信使报始建于瓦尔帕莱索,智利,秘鲁最具影响力的报纸El Comercio于1839年首次出现。1827年在巴西里约热内卢成立了Jornal do Commercio。后来,阿根廷在布宜诺斯艾利斯成立了其报纸:1869年的La Prensa和1870年的La Nacion 。[40]
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^Carmen Espejo, "European Communication Networks in the Early Modern Age: A new framework of interpretation for the birth of journalism," Media History (2011) 17#2, pp. 189–202.
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^Niels Thomsen, "Why Study Press History? A reexamination of its purpose and of Danish contributions." Scandinavian Journal of History 7.1-4 (1982): 1-13.
^Zhang Tao, "Protestant missionary publishing and the birth of Chinese elite journalism." Journalism Studies 8.6 (2007): 879-897.
^Natascha Vittinghoff, "Unity vs. uniformity: Liang Qichao and the invention of a" new journalism" for China." Late Imperial China 23.1 (2002): 91-143.
^Stephen MacKinnon, “Toward a History of the Chinese Press in the Republican Period,” Modern China 23#1 (1997) pp. 3-32
^Timothy B. Weston, "China, professional journalism, and liberal internationalism in the era of the First World War." Pacific Affairs 83.2 (2010): 327-347.
^Parthasarathy, Rangaswami. Journalism in India. Sterling Publishers Pvt Ltd. 2011: 19. ISBN 9788120719934.
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^Jane L. Chapman and Nick Nuttall, Journalism Today: A Themed History (Wiley-Blackwell, 2011), pp. 299, 313–314.
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^Tom O'Malley, "History, Historians and the Writing Newspaper History in the UK c.1945–1962," Media History, (2012) 18#3, pp. 289–310.