索科托苏丹称为哈里发,是国家的最高统治者,大维齐尔是国家的宰相。哈里发国下辖有众多酋长国,由索科托苏丹指派埃米尔进行统治,拥有较大的独立自主权[10]。埃米尔每年需前往首都索科托进贡,贡品以作物、贝壳与奴隶为主,以表忠诚[5]。关杜(英语:Gwandu)是酋长国的一个特例,这个酋长国于1815年由丹·福迪奥指派其弟阿卜杜拉希(英语:Abdullahi dan Fodio)统治,辖有富拉尼国家的西部和南部地区。形式上,关杜埃米尔遵从索科托的统治,但是事实上是独立的国家,至1831年才正式归属于索科托[10]。事实上,由酋长国组成的行政区划结构并不稳固。1816年至1817年,曾发生一系列豪萨人叛乱,迫使索科托苏丹授予他们爵位与封地[4]。此外,阿达马瓦和卡诺都曾爆发过独立危机[11]。
Burdon, J. A. (1907) "Sokoto History: Tables of Dates and Genealogy" Journal of the Royal African Society Volume 6, #24.
脚注
^McKay, Hill, Buckler, Ebrey, Beck, Crowston, Weisner-Hanks. A History of World Societies. 8th edition. Volume C - From 1775 to the Present. 2009 by Bedford/St. Martin's. ISBN 978-0-312-68298-9. "The most important of these revivalist states, the enormous Sokoto caliphate, illustrates the general pattern. It was founded by Usuman dan Fodio (1754-1817), an inspiring Muslim teacher who first won zealous followers among both the Fulani herders and Hausa peasants in the Muslim state of Gobir in the northern Sudan." p. 736.
^ 2.02.1Metz, Helen Chapin (编). Usman dan Fodio and the Sokoto Caliphate. Nigeria: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. 1991 [2 September 2015]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-17).
^ 6.06.16.26.36.46.56.66.7Maishanu, Hamza Muhammad; Isa Muhammad Maishanu. The Jihad and the Formation of the Sokoto Caliphate. Islamic Studies. 1999, 38 (1): 119–131.
^ 7.07.17.2Swindell, Kenneth. Population and Agriculture in the Sokoto-Rima Basin of North-West Nigeria: A Study of Political Intervention, Adaptation and Change, 1800-1980. Cahiers d'Études Africaines. 1986, 26: 75–111. doi:10.3406/cea.1986.2167.
^ 8.08.18.28.38.4Chafe, Kabiru Sulaiman. Challenges to the Hegemony of the Sokoto Caliphate: A Preliminary Examination. Paideuma. 1994, 40: 99–109.
^Salau, Mohammed Bashir. Ribats and the Development of Plantations in the Sokoto Caliphate: A Case Study of Fanisau. African Economic History. 2006, 34: 23–43. doi:10.2307/25427025.
^ 10.010.110.210.310.4Burnham, Peter; Murray Last. From Pastoralist to Politician: The Problem of a Fulbe "Aristocracy". Cahiers d'Études Africaines. 1994, 34: 313–357. doi:10.3406/cea.1994.2055.
^Njeuma, Martin Z. Fulani Hegemony in Yola (Old Adamawa) 1809-1902. Cameroon: Langa. 2012.
^Hiskett, M. The Sword of Truth; the Life and times of the Shehu Usuman Dan Fodio. New York: Oxford UP, 1973. Print.
^Stilwell, Sean. Power, Honour and Shame: The Ideology of Royal Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 2000, 70 (3): 394–421. doi:10.3366/afr.2000.70.3.394.