“7P”是在上面提到的4P的基础上,增加了“外形鲜明(physical evidence)”、“人(people)”和“流程(process)”。外观鲜明是指店内的元素,店面、员工制服、标志等等。人是指客户可以接触到的组织内的人员。流程是指系统内可能影响营销的流程和组织。[3]These later three factors are not cited nearly as often as the first four outlined in depth above.
4C:消费者为导向的模型
Robert F. Lauterborn在1993年提出了4C分类。[4]是一种以消费者为导向的4P模型,目的是更好地适应在空白市场营销中,大众营销的需要。
^Don E. Schullz, Stanley I. Tannenbaum, Robert F. Lauterborn (1993)“Integrated Marketing Communications,”NTC Business Books, a division of NTC Publishing Group.
^Koichi Shimizu (1989) "Advertising Theory and Strategies,"(Japanese)first edition, Souseisha Book Company in Tokyo.(ISBN4-7944-2030-7 C3034 P3980E)pp.63-102.
^Koichi Shimizu (2014) "Advertising Theory and Strategies,"(Japanese)18th edition, Souseisha Book Company (ISBN4-7944-2132-X C3034) pp.63-102.
^Koichi Shimizu (2003)"Symbiotic Marketing Strategy,"(Japanese)4th edition, Souseisha Book Company (ISBN4-7944-2158-3 C3034) pp.25-62.
^Brian Solis (2011) Engage!: The Complete Guide for Brands and Businesses to Build, Cultivate, and Measure Success in the New Web, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp.201-202.