阴茎棘

家猫的阴茎棘

阴茎棘是许多哺乳动物进化出的角质结构，位于龟头和/或阴茎的体部表面，并有可能在性选择中发挥作用。这些刺状物可能是简单的，单尖段结构（猕猴）或是复杂的，有着两到三个尖端的结构（原猴）。^[1] 阴茎棘的形态可能与交配系统有关。^[2]^[3]

人类之外的哺乳动物

猫科动物，尤其是家猫，是人们熟知的拥有阴茎棘的动物。当公猫抽出阴茎时，阴茎棘会刮过母猫的阴道壁。这一行为可能有助于诱发母猫排卵。^[4]^[5] 许多其他猫科动物也有阴茎棘，但是美洲豹和美洲狮的阴茎棘较小，而虎猫没有阴茎棘。^[6]

黑猩猩和老鼠的阴茎棘是小型的表面突起物，由最外层皮肤表面角化的细胞层堆积而成。^[7]^[8] 这存在于袋熊，^[9] 考拉，^[10] 斑鬣狗，^[11]^[12] 马岛长尾狸猫，^[13] 针鼹，^[14] 灵长类，^[15]^[16]^[17] 蝙蝠，^[18] 和若干种啮齿类动物身上。^[19]

阴茎棘通常存在于那些交配过后会留下交配塞的灵长类动物身上。^[20] 在婴猴的交配过程中，阴茎棘可能会形成一种“生殖锁”。^[21]

人类

与黑猩猩相对，珍珠疹是一种人类身上的常见形态变异。珍珠疹更大，看上去像是表面和底层连接的组织层外翻，并缺乏丰富的神经支配。^[22]^[23] 珍珠疹有时被称为阴茎棘退化后的残留结构。^[7] 尽管这些结构之间的联系仍然不确定。^[24]

当人族分成人属和黑猩猩属的时候，人属丢失了一段与小型角化阴茎棘形成有关的DNA调控序列。这一阴茎结构的简化可能和人类的性交习惯有关。^[25] 在一些保留了完整基因表达的物种之中，阴茎棘与更强烈的性快感和更快的高潮有关。^[26] 一个位于雄激素受体基因基因座附近的人类特异性保守缺失基因片段可能导致了人类失去阴茎棘。^[25]

鸟类

鸟类的阴茎上有刺和刷状的纤维。^[27]

另见

福代斯斑点
性冲突、带刺性器（英语：Sexual conflict#Spiky genitals）
狮的繁殖

参考资料

^ Alan F. Dixson. Primate Sexuality: Comparative Studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans. Oxford University Press. 26 January 2012 [27 September 2013]. ISBN 978-0-19-954464-6.
^ Orr, Teri J., and Patricia LR Brennan. "All Features Great and Small—the Potential Roles of the Baculum and Penile Spines in Mammals." Integrative and Comparative Biology (2016): icw057.
^ Stockley, P. "Sperm competition risk and male genital anatomy: comparative evidence for reduced duration of female sexual receptivity in primates with penile spines. 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2017-02-06." Evolutionary Ecology 16.2 (2002): 123-137.
^ Virginia Douglass Hayssen; Ari Van Tienhoven. Asdell's Patterns of Mammalian Reproduction: A Compendium of Species-specific Data. Cornell University Press. 1993 [27 September 2013]. ISBN 978-0-8014-1753-5. spines.
^ Aronson, L. R.; Cooper, M. L. Penile Spines of the Domestic Cat: Their Endocrine-behavior Relations (PDF). Anat. Rec. 1967, 157 (1): 71–78. PMID 6030760. S2CID 13070242. doi:10.1002/ar.1091570111. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-06-20）.
^ Swanson, W. F., et al. "Reproductive status of endemic felid species in Latin American zoos and implications for ex situ conservation." Zoo Biology 22.5 (2003): 421-441.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Hill, W.C.O. Note on the male external genitalia of the chimpanzee. Proc.Zool.Soc. Lond. 116, 129–132 (1946)
^ Murakami, R. A histological study of the development of the penis of wild-type and androgen-insensitive mice. J. Anat. 153, 223–231 (1987)
^ Hogan, Lindsay A., Tina Janssen, and Stephen D. Johnston. "Wombat reproduction (Marsupialia; Vombatidae): an update and future directions for the development of artificial breeding technology." Reproduction 145.6 (2013): R157-R173.
^ Larry Vogelnest; Timothy Portas. Current Therapy in Medicine of Australian Mammals. Csiro Publishing. 1 May 2019. ISBN 978-1-4863-0752-4.
^ Drea, C. M., et al. "Exposure to naturally circulating androgens during foetal life incurs direct reproductive costs in female spotted hyenas, but is prerequisite for male mating." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 269.1504 (2002): 1981-1987.
^ R. F. Ewer. The Carnivores. Cornell University Press. 1998: 116 [23 July 2013]. ISBN 978-0-8014-8493-3.
^ Köhncke, M.; Leonhardt, K. Cryptoprocta ferox (PDF). Mammalian Species. 1986, (254): 1–5 [19 May 2010]. JSTOR 3503919. doi:10.2307/3503919.
^ Larry Vogelnest; Rupert Woods. Medicine of Australian Mammals. Csiro Publishing. 18 August 2008 [23 July 2013]. ISBN 978-0-643-09928-9.
^ Harcourt, A. H., and J. Gardiner. "Sexual selection and genital anatomy of male primates." Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 255.1342 (1994): 47-53.
^ Dixson, A. F. Observations on the evolution of the genitalia and copulatory behaviour in male primates. Journal of Zoology. 1987, 213 (3): 423–443. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1987.tb03718.x.
^ L. Alterman; Gerald A. Doyle; M.K. Izard. Creatures of the Dark. Springer Science & Business Media. 9 March 2013. ISBN 978-1-4757-2405-9.
^ Elizabeth G. Crichton; Philip H. Krutzsch. Reproductive Biology of Bats. Academic Press. 12 June 2000. ISBN 978-0-08-054053-5.
^ Dewsbury, Donald A. "On the function of the multiple-intromission, multiple-ejaculation copulatory patterns of rodents." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 18.4 (1981): 221-223.
^ Dunham, A. E., and V. H. W. Rudolf. "Evolution of sexual size monomorphism: the influence of passive mate guarding." Journal of evolutionary biology 22.7 (2009): 1376-1386.
^ Dixson, A. F. "Sexual selection, genital morphology, and copulatory behavior in male galagos." International Journal of Primatology 10.1 (1989): 47-55.
^ Glicksman, JM and Freeman, RG. Pearly penile papules. A statistical study of incidence. Arch. Dermatol. 93:56-59 (1966)
^ Agrawal, SK et al. Pearly penile papules: a review. Int. J. Dermatology 43:199-201 (2004)
^ Penile spines versus pearly penile papules in humans
^ ^25.0 ^25.1 McLean, CY; Reno, PL; et al. Human-specific loss of regulatory DNA and the evolution of human-specific traits.. Nature. 10 March 2011, 471 (7337): 216–9. Bibcode:2011Natur.471..216M. PMC 3071156 . PMID 21390129. doi:10.1038/nature09774.
^ Paleoanthropology, Genetics, and Evolution
^ Frank B. Gill. Ornithology. Macmillan. 6 October 2006: 414– [5 December 2012]. ISBN 978-0-7167-4983-7.

外部链接

维基共享资源上的相關多媒體資源：阴茎棘

[Dixson2012-1] Alan F. Dixson. Primate Sexuality: Comparative Studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans. Oxford University Press. 26 January 2012 [27 September 2013]. ISBN 978-0-19-954464-6.

[2] Orr, Teri J., and Patricia LR Brennan. "All Features Great and Small—the Potential Roles of the Baculum and Penile Spines in Mammals." Integrative and Comparative Biology (2016): icw057.

[3] Stockley, P. "Sperm competition risk and male genital anatomy: comparative evidence for reduced duration of female sexual receptivity in primates with penile spines. 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2017-02-06." Evolutionary Ecology 16.2 (2002): 123-137.

[HayssenTienhoven1993-4] Virginia Douglass Hayssen; Ari Van Tienhoven. Asdell's Patterns of Mammalian Reproduction: A Compendium of Species-specific Data. Cornell University Press. 1993 [27 September 2013]. ISBN 978-0-8014-1753-5. spines.

[Aronson_1967-5] Aronson, L. R.; Cooper, M. L. Penile Spines of the Domestic Cat: Their Endocrine-behavior Relations (PDF). Anat. Rec. 1967, 157 (1): 71–78. PMID 6030760. S2CID 13070242. doi:10.1002/ar.1091570111. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-06-20）.

[6] Swanson, W. F., et al. "Reproductive status of endemic felid species in Latin American zoos and implications for ex situ conservation." Zoo Biology 22.5 (2003): 421-441.

[Hill-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Hill, W.C.O. Note on the male external genitalia of the chimpanzee. Proc.Zool.Soc. Lond. 116, 129–132 (1946)

[8] Murakami, R. A histological study of the development of the penis of wild-type and androgen-insensitive mice. J. Anat. 153, 223–231 (1987)

[9] Hogan, Lindsay A., Tina Janssen, and Stephen D. Johnston. "Wombat reproduction (Marsupialia; Vombatidae): an update and future directions for the development of artificial breeding technology." Reproduction 145.6 (2013): R157-R173.

[VogelnestPortas2019-10] Larry Vogelnest; Timothy Portas. Current Therapy in Medicine of Australian Mammals. Csiro Publishing. 1 May 2019. ISBN 978-1-4863-0752-4.

[11] Drea, C. M., et al. "Exposure to naturally circulating androgens during foetal life incurs direct reproductive costs in female spotted hyenas, but is prerequisite for male mating." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 269.1504 (2002): 1981-1987.

[autogenerated3-12] R. F. Ewer. The Carnivores. Cornell University Press. 1998: 116 [23 July 2013]. ISBN 978-0-8014-8493-3.

[1986Köhncke-13] Köhncke, M.; Leonhardt, K. Cryptoprocta ferox (PDF). Mammalian Species. 1986, (254): 1–5 [19 May 2010]. JSTOR 3503919. doi:10.2307/3503919.

[VogelnestWoods2008-14] Larry Vogelnest; Rupert Woods. Medicine of Australian Mammals. Csiro Publishing. 18 August 2008 [23 July 2013]. ISBN 978-0-643-09928-9.

[15] Harcourt, A. H., and J. Gardiner. "Sexual selection and genital anatomy of male primates." Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 255.1342 (1994): 47-53.

[16] Dixson, A. F. Observations on the evolution of the genitalia and copulatory behaviour in male primates. Journal of Zoology. 1987, 213 (3): 423–443. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1987.tb03718.x.

[AltermanDoyle2013-17] L. Alterman; Gerald A. Doyle; M.K. Izard. Creatures of the Dark. Springer Science & Business Media. 9 March 2013. ISBN 978-1-4757-2405-9.

[CrichtonKrutzsch2000-18] Elizabeth G. Crichton; Philip H. Krutzsch. Reproductive Biology of Bats. Academic Press. 12 June 2000. ISBN 978-0-08-054053-5.

[19] Dewsbury, Donald A. "On the function of the multiple-intromission, multiple-ejaculation copulatory patterns of rodents." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 18.4 (1981): 221-223.

[20] Dunham, A. E., and V. H. W. Rudolf. "Evolution of sexual size monomorphism: the influence of passive mate guarding." Journal of evolutionary biology 22.7 (2009): 1376-1386.

[21] Dixson, A. F. "Sexual selection, genital morphology, and copulatory behavior in male galagos." International Journal of Primatology 10.1 (1989): 47-55.

[22] Glicksman, JM and Freeman, RG. Pearly penile papules. A statistical study of incidence. Arch. Dermatol. 93:56-59 (1966)

[23] Agrawal, SK et al. Pearly penile papules: a review. Int. J. Dermatology 43:199-201 (2004)

[Penile_spines_vs._Pearly_penile_papules_in_humans-24] Penile spines versus pearly penile papules in humans

[McLean-25] 25.0 ^25.1 McLean, CY; Reno, PL; et al. Human-specific loss of regulatory DNA and the evolution of human-specific traits.. Nature. 10 March 2011, 471 (7337): 216–9. Bibcode:2011Natur.471..216M. PMC 3071156 . PMID 21390129. doi:10.1038/nature09774.

[Paleoanthropology,_Genetics,_and_Evolution-26] Paleoanthropology, Genetics, and Evolution

[Gill2006-27] Frank B. Gill. Ornithology. Macmillan. 6 October 2006: 414– [5 December 2012]. ISBN 978-0-7167-4983-7.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

阴茎棘

人类之外的哺乳动物

人类

鸟类

另见

参考资料

外部链接

Portal di Ensiklopedia Dunia