Buatan Tiongkok

Buatan Tiongkok (bahasa Inggris: Made in China) atau Produk Tiongkok (Hanzi sederhana: 中国制造; Hanzi tradisional: 中國製造; Pinyin: Zhōngguó zhìzào,) adalah sebuah label negara asal yang dicantumkan pada produk-produk yang dibuat di Republik Rakyat Tiongkok.

Istilah

Buatan Tiongkok dibuat untuk produk-produk yang dibuat di Tiongkok daratan. Produk-produk yang dibuat di Taiwan dilabeli sebagai "Buatan Taiwan".^[1]^[2]

Merek

Merek "Buatan Tiongkok" dulunya ditantang oleh kampanye-kampanye media Perang Dingin AS yang secara negatif mengabarkan tentang merek tersebut dan mempublikasikan peringatan terhadap keamanan produk-produk Tiongkok di Kongres Amerika Serikat.^[3] Biasanya, beberapa perusahaan periklanan dan Dewan Perdagangan Amerika di Shanghai sejak akhir 1990an mendorong penyematan Buatan Tiongkok sebagai merek bercitra murahnya, seperti halnya Buatan Jepang.^[3]

Signifikansi pemasaran

Label Buatan Tiongkok adalah label paling diakui di dunia pada masa sekarang, karena industri pabrik yang cepat berkembang di Tiongkok, upah-upah pabrik yang relatif rendahnya dan negara tersebut merupakan eksportir terbesar di dunia.^[4] Perusahaan-perusahaan terkenalnya meliputi BYD, China Merchants Bank, China Pabst Blue Ribbon, Hasee, Huawei, JXD, Ping An Bank, Ping An Insurance, Shenzhen Airlines, Skyworth, TCL Corporation, Tencent, Vanke, Zhujiang Beer dan Zte.

Insiden besar terkait produk ekspor

Dalam penarikan ekspor Tiongkok 2007, misalnya, lembaga-lembaga keamanan produk di Amerika Serikat, Kanada, Uni Eropa, Australia dan Selandia Baru menyatakan penarikan dan pencekalan impor terhadap sebagian besar barang konsumen buatan Tiongkok, seperti makanan hewan peliharaan, mainan,^[5] pasta gigi,^[6]^[7] lipstick, dan jenis-jenis makanan laut tertentu.

Saat penarikan ekspor Tiongkok tahun 2008, heparin diumumkan oleh U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) karena kontaminasi stok heparin mentah yang diimpor dari Tiongkok.^[8]^[9] ^[10]

Lenovo mengeluarkan pernyataan publik bahwa perangkat partai ketiga pra-instal buatan mereka yang bernama Superfish dianggap memiliki kesalahan pada sejumlah mesin, bermula dari tahun 2010.^[11]^[12]^[13]

China 2025

Pada 2013, Dewan Negara menyepakati rencana bernama "Made in China 2025." Dicanangkan oleh Kementerian Industri dan Teknologi Informasi, ini membutuhkan waktu lebih dari dua tahun untuk diselesaikan oleh seratus lima puluh orang. Tujuan rencana tersebut adalah untuk menunjang efisiensi dan kualitas produksi.^[14]

Lihat pula

Referensi

^ Fan, Y. (2008) “Country of origin, branding strategy and internationalisation: the case of Chinese piano companies”, Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, 6:3, 303-319, available at http://www.fenamsourcing.com/country-of-origin-branding-strategy-and-internationalisation-the-case-of-chinese-piano-companies/ Diarsipkan 2016-08-21 di Wayback Machine.
^ Fan, Y. (2006) “The globalisation of Chinese brands”, Marketing Intelligence &Planning, 24:4, 365-379, available at http://www.fenamsourcing.com/the-globalisation-of-chinese-brands/ Diarsipkan 2016-08-21 di Wayback Machine.
^ ^a ^b Jing, Wang. Brand New China: Advertising, Media, and Commercial Culture. Harvard University Press. hlm. 136–137.
^ Monaghan, Angela (January 10, 2014). "China surpasses US as world's largest trading nation". The Guardian. Diakses tanggal May 17, 2015.
^ "Mattel to recall more Chinese-made toys". CNN. Diakses tanggal 14 August 2007. ^{[pranala nonaktif]}
^ Spain withdraws Chinese toothpaste from the oral care market CosmesticsDesigns.com. 12 July 2007.Accessed: 2007-09-05.
^ Ramachandran, Arjun (29 August 2007). "Toxic toothpaste alert: buyers beware". The Sydney Morning Herald. Diakses tanggal 29 August 2007.
^ CBS News, Blood-thinning drug under suspicion Diarsipkan 2012-10-23 di Wayback Machine.
^ FDA informational page with information and links about FDA investigation.
^ "Heparin's Deadly Side Effects". Time magazine. 13 November 2008. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 21 November 2008. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-16. A month earlier and half a world away, a team of quality-control specialists from Baxter International, the big multinational health-care company (2007 sales: $11.26 billion) based in Deerfield, Ill., arrived in Zhejiang province, China, about two hours by car from Shanghai, to inspect a facility owned by one of its key suppliers. CZ-SPL is a joint venture controlled by Scientific Protein Laboratories LLC (SPL), a Waunakee, Wis., company started in 1976 by Oscar Meyer, of hot-dog fame. (The connection: pigs naturally produce proteins used in pharmaceuticals.) CZ-SPL makes a key ingredient, what in the pharmaceutical business is called an active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, for a drug called heparin, a blood thinner that is widely used by kidney-dialysis and postsurgical patients to prevent blood clots. The team found little unusual and gave the facility a clean bill of health.
^ "Salinan arsip". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-09-13. Diakses tanggal 2017-10-24.
^ https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA15-051A
^ "Archived copy". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-03-02. Diakses tanggal 2015-03-01.
^ "Made in China 2025". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2015.

Pranala luar

Made in China OECD Observer, November 2006.

[1] Fan, Y. (2008) “Country of origin, branding strategy and internationalisation: the case of Chinese piano companies”, Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, 6:3, 303-319, available at http://www.fenamsourcing.com/country-of-origin-branding-strategy-and-internationalisation-the-case-of-chinese-piano-companies/ Diarsipkan 2016-08-21 di Wayback Machine.

[2] Fan, Y. (2006) “The globalisation of Chinese brands”, Marketing Intelligence &Planning, 24:4, 365-379, available at http://www.fenamsourcing.com/the-globalisation-of-chinese-brands/ Diarsipkan 2016-08-21 di Wayback Machine.

[bnc-3] Jing, Wang. Brand New China: Advertising, Media, and Commercial Culture. Harvard University Press. hlm. 136–137.

[4] Monaghan, Angela (January 10, 2014). "China surpasses US as world's largest trading nation". The Guardian. Diakses tanggal May 17, 2015.

[money.cnn.com-5] "Mattel to recall more Chinese-made toys". CNN. Diakses tanggal 14 August 2007. ^{[pranala nonaktif]}

[6] Spain withdraws Chinese toothpaste from the oral care market CosmesticsDesigns.com. 12 July 2007.Accessed: 2007-09-05.

[7] Ramachandran, Arjun (29 August 2007). "Toxic toothpaste alert: buyers beware". The Sydney Morning Herald. Diakses tanggal 29 August 2007.

[8] CBS News, Blood-thinning drug under suspicion Diarsipkan 2012-10-23 di Wayback Machine.

[9] FDA informational page with information and links about FDA investigation.

[time1-10] "Heparin's Deadly Side Effects". Time magazine. 13 November 2008. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 21 November 2008. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-16. A month earlier and half a world away, a team of quality-control specialists from Baxter International, the big multinational health-care company (2007 sales: $11.26 billion) based in Deerfield, Ill., arrived in Zhejiang province, China, about two hours by car from Shanghai, to inspect a facility owned by one of its key suppliers. CZ-SPL is a joint venture controlled by Scientific Protein Laboratories LLC (SPL), a Waunakee, Wis., company started in 1976 by Oscar Meyer, of hot-dog fame. (The connection: pigs naturally produce proteins used in pharmaceuticals.) CZ-SPL makes a key ingredient, what in the pharmaceutical business is called an active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, for a drug called heparin, a blood thinner that is widely used by kidney-dialysis and postsurgical patients to prevent blood clots. The team found little unusual and gave the facility a clean bill of health.

[11] "Salinan arsip". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-09-13. Diakses tanggal 2017-10-24.

[12] ttps://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA15-051A

[13] "Archived copy". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-03-02. Diakses tanggal 2015-03-01.

[csis-14] "Made in China 2025". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2015.

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Buatan Tiongkok

Istilah

Merek

Signifikansi pemasaran

Insiden besar terkait produk ekspor

China 2025

Lihat pula

Referensi

Pranala luar

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