Evangelikalisme

Evangelikalisme adalah istilah yang biasanya merujuk kepada praktik-praktik serta tradisionalisme keagamaan yang terdapat dalam agama Protestan konservatif. Evangelikalisme dicirikan oleh penekanan pada penginjilan, pengalaman pertobatan secara pribadi, iman yang berorientasi pada Alkitab dan keyakinan tentang relevansi iman Kristen pada masalah-masalah kebudayaan. Pada akhir abad ke-20 dan awal abad ke-21, Gereja-gereja, orang-orang, dan gerakan-gerakan sosial Protestan telah sering dicap evangelikal yang dibedakan dari Kristen liberal.

Pada tahun 2016, diperkirakan ada 619 juta orang evangelikal di seluruh dunia, berarti satu diantara 4 orang Kristiani merupakan penganut evangelikal.^[1] Amerika Serikat merupakan negara dengan proporsi evangelikal terbanyak di dunia, dan merupakan grup agama yang terbesar di Amerika Serikat.^[2]^[3] Evangelikal melintasi denominasi gereja, karena paham evangelikal terdapat di hampir semua denominasi gereja, antara lain gereja Reformed, gereja Metodis, gereja Lutheran, gereja Moravian, gereja Pentakosta, gereja Baptis, serta gereja karismatik.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Penggunaan

Istilah 'evangelikal', dalam pengertian leksikal, tetapi juga yang lebih jarang digunakan, merujuk kepada apapun juga yang tersirat dalam keyakinan bahwa Yesus adalah Mesias. Kata ini berasal dari kata bahasa Yunani untuk 'Injil' atau 'kabar baik': ευαγγελιον evangelion, dari eu- "baik" dan angelion "kabar" atau "berita".^[7]^[8] Dalam pengertiannya yang paling sempit, menjadi evangelikal berarti menjadi Kristen, artinya, didasarkan pada, dan dimotivasikan oleh, serta bertindak sesuai dengan, penyebaran pesan kabar baik atau kabar Injil dari Perjanjian Baru.^[9]^[10]^[11]

Di Eropa daratan, kata yang sama dalam bahasa Inggris “Evangelical”, yang biasanya diterjemahkan menjadi “Injili” dalam bahasa Indonesia, biasanya diartikan sebagai Protestan atau bahkan Lutheran seperti yang biasa digunakan dalam terjemahannya ke dalam bahasa Jerman "evangelisch". Di Jerman, kelompok Protestan yang dikenal sebagai Lutheran di AS dan di berbagai tempat lainnya di seluruh dunia, secara eksklusif disebut sebagai Evangelische atau Injili, yang tergolong ke dalam Gereja Injili di Jerman.

Kepercayaan

Empat aspek penting dalam ajaran evangelikal adalah perlunya untuk dilahirkan kembali dan perlunya pertobatan dari dosa, penggunaan Alkitab sebagai satu-satunya penuntun dalam kehidupan Kristen dan Alkitab tidak akan pernah salah, pentingnya kematian dan kebangkitan Kristus, serta perlunya peran orang percaya untuk melakukan penginjilan maupun aksi-aksi sosial lainnya dalam rangka memberitakan Injil.^[11]^[12] Kaum Evangelikal percaya dengan paham gereja orang kudus, dimana jemaat yang bisa menjadi anggota ialah jemaat yang sudah percaya akan Kristus dan sudah menunjukkan iman mereka.^[13] Beberapa gereja percaya bahwa baptisan hanya untuk orang percaya.^[14] Beberapa gereja Evangelikal juga memperbolehkan perempuan untuk melayani di gereja.^[15]

Kebaktian Minggu bagi kaum Evangelikal diselenggarakan di gereja.^[16]^[17]^[18] Desain dari gereja biasanya sederhana.^[19]^[20] Ornamen biasanya hanya merupakan salib Latin.^[21]^[22] Banyak kebaktian gereja dilakukan dengan menyewa gedung maupun bioskop pada hari Minggu.^[23] Tidak ada ornamen agama seperti patung maupun lukisan.^[24] Di banyak tempat dimana gereja ditekan, gereja Evangelikal terpaksa beribadah dengan sembunyi-sembunyi di rumah-rumah.^[25]^[26]

Penganut Evangelikal menekankan untuk melarang berhubungan seksual sebelum menikah.^[27] Sebagian besar dari gereja Evangelikal menolak aborsi dan membantu badan-badan sosial yang memberi bantuan kepada ibu.^[28] Evangelikal menganggap bahwa masturbasi adalah suatu dosa.^[29] Banyak gereja Evangelikal hanya fokus kepada melarang aktivitas seksual sebelum menikah, dan kurang memberi tuntunan kepada aktivitas seksual dalam pernikahan,^[30]^[31] meskipun banyak gereja Evangelikal di Amerika Serikat dan Swiss yang terang-terang menyatakan bahwa hubungan seksual yang memuaskan dengan pasangan dalam pernikahan yang kudus adalah pemberian dari Tuhan dan merupakan komponen yang penting dalam pernikahan Kristiani.^[32]^[33]^[34]

Masuk ke Indonesia

Gerakan Injil masuk ke Indonesia pada tahun 1950-an, baik secara langsung dari Amerika Serikat maupun dari Eropa, dengan didirikannya sekolah-sekolah teologi pada masa itu, antara lain: Seminari Alkitab Asia Tenggara (SAAT, berdiri tahun 1952) dan Institut Injili Indonesia (I-3, berdiri tahun 1959). Gerakan Injili di Indonesia juga disuburkan oleh kaum Injili di Jerman yang memberikan dukungan terhadap Yayasan Persekutuan Pekabaran Injil di Indonesia (YPPII), dan oleh kaum Injili di Inggris melalui Overseas Missionary Fellowship (OMF) yang mengirimkan para misonari mereka untuk melayani di beberapa gereja dan lembaga Kristen di Indonesia. Sedangkan penyebaran di kalangan mahasiswa dilakukan melalui Lembaga Pelayanan Mahasiswa Indonesia yang merupakan kepanjangan tangan dari Campus Crusades for Christ.

Daftar tokoh evangelikal

Penerbitan

Kelompok-kelompok regional dan nasional

Evangelical Fellowship of Canada
Evangelical Movement of Wales
Perhimpunan Evangelikal Nasional
Sydney Anglicans (Diosis Sydney adaalh sebuah kelompok berpengaruh di kalangan Komuni Anglikan)
Evangelical Truth Ireland
History of Independent Evangelical Churches in Australia
Gereja Reformed Injili Indonesia
Reformed Institute

Gerakan evangelikalisme

Gerakan kontra-evangelisme

Lihat pula

Pemercaya Alkitab
Apologetika Kristen - pembelaan terhadap agama Kristen
Kristen kiri
Kristen kanan
Kristen Konservatif
Penginjilan
Jesus Camp - film dokumenter 2006 tentang anak-anak evangelikal di AS
Misi
Ortodoksi
Protestantisme
Summary of Christian eschatological differences
Stephen H. Webb
Daftar gereja injili terbesar

Referensi

Kutipan

^ "Dans le monde, un chrétien sur quatre est évangélique". La Croix (dalam bahasa Prancis). 2016-01-25. ISSN 0242-6056. Diakses tanggal 2022-07-20.
^ How Many Evangelicals Are There?, Wheaton College: Institute for the Study of American Evangelicals, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-01-30
^ Smith, Gregory A.; Masci, David (3 March 2018). "5 facts about U.S. evangelical Protestants". Pew Research Center.
^ Wilkinson, John Laurence (1993). Church in Black and White (dalam bahasa English). Saint Andrew Press. hlm. 40. ISBN 978-3-89144-301-9. This powerful spiritual awakening resulted in an amazing worldwide upsurge that firmly planted evangelical Christianity in the Caribbean, and the Moravian Church as an important element in West Indian life. Next came the Methodist...
^ (Mohler 2011, hlm. 106–108): "A new dynamic emerged in the last half of the twentieth century as the charismatic and Pentecostal movements also began to participate in the larger evangelical world. By the end of the century, observers would often describe the evangelical movement in terms of Reformed, Baptist, Wesleyan, and charismatic traditions."
^ Wood, A. Skevington (1984). "The Lord's Watch: the Moravians" (dalam bahasa English). Christian History Institute. Diakses tanggal 26 July 2021.
^ "Evangelical church | Definition, History, Beliefs, Key Figures, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2022-04-26.
^ William Danker, Frederick A (1957). A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and other Early Christian Literature (edisi ke-3rd). The University of Chicago Press.
^ "Evangelicals and Evangelicalism" (dalam bahasa English). University of Southern California. Diakses tanggal 11 May 2022. At its most basic level, evangelical Christianity is characterized by a belief in the literal truth of the Bible, a “personal relationship with Jesus Christ,” the importance of encouraging others to be “born again” in Jesus and a lively worship culture. This characterization is true regardless the size of the church, what the people sitting in the pews look like or how they express their beliefs.
^ Sweet, Leonard I. (1997). The Evangelical Tradition in America (dalam bahasa English). Mercer University Press. hlm. 132. ISBN 978-0-86554-554-0. ...evangelical Christianity, which united by a common authority (the Bible), shared experience (new birth/conversion), and commitment to the same sense of duty (obedience to Christ through evangelism and benevolence).
^ ^a ^b Kidd, Thomas S. (24 September 2019). Who Is an Evangelical? (dalam bahasa English). Yale University Press. hlm. 4. ISBN 978-0-300-24141-9. What does it mean to be evangelical? The simple answer is that evangelical Christianity is the religion of the born again.
^ Yates, Arthur S. (2015). The Doctrine of Assurance: With Special Reference to John Wesley. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 9781498205047. Writing to Arthur Bedford on 4th August 1738, Wesley says: 'That assurance of which alone I speak, I should not choose to call an assurance of salvation, but rather (with the Scriptures) the assurance of faith. . . . I think the Scriptural words are ...
^ Religioscope, Sébastien Fath, À propos de l’évangélisme et des Églises évangéliques en France – Entretien avec Sébastien Fath, religion.info, France, March 3, 2002
^ Donald F. Durnbaugh, The Believers' Church: The History and Character of Radical Protestantism, Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2003, p. 65, 73
^ Brian Stiller, Evangelicals Around the World: A Global Handbook for the 21st Century, Thomas Nelson, USA, 2015, p. 117
^ D. A. Carson, Worship: Adoration and Action: Adoration and Action, Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2002, p. 161
^ Jeanne Halgren Kilde, Sacred Power, Sacred Space: An Introduction to Christian Architecture and Worship, Oxford University Press, USA, 2008, p. 193
^ Harold W. Turner, From Temple to Meeting House: The Phenomenology and Theology of Places of Worship, Walter de Gruyter, Germany, 1979, p. 258
^ Peter W. Williams, Houses of God: Region, Religion, and Architecture in the United States, University of Illinois Press, USA, 2000, p. 125
^ Murray Dempster, Byron D. Klaus, Douglas Petersen, The Globalization of Pentecostalism: A Religion Made to Travel, Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2011, p. 210
^ Mark A. Lamport, Encyclopedia of Christianity in the Global South, Volume 2, Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2018, p. 32
^ Anne C. Loveland, Otis B. Wheeler, From Meetinghouse to Megachurch: A Material and Cultural History, University of Missouri Press, USA, 2003, p. 149
^ Helmuth Berking, Silke Steets, Jochen Schwenk, Religious Pluralism and the City: Inquiries into Postsecular Urbanism, Bloomsbury Publishing, UK, 2018, p. 78
^ Cameron J. Anderson, The Faithful Artist: A Vision for Evangelicalism and the Arts, InterVarsity Press, USA, 2016, p. 124
^ Allan Heaton Anderson, An Introduction to Pentecostalism: Global Charismatic Christianity, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2013, p. 104
^ Mark A. Lamport, Encyclopedia of Christianity in the Global South, Volume 2, Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2018, p. 364
^ John DeLamater, Rebecca F. Plante, Handbook of the Sociology of Sexualities, Springer, USA, 2015, p. 351
^ Robert Woods, Evangelical Christians and Popular Culture: Pop Goes the Gospel, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 44
^ David K. Clark, Robert V. Rakestraw, Readings in Christian Ethics: Issues and Applications, Baker Academic, USA, 1994, p. 162
^ "Virginity pledges for men can lead to sexual confusion — even after the wedding day". UW News (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2022-07-20.
^ "Many churches don't talk about sex beyond virginity, virginity, virginity | Joy Bennett". the Guardian (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2013-02-11. Diakses tanggal 2022-07-20.
^ Timothy J. Demy PhD, Paul R. Shockley PhD, Evangelical America: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary American Religious Culture, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2017, p. 371
^ Green, Emma (2014-11-09). "The Warrior Wives of Evangelical Christianity". The Atlantic (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2022-07-20.
^ "400 jeunes pour une conférence sur le sexe". Christianisme Aujourd'hui (dalam bahasa Prancis). 2016-08-22. Diakses tanggal 2022-07-20.

Sumber

Bebbington, David (1989). Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s. Unwin Hyman. ISBN 0415104645.
Freston, Paul (2004). Evangelicals and Politics in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 052160429X.
Green, John (1992). "Akron Survey of Religion and Politics in America" (PDF). Bliss Institute University of Akron. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2009-03-04. Diakses tanggal 02/15/2007. As quoted in Noll, Mark (1994). Scandal of the Evangelical Mind. Eerdmans. ISBN 0802837158.

Pranala luar

.

Apologetika/Teologi Evangelikal

Penelitian tentang kelompok Evangelikal

Barna Research Group
2004 American Religious Landscape Report PDF di The Pew Forum on Religion in American Life Diarsipkan 2009-03-04 di Wayback Machine.
Institute for the Study of American Evangelicalism - Wheaton College Diarsipkan 2002-08-06 di Wayback Machine.
Evangelicals in Methodism: Mainstream, Marginal or Misunderstood? Diarsipkan 2006-10-03 di Wayback Machine. (Perspektif Britania)

[CNRS-1] "Dans le monde, un chrétien sur quatre est évangélique". La Croix (dalam bahasa Prancis). 2016-01-25. ISSN 0242-6056. Diakses tanggal 2022-07-20.

[How_Many_Evangelicals_Are_There-2] How Many Evangelicals Are There?, Wheaton College: Institute for the Study of American Evangelicals, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-01-30

[pew_research-3] Smith, Gregory A.; Masci, David (3 March 2018). "5 facts about U.S. evangelical Protestants". Pew Research Center.

[Wilkinson1993-4] Wilkinson, John Laurence (1993). Church in Black and White (dalam bahasa English). Saint Andrew Press. hlm. 40. ISBN 978-3-89144-301-9. This powerful spiritual awakening resulted in an amazing worldwide upsurge that firmly planted evangelical Christianity in the Caribbean, and the Moravian Church as an important element in West Indian life. Next came the Methodist...

[5] (Mohler 2011, hlm. 106–108): "A new dynamic emerged in the last half of the twentieth century as the charismatic and Pentecostal movements also began to participate in the larger evangelical world. By the end of the century, observers would often describe the evangelical movement in terms of Reformed, Baptist, Wesleyan, and charismatic traditions."

[Wood1984-6] Wood, A. Skevington (1984). "The Lord's Watch: the Moravians" (dalam bahasa English). Christian History Institute. Diakses tanggal 26 July 2021.

[7] "Evangelical church | Definition, History, Beliefs, Key Figures, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2022-04-26.

[8] William Danker, Frederick A (1957). A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and other Early Christian Literature (edisi ke-3rd). The University of Chicago Press.

[USC20222-9] "Evangelicals and Evangelicalism" (dalam bahasa English). University of Southern California. Diakses tanggal 11 May 2022. At its most basic level, evangelical Christianity is characterized by a belief in the literal truth of the Bible, a “personal relationship with Jesus Christ,” the importance of encouraging others to be “born again” in Jesus and a lively worship culture. This characterization is true regardless the size of the church, what the people sitting in the pews look like or how they express their beliefs.

[Sweet1997-10] Sweet, Leonard I. (1997). The Evangelical Tradition in America (dalam bahasa English). Mercer University Press. hlm. 132. ISBN 978-0-86554-554-0. ...evangelical Christianity, which united by a common authority (the Bible), shared experience (new birth/conversion), and commitment to the same sense of duty (obedience to Christ through evangelism and benevolence).

[Kidd20192-11] Kidd, Thomas S. (24 September 2019). Who Is an Evangelical? (dalam bahasa English). Yale University Press. hlm. 4. ISBN 978-0-300-24141-9. What does it mean to be evangelical? The simple answer is that evangelical Christianity is the religion of the born again.

[Yates2015-12] Yates, Arthur S. (2015). The Doctrine of Assurance: With Special Reference to John Wesley. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 9781498205047. Writing to Arthur Bedford on 4th August 1738, Wesley says: 'That assurance of which alone I speak, I should not choose to call an assurance of salvation, but rather (with the Scriptures) the assurance of faith. . . . I think the Scriptural words are ...

[religion.info-13] Religioscope, Sébastien Fath, À propos de l’évangélisme et des Églises évangéliques en France – Entretien avec Sébastien Fath, religion.info, France, March 3, 2002

[14] Donald F. Durnbaugh, The Believers' Church: The History and Character of Radical Protestantism, Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2003, p. 65, 73

[15] Brian Stiller, Evangelicals Around the World: A Global Handbook for the 21st Century, Thomas Nelson, USA, 2015, p. 117

[16] D. A. Carson, Worship: Adoration and Action: Adoration and Action, Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2002, p. 161

[17] Jeanne Halgren Kilde, Sacred Power, Sacred Space: An Introduction to Christian Architecture and Worship, Oxford University Press, USA, 2008, p. 193

[18] Harold W. Turner, From Temple to Meeting House: The Phenomenology and Theology of Places of Worship, Walter de Gruyter, Germany, 1979, p. 258

[19] Peter W. Williams, Houses of God: Region, Religion, and Architecture in the United States, University of Illinois Press, USA, 2000, p. 125

[20] Murray Dempster, Byron D. Klaus, Douglas Petersen, The Globalization of Pentecostalism: A Religion Made to Travel, Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2011, p. 210

[21] Mark A. Lamport, Encyclopedia of Christianity in the Global South, Volume 2, Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2018, p. 32

[22] Anne C. Loveland, Otis B. Wheeler, From Meetinghouse to Megachurch: A Material and Cultural History, University of Missouri Press, USA, 2003, p. 149

[23] Helmuth Berking, Silke Steets, Jochen Schwenk, Religious Pluralism and the City: Inquiries into Postsecular Urbanism, Bloomsbury Publishing, UK, 2018, p. 78

[24] Cameron J. Anderson, The Faithful Artist: A Vision for Evangelicalism and the Arts, InterVarsity Press, USA, 2016, p. 124

[25] Allan Heaton Anderson, An Introduction to Pentecostalism: Global Charismatic Christianity, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2013, p. 104

[26] Mark A. Lamport, Encyclopedia of Christianity in the Global South, Volume 2, Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2018, p. 364

[27] John DeLamater, Rebecca F. Plante, Handbook of the Sociology of Sexualities, Springer, USA, 2015, p. 351

[28] Robert Woods, Evangelical Christians and Popular Culture: Pop Goes the Gospel, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 44

[29] David K. Clark, Robert V. Rakestraw, Readings in Christian Ethics: Issues and Applications, Baker Academic, USA, 1994, p. 162

[30] "Virginity pledges for men can lead to sexual confusion — even after the wedding day". UW News (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2022-07-20.

[31] "Many churches don't talk about sex beyond virginity, virginity, virginity | Joy Bennett". the Guardian (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2013-02-11. Diakses tanggal 2022-07-20.

[32] Timothy J. Demy PhD, Paul R. Shockley PhD, Evangelical America: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary American Religious Culture, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2017, p. 371

[33] Green, Emma (2014-11-09). "The Warrior Wives of Evangelical Christianity". The Atlantic (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2022-07-20.

[34] "400 jeunes pour une conférence sur le sexe". Christianisme Aujourd'hui (dalam bahasa Prancis). 2016-08-22. Diakses tanggal 2022-07-20.

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Evangelikalisme

Penggunaan

Kepercayaan

Masuk ke Indonesia

Daftar tokoh evangelikal

Penerbitan

Kelompok-kelompok regional dan nasional

Gerakan evangelikalisme

Gerakan kontra-evangelisme

Lihat pula

Referensi

Kutipan

Sumber

Pranala luar

Apologetika/Teologi Evangelikal

Penelitian tentang kelompok Evangelikal

Mexicana (film)

Alia Shawkat

Tijjani Reijnders

Mandar gendang

Parco nazionale del monte Cradle-lago St Clair

Magnesium hidroksida

Jihyo

Meditasi Kristiani

Ali Sharif Al Emadi

Edgar Morin

Balls Out (film)

Whisper (album mini)

MotoGP musim 2017

Lycoming LTS101

The Kick (film)

Перебіжчик

Jalan Raya Burma

Soekertijo

Paus Yulius I

The Flash (film)