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Reologi Kerak Bumi

Reologi Kerak Bumi merupakan suatu ilmu yang mempelajari tentang deformasi dan aliran materi dalam kerak bumi baik itu dalam kondisi cair, padat maupun semi padat. Lapisan–lapisan bumi berdasarkan sifat reologinya dibedakan menjadi 3 lapisan yaitu Litosfer, Astenosfer dan Mesosfer.
Litosfer merupakan lapisan yang dianggap memiliki sifat rigid yang terdiri dari kerak bumi dan mantel bumi bagian atas (upper mantle). Ketebalnnya tidak seragam yaitu:

  1. Di bawah benua: sekitar 30-50 km
  2. Di bawah pegunungan: sekitar 65 km
  3. Di bawah basin samudera: sekitar 6 km

Astenosfer merupakan lapisan yang dianggap bersifat plastis, berada di bawah lapisan litosfer . Lapisan ini memiliki viskositas yang rendah dan memiliki ketebalan beberapa ratus km.
Mesosfer merupakan yang berada dibawah astenosfer dimana lapisan ini merupakan lapisan yang paling dalam dari mantel sampai inti bumi
Dalam studi ini disebutkan bahwa suhu akan bertambah seiring bertambahnya kedalaman, sehingga pada kedalaman tertentu suatu material akan mencapai titik lelehnya dan berubah dari sifat rigid menjadi plastis.

Dewasa ini studi reologi digunakan untuk penelitian gempa bumi karena adanya perbedaan sifat antar lapisan. Akibat perbedaan sifat lapisan tersebut, maka apabila ada suatu tekanan (stress) yang diberikan sepanjang suatu bagian lempeng, maka tekanan tersebut dapat tersebar ke bagian lempeng yang jauh bergantung pada sifat lempengnya. Idealnya pada bagian yang rigid, jika diberikan suatu tekanan maka bagian ini akan lebih mudah terdeformasi dibandingkan bagian yang plastis. Sehingga umumnya sumber gempa/ kedalaman gempa hanya sampai pada batas dimana lempeng tersebut masih bersifat rigid.

Referensi

  • The Rock Physics Handbook, Tools for Seismic Analysis of Porous Media. Stanford University, California. ISBN 978-0-521-86136-6

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