Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

India and the Non-Aligned Movement

Member and observer states of the Non-Aligned Movement (as of April 2022 )

For India, the concept of non-alignment began as a policy of non-participation in the military affairs of a bipolar world and in the context of colonialism aimed towards optimum involvement through multi-polar participation towards peace and security. It meant a country should be able to preserve a certain amount of freedom of action internationally. There was no set definition of non-alignment, which meant the term was interpreted differently by different politicians and governments, and varied in different contexts.[1] The overall aims and principles found consensus among the movement members.[2] Non-aligned countries, however, rarely attained the freedom of judgement they desired and their actual behaviour towards the movement's objectives, such as social justice and human rights, were unfulfilled in many cases. India's actions often resembled those of aligned countries.[3] The response of the non-aligned nations during India's wars in 1962, 1965 and 1971 revealed non-aligned positions on issues such as secession.[4] The non-aligned nations were unable to fulfil the role of peacekeepers during the Indo-China war of 1962 and the Indo-Pakistan war of 1965 despite meaningful attempts.[5] The non-aligned response to the Bangladesh Liberation War and the following 1971 Indo-Pakistan War showed most of the non-aligned nations prioritised territorial integrity above human rights, which could be explained by the recently attained statehood for the non-aligned.[6] During this period, India's non-aligned stance was questioned and criticized.[7] Jawaharlal Nehru had not wanted the formalization of non-alignment and none of the non-aligned nations had commitments to help each other.[8] The international rise of countries such as China also decreased incentives for the non-aligned countries to stand in solidarity with India.[9]

India played an important role in the multilateral movements of colonies and newly independent countries that wanted to participate in the Non-Aligned Movement. The country's place in national diplomacy, its significant size and its economic growth turned India into one of the leaders of the Non-Aligned Movement.[10]

Origin of non-alignment in India

Timeline

Prior to Independence and India becoming a republic, Jawaharlal Nehru contemplated the path the country would take in world affairs.[15] In 1946, Nehru, as a part of the cabinet of the Interim Government of India, said during a radio broadcast; "we propose, as far as possible, to keep away from the power politics of groups, aligned against one another, which have led in the past to world wars and which may again lead to disasters on an even vaster scale".[16] In 1948, he made a speech to the Constituent Assembly (Legislative) titled "We Lead Ourselves" in which he said the world was going through a phase in which the foreign policies of major powers had "miserably failed".[17] In the speech, he talked about what alignment entailed, saying:

What does joining a bloc mean? After all it can only mean one thing: give up your view about a particular question, adopt the other party's view on that question in order to please it […] Our instructions to our delegates have always been first to consider each question in terms of India's interest, secondly, on its merit - I mean to say if it did not affect India, naturally on its merits and not merely to do something or to give a vote just to please this power or that power ...[18]

In 1949, he told the Assembly:

We have stated repeatedly that our foreign policy is one of keeping aloof from the big blocs [….] being friendly to all countries... not becoming entangled in any alliances… that may drag us into any possible conflict. That does not, on the other hand, involve any lack of close relationships with other countries.[19]

Some saw confusion in these speeches and the West questioned Nehru's "neutrality";[20] in the United States in 1949, Nehru said; "we are not blind to reality nor do we acquiesce in any challenge to man's freedom from whatever quarters it may come. Where freedom is menaced or justice threatened or where aggression take place, we cannot and shall not be neutral".[20] The term 'Non-Alignment' was used for the first time in 1950 at the United Nations when both India and Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia rejected alignment with any side in the Korean War.[21] Over the years, Nehru made a number of comments on non-alignment; in 1957 he said, "Non-alignment seems to me as the natural consequence of an independent nation functioning according to its own rights. After all alignment means being regimented to do something you do not like and thereby giving up certain measures of independent judgement and thinking."[22]

Tito, Nasser, and Nehru at the Conference of Non-Aligned Nations held in Belgrade 1961
PM Singh and the MOS for External Affairs at the XIVth NAM's Business Forum in Cuba, 2006.
President Aliyev and Vice President Naidu at the 18th Summit of Non-Aligned Movement in Baкu, 2019

Indian non-alignment was a product of the Cold War, a bipolar world[23] and India's colonial experience and the non-violent Indian independence struggle.[citation needed] According to Rejaul Karim Laskar, the Non-Aligned Movement was devised by Nehru and other leaders of newly independent countries of the Third World to "guard" their independence "in face of complex international situation demanding allegiance to either of the two warring superpowers".[24]

The term "non-alignment" was coined by V K Menon in his speech at the United Nations (UN) in 1953,[25] which was later used by Indian Prime Minister Jawahar Lal Nehru during his speech in 1954 in Colombo, Sri Lanka, in which he described the Panchsheel (five restraints) to be used as a guide for Sino-Indian relations, which were first put forth by Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai. These principles would later become the basis of the Non-Aligned Movement. The five principles were: mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty; mutual non-aggression; mutual non-interference in domestic affairs; equality and mutual benefit; and peaceful co-existence. Nehru's concept of non-alignment brought India considerable international prestige among newly independent states that shared its concerns about the military confrontation between the superpowers and the influence of the former colonial powers. By laying the foundation stone of 'Non-Alignment Movement', India was able to establish a significant role for itself as a leader of the newly independent world and in the multilateral organisations like the UN.

According to Jairam Ramesh, neither Menon or Nehru "particularly cared for or were fond of the term 'non alignment' much less of the idea of 'non-aligned movement' or a 'non aligned grouping'".[25]

Early developments

The Non-Aligned Movement had its origins in the 1947 Asian Relations Meeting in New Delhi and the 1955 Asian-African Conference in Bandung, Indonesia. India also participated in the 1961 Belgrade Conference that officially established the Non-Aligned Movement. In the 1960s and 1970s, India concentrated on internal problems and bilateral relations but retained membership in the increasingly factionalised and radicalised movement. During the contentious 1979 Havana summit, India worked with moderate nations to reject Cuban President Fidel Castro's proposition that "socialism" was the "natural ally" of non-alignment.

Non-aligned response to Sino-Indian conflicts

The Sino-India war of 1962 was one of the first situations in which the non-aligned countries faced a situation that was not directly related to the two blocs or issues such as colonialism.[26] The Belgrade Summit had been held in 1961 with representation from 24 countries, the reaction of which ranged from ignoring the situation, making low-profile appeals and statements to making attempts to mediate.[27]

According to V.K. Krishna Menon in 1964; "non-aligned nation(s) must be non-aligned with the non-aligned ... that is why, when some people here say, 'why haven't the non-aligned people stood up and shouted against China', I tell them, 'they have their own policy, they have their own independence'".[28] In 1984, Sarvepalli Gopal said; "India ... found non-alignment deteriorating into isolation. Even the other non-aligned leaders, with the honourable exception of Nasser and Tito were guarded in their response to India's case.[28]

Non-alignment and Indo-Pakistan conflicts

The response of non-aligned nations to the Indo-Pakistan conflicts revealed insights into their views towards self determination, issues of secession, the use of force in boundary disputes, armed intervention, external support in liberation struggles, human rights and genocide.[29][30] Many of the non-aligned nations were facing similar problems in their own countries.[30] The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 saw a continuing decline in the role of non-aligned nations in peacekeeping, a decline that started with a failure to mediate during the 1962 Indo-Sino war.[5]

Commemorative stamp of the 7th summit which was held in India, 1983

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 started as an "internal issue" of human rights in Pakistan, an issue of human rights but became India's problem with the migration of millions of refugees into India, which was referred to as "civilian aggression".[31] Two major alignments developed; Pakistan aligned with the United States and China, and India aligned with the Soviet Union.[32] Without Soviet support, India would not have been able to defend itself against the US-Pakistan-China alliance.[32] This polarization influenced all forums and international opinion, including that of the Non-Aligned Movement, which at the time consisted of 53 nations.[32] The non-aligned responses varied from calling the situation an internal matter of Pakistan to seeking a political solution to a humanitarian problem but only one of the non-aligned states mentioned the human rights aspect.[33] It took time for some of the non-aligned nations to deal with the emergence of Bangladesh and to appreciate the contradictory issues of Pakistan national unity and the Bengali right to self-determination.[34] During the Uniting for Peace resolution, non-aligned responses became clearer; some of the African non-aligned nations were the most critical of India while others that wanted to stay neutral made contradictory statements. The predicament of small non-aligned states was also seen.[35] India was disappointed with the non-aligned response. In August 1971, M. C. Chagla, a former foreign affairs minister of India, said:

Look at the non-aligned countries, we have prided ourselves of our nonalignment. What have the non-aligned countries done? Nothing. ... many countries have skeletons in their cupboard. They have minorities whom they have not treated well and they feel that if they support Bangladesh, these minorities will also rise in revolt, in rebellion, against the oppressive policies being pursued by the administration.[36][37]

The signing of the Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation in 1971 and India's involvement in the internal affairs of its smaller neighbours in the 1970s and 1980s tarnished its image as a non-aligned nation and led some observers to question India's non-alignment.[7] Rather than an issue of non-aligned solidarity, India's declining influence in non-aligned areas compared to the rise of China also affected the international withdrawal of support to India.[9] There was no commitment for the non-aligned nations to help each other.[38] Non-alignment also affected India's bilateral relations with many countries.[38]

21st century

Vice President Naidu and EAM Jaishankar during the 18th NAM summit in 2019.

In 2019, India was represented at the 18th NAM summit by its vice president and external affairs minister.[13] In May 2020, the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi participated in a NAM virtual summit.[14] In July 2020, India's External Affairs Minister Subrahmanyam Jaishankar said during an interview; "non-alignment was a term of a particular era and a particular, shall I say, geopolitical landscape".[39][40][41]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ In 1979 the Havana Declaration was adopted to clarify the purpose of NAM: "the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries" in their "struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, racism, and all forms of foreign aggression, occupation, domination, interference or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics."[12]

References

  1. ^ Upadhyaya 1987, p. 9, Chapter 1.
  2. ^ Upadhyaya 1987, p. 5, Chapter 1.
  3. ^ Upadhyaya 1987, p. 315–320, Chapter 6.
  4. ^ Upadhyaya 1987, p. 301–302, Chapter 6.
  5. ^ a b Upadhyaya 1987, p. 233, Chapter 4.
  6. ^ Upadhyaya 1987, p. 295, Chapter 5.
  7. ^ a b Upadhyaya 1987, p. 298, Chapter 5.
  8. ^ Upadhyaya 1987, p. 302–303, Chapter 6.
  9. ^ a b Upadhyaya 1987, p. 301–304, Chapter 6.
  10. ^ Pekkanen, Saadia M.; Ravenhill, John; Foot, Rosemary, eds. (2014). Oxford Handbook of the International Relations of Asia. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-19-991624-5.
  11. ^ a b c Upadhyaya 1987, p. 2.
  12. ^ White, Nigel D. (24 October 2014). The Cuban Embargo under International Law: El Bloqueo. Routledge. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-134-45117-3.
  13. ^ a b "Naidu, Jaishankar meet Afghan President on Non alignment movement (NAM) Summit sidelines". ANI News. 26 October 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  14. ^ a b Nagda, Ashutosh (11 May 2020). "India's Renewed Embrace of the Non-Aligned Movement". The Diplomat. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  15. ^ Grover 1992, p. 142, 151.
  16. ^ Upadhyaya 1987, p. 2, Chapter 1.
  17. ^ Grover 1992, p. 142, 147, Chapter 1.
  18. ^ Grover 1992, p. 147, 150, Chapter 1.
  19. ^ Grover 1992, p. 151, Chapter 1.
  20. ^ a b Chary 1995, p. 59–60.
  21. ^ Ivo Goldstein; Slavko Goldstein (2020). Tito [Tito] (in Croatian). Zagreb: Profil. pp. 636–647. ISBN 978-953-313-750-6.
  22. ^ Upadhyaya 1987, p. 13.
  23. ^ Upadhyaya 1987, p. 11, Chapter 1.
  24. ^ Laskar, Rejaul Karim. "Respite from Disgraceful NDA Foreign Policy". Congress Sandesh. 6 (10): 8.
  25. ^ a b Ramesh, Jairam (19 December 2019). "Part 1 Chapter 2". A Chequered Brilliance: The Many Lives of V.K. Krishna Menon. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. ISBN 978-93-5305-740-4.
  26. ^ Upadhyaya 1987, p. 47-48, Chapter 2.
  27. ^ Upadhyaya 1987, p. 66-76, Chapter 2.
  28. ^ a b Upadhyaya 1987, p. 47, Chapter 2.
  29. ^ Upadhyaya 1987, p. 168, Chapter 4.
  30. ^ a b Upadhyaya 1987, p. 235, Chapter 5.
  31. ^ Upadhyaya 1987, p. 251, Chapter 5.
  32. ^ a b c Upadhyaya 1987, p. 255, Chapter 5.
  33. ^ Upadhyaya 1987, p. 264-270, Chapter 5.
  34. ^ Upadhyaya 1987, p. 272, Chapter 5.
  35. ^ Upadhyaya 1987, p. 272–275, Chapter 5.
  36. ^ Upadhyaya 1987, p. 290, Chapter 5.
  37. ^ Ghaṭāṭe, Narayana Madhava, ed. (1971). Bangla Desh: Crisis & Consequences: Proceedings of the Seminar, 7th and 8th August 1971. Deendayal Research Institute; [distributors: Indian Publishing House, Delhi]. pp. 83, 84.
  38. ^ a b Upadhyaya 1987, p. 302–304, Chapter 6.
  39. ^ Bhaumik, Anirban (20 July 2020). "S Jaishankar says era of non-alignment gone, as US, Indian warships conduct joint drills". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  40. ^ "EAM's interaction on Mindmine Mondays, CNBC (July 21, 2020)". Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. 30 July 2020. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  41. ^ Pant, Harsh V. "Gradually burying non-alignment". ORF. Retrieved 10 January 2021.

Sources

  • Upadhyaya, Priyankar (1987). Non-aligned States And India's International Conflicts (Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the Jawaharlal Nehru University thesis). Centre For International Politics Organization And Disarmament School Of International Studies New Delhi. hdl:10603/16265.
  • Grover, Verinder, ed. (1992). Uno, Nam, Nieo, Saarc and India's Foreign Policy. Vol. 10 of International relations and foreign policy of India. New Delhi: Deep and Deep Publications. ISBN 9788171003495.
  • Chary, M. Srinivas (1995). The Eagle and the Peacock: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward India Since Independence. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313276026.

Further reading

External links
Baca informasi lainnya:

Initial D (film)

This article is about the Hong Kong live-action adaptation. For the 2001 anime feature film, see List of Initial D episodes. For the 2014–16 anime film series, see New Initial D the Movie. 2005 filmInitial DTheatrical release posterTraditional Chinese頭文字DSimplified Chinese头文字DHanyu PinyinTóu Wén Zì DJyutpingTau4 Man4 Zi6 D Directed byAndrew LauAlan MakScreenplay byFelix ChongStory byJay ChouProduced byAndrew LauStarring Jay Chou Anne Suzuki Edison Chen Anthony Wong Shaw…

Fitzgeralds Las Vegas

Logo Fitzgeralds Fitzgeralds Las Vegas merupakan sebuah hotel dan kasino bertingkat 34 dan berkamar 638 di pusat kota Las Vegas. Fitzgeralds dimiliki oleh Barden Nevada sebuah subsidiari The Majestic Star Casino, LLC. Memiliki kasino seluas 42.000 kaki persegi, dan beberapa restoran, juga pusat bisnis dan kolam renang dan spa. Hotel ini terletak di ujung timur Fremont Street Experience. Fitzgerald's juga memiliki agenda balap dan olahraga. Kasinonya memiliki sekitar 940 mesin slot, dan 29 permai…

Lena Hallengren

Lena HallengrenLena Hallengren pada tahun 2011 Menteri Kesehatan dan Urusan SosialPetahanaMulai menjabat 21 Januari 2019Penguasa monarkiCarl XVI GustafPerdana MenteriStefan Löfven PendahuluAnnika StrandhällPenggantiPetahanaMenteri Anak-Anak dan LansiaMasa jabatan8 Maret 2018 – 21 Januari 2019Penguasa monarkiCarl XVI GustafPerdana MenteriStefan Löfven PendahuluÅsa RegnérPenggantiJabatan ditiadakanMenteri Kesetaraan GenderMasa jabatan8 Maret 2018 – 21 Januari 2019Pen…

Köpenhamns universitet

Den gamla delen av Köpenhamns universitet Köpenhamns universitets Søndre Campus i Ørestad på Amager Konsistoriehuset Köpenhamns universitet är Danmarks största och äldsta universitet, grundat 1479, med drygt 38 000 inregistrerade studenter (2011).[1] Universitetet består av åtta fakulteter: biovetenskap, farmaceutisk vetenskap, teologi, juridik, samhällsvetenskap, hälso- och sjukvård, humaniora och naturvetenskap. Köpenhamns universitet grundades av Kristian I, som ett katols…

Franciscan Church of the Annunciation

Church in Ljubljana, SloveniaCerkev Marijinega oznanjenjaLocationPrešeren Square, LjubljanaCountrySloveniaDenominationRoman CatholicReligious instituteFranciscansHistoryStatusparish churchDedicationAnnunciationArchitectureFunctional statusactiveArchitect(s)Francesco Olivieri (1646–1655),Francesco Rosina (1655–1660)Franz Goldenstein (1858),Črtomir Mihelj (1992–1993)AdministrationArchdioceseLjubljanaDeaneryLjubljana - CenterParishLjubljana - Annunciation ParishClergyPastor(s)p. Pavle Jakop…

Braulio E. Dujali

Braulio E. Dujali Munisipalitas di Filipina Dinamakan berdasarkanBraulio Española Dujali (en) Tempat categoria:Articles mancats de coordenades Negara berdaulatFilipinaRegion di FilipinaRegion DavaoProvinsi di FilipinaDavao del Norte NegaraFilipina PendudukTotal35.729  (2020 )Tempat tinggal7.178  (2020 )Bahasa resmiBahasa Davawenyo, Cebu, Ata Manobo (en), Kalagan (en) dan Tagalog GeografiLuas wilayah91 km² [convert: unit tak dikenal]Ketinggian16 m Berbatasan denganSanto Tomas Car…

Raymond Massey

Raymond MasseyMassey dalam foto publisitas untuk Adventures in Paradise, Mei 1961LahirRaymond Hart Massey(1896-08-30)30 Agustus 1896Toronto, KanadaMeninggal29 Juli 1983(1983-07-29) (umur 86)Los Angeles, California, A.S.MakamBeaverdale Memorial Park di New Haven, ConnecticutAlmamaterUniversity of Toronto Balliol College, OxfordPekerjaanActorTahun aktif1918–1973Partai politikRepublikSuami/istriMargery Fremantle ​ ​(m. 1921; c. 1929)​ Adri…

3-4-2-1

Il 3-4-2-1 è un modulo di gioco del calcio. Consiste nello schierare 3 difensori centrali, 4 centrocampisti (i due esterni sono chiamati tornanti perché in grado sia di attaccare che di difendere) e 2 fantasisti (o trequartisti) alle spalle di una prima punta. Indice 1 Il modulo 1.1 Fase difensiva 1.2 Fase offensiva 2 Squadre che hanno utilizzato il 3-4-2-1 3 Note 4 Bibliografia 5 Voci correlate Il modulo Fase difensiva In fase di non possesso, i due tornanti si abbassano in difesa per aiutare…

Baung kunyit

Baung kunyit Hemibagrus wyckii Status konservasiRisiko rendahIUCN181293 TaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumChordataKelasActinopteriOrdoSiluriformesFamiliBagridaeGenusHemibagrusSpesiesHemibagrus wyckii Bleeker, 1858 lbs Hemibagrus wyckii adalah spesies ikan dalam ordo Siluriformes, famili Bagridae . Di Indonesia ikan ini populer dengan nama baung kunyit. Distribusi Spesies ini berasal dari Asia mulai dari Thailand hingga Indonesia . Hal ini diketahui dari drainase Mekong [1] dan Chao Phraya &#…

Gunung Jiri

Gunung JiriGunung JiriNama KoreaHangul지리산 Hanja智異山 Alih AksaraJirisanMcCune–ReischauerChirisan Gunung Jiri adalah gunung tertinggi kedua di Korea Selatan. Gunung ini terletak di akhir Rangkaian Pegunungan Sobaek.[1] Rangkaian Sobaek merupakan akhir dari Rangkaian Baekdudaegan, barisan yang berjejer di sepanjang Semenanjung Korea. Nama Jirisan dapat diterjemahkan kedalam bermacam-macam makna, yang umumnya bernuansa mistis. Jiri dapat bermakna Gunung Orang yang Aneh dan Bijak…

P. Ramlee

P. RamleeInformasi latar belakangNama lahirTeuku Zakaria bin Teuku Nyak PutehNama lainP. RamleeLahir(1929-03-22)22 Maret 1929 Pulau Pinang, Straits SettlementsMeninggal29 Mei 1973(1973-05-29) (umur 44) Setapak, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaPekerjaanpelawak, pengusaha, dan aktorTahun aktif1945 - 1973 Suami/istri(Almh) Salmah Ismail (1961-1983) P. Ramlee atau nama sebenarnya Teuku Zakaria bin Teuku Nyak Puteh (22 Maret 1929 – 29 Mei 1973) adalah seorang aktor Malaysia pada tahun 1950…

Arifaini Nur Dwiyanto

Arifaini Nur Dwiyanto Inspektur Komando Operasi Udara I ke-3PetahanaMulai menjabat 27 April 2023 PendahuluYudi MandegaPenggantiPetahana Informasi pribadiLahirIndonesiaAlma materAkademi Angkatan Udara (1993)Karier militerPihak IndonesiaDinas/cabang TNI Angkatan UdaraMasa dinas1993—sekarangPangkat Marsekal Pertama TNISatuanKorps PenerbangSunting kotak info • L • B Marsekal Pertama TNI Arifaini Nur Dwiyanto, M.Han. adalah seorang perwira tinggi TNI-AU yang sejak 27…

Shey Ling Him

Shey Ling HimLahirShey Ling Him Gordon19 September 1986 (umur 37)Penonome, PanamaTinggi179 m (587 ft 3 in)Pemenang kontes kecantikanGelarMiss Panama World 2007Warna rambutHitamWarna mataHitam Shey Ling Him Gordon adalah seorang kontestan kontes kecantikan dan model asal Panama. Ia adalah perwakilan resmi Panamá di kontes kecantikan Miss World 2007 yang diadakan di Crown of Beauty Theatre, Sanya, Tiongkok pada 1 Desember 2007.[1] Referensi ^ Battle of the beauties at …

Arondisemen Haguenau

Arondisemen Haguenau Administrasi Negara Prancis Region Alsace Departemen Bas-Rhin Kanton 3 Komune 56 Sous-préfecture Haguenau Statistik Luas¹ 666 km² Populasi  - 1999 120,445  - Kepadatan 181/km² Lokasi Lokasi Haguenau di Alsace ¹ Data Pendaftaran Tanah Prancis, tak termasuk danau, kolam, dan gletser lebih besar dari 1 km² (0.386 mi² atau 247 ekar) juga muara sungai. Arondisemen Haguenau merupakan sebuah arondisemen di Prancis, terletak di département Bas-Rhin, di rég…

Dryocalamus

Dryocalamus Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Chordata Subfilum: Vertebrata Kelas: Reptilia Ordo: Squamata Subordo: Serpentes Famili: Colubridae Subfamili: Colubrinae Genus: DryocalamusGünther, 1858[1] Dryocalamus adalah marga ular kolubrid yang terdapat di Asia Selatan, Asia Tenggara, hingga Indonesia dan Filipina. Spesies Dryocalamus davisonii (Blanford, 1878) Dryocalamus gracilis (Günther, 1864) Dryocalamus nympha (Daudin, 1803) Dryocalamus philippinus Griffin, 1909 Dryoc…

Djoko Subroto

Djoko Subroto Informasi pribadiLahir19 Januari 1947 (umur 77)Kediri, Jawa TimurSuami/istriNy. Ratna Ariati WahyunaniAlma materAkademi Militer (1970)Karier militerPihak IndonesiaDinas/cabang TNI Angkatan DaratMasa dinas1970 – 2002Pangkat Mayor Jenderal TNISatuanInfanteriSunting kotak info • L • B Mayor Jenderal TNI (Purn.) Djoko Subroto S.Ip., (lahir 19 Januari 1947) adalah purnawirawan perwira tinggi TNI Angkatan Darat dan Alumni Akademi Militer (Akmil), Magelang t…

Folos

Herakles dan Folos, hydria Attika bercorak hitam, 520–510 SM. Dalam mitologi Yunani, Folos (bahasa Yunani: Φόλος) adalah seorang kentaur bijak dan sahabat Herakles. Folos tinggal di sebuah gua di Gunung Pelion. Dalam mitologi Ketika sedang menjalankan tugas keempatnya, Herakles mengunjungi gua Folos. Di sana Herakles disuguhi minuman anggur oleh Folos. Wangi anggur tersebut menyebar dan tercium oleh para kentaur yang lain. Akibatnya, para kentaur lainnya menyerang ke gua Folos untuk m…

Hunedoara

HunedoaraKota Lambang kebesaranLetak HunedoaraNegara RumaniaProvinsiProvinsi HunedoaraStatusMunicipalityPemerintahan • Wali kotaOvidiu Hada (PNL)Luas • Total97 km2 (37 sq mi)Populasi (2002) • Total79.235 • Kepadatan816/km2 (2,110/sq mi)Zona waktuUTC+2 (EET) • Musim panas (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Situs webhttp://www.primariahd.ro/ Hunedoara (Jerman: Eisenmarktcode: de is deprecated ; Hongaria: Vajdahunyadcode: hu is…

Karl Jarres

Karl JarresJarres in 1900 Wakil Kanselir Jerman Republik WeimarMasa jabatan30 November 1923 – 15 Desember 1924KanselirGustav Stresemann (1923)Wilhelm Marx (1923–1925) PendahuluRobert SchmidtPenggantiOskar HergtMenteri Dalam Negeri ReichMasa jabatan11 November 1923 – 15 Desember 1924 PendahuluWilhelm SollmannPenggantiMartin Schiele [de] Informasi pribadiLahir(1874-09-21)21 September 1874Remscheid, Rhine Province, Kerajaan Prusia, Kekaisaran JermanMeningga…

Kota Solok

Solok beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk kabupaten bernama sama, lihat Kabupaten Solok. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Solok (disambiguasi). Kota SolokKotaTranskripsi bahasa daerah • Jawi MinangسولوقDari Atas, Kiri ke Kanan: Balai Kota Solok, Masjid Agung Al-Muhsinin, Kantor DPRD Kota Solok, Pasar Raya Kota Solok, Stasiun Kereta Api Kota Solok, Kawasan Sawah Solok, Taman Syech Kukut RTH Kota Solok LambangJulukan: Kota BerasMotto: Lubuk Sikarah[a]PetaKota …

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya