Akademisk disciplin

Repræsentation af akademiske discipliner

Akademiske discipliner er fag, hvori der undervises og/eller forskes på universiteter og andre højere læreanstalter. En disciplin udgør en specialisering i den akademiske arbejdsdeling i samfundet.

Historik

Selvom ordet "disciplina" går langt tilbage i historien, er videnskabelige discipliner, som vi forstår dem i dag, først etableret i det 19. århundrede.

Omkring 1920 var det almindeligt, at mennesker, der var uddannet i en disciplin beherskede hele disciplinen, men i dag er forskere yderligere opdelt i specialer og forskere kender ofte mindre til andre områder i deres egen disciplin end de kender til beslægtede specialer i andre discipliner.

Nogle forskere taler i dag om "Mode 2" i forskningsorganisationen karakteriseret ved disciplinbegrebets aftagende rolle, ligesom begrebet "postdisciplinary" har været introduceret. Det er imidlertid svært at forestille sig at universiteterne ikke fortsat vil være organiseret i discipliner, og at dette begreb derfor fortsat vil være centralt i videnssorganisationen.

Studiet af discipliner

Discipliner studeres af forskellige fag, herunder videnskabshistorie, videnskabssociologi, bibliometri (og andre områder af Biblioteks- og informationsvidenskab, herunder vidensorganisation).

Tværfaglighed

Discipliner opfattes ofte som modsætning til tværfaglighed, men er en forudsætning for tværfaglighed.

Litteratur

  • Abbott, A. (2001). Chaos of disciplines. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Crane, D. & Small, H, (1992). American sociology since the seventies: the emerging identity crisis in the discipline. In T. C. Halliday and M. Janowitz (Eds), Sociology and its Publics: The Forms and Fates of Disciplinary Organization (pp. 197–234). Chicago,: University of Chicago Press.
  • Dogan, M. (2001). "Specialization and Recombination of Specialties in the social sciences" (pp. 14851-14855). International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences. Edited by Smelser, N. J. & Baltes, P. B. London, Pergamon-Elsevier Science.
  • Hjørland, B. (2000). Review of Wallerstein et al. (1996). Open the Social Sciences, report of the Gulbenkian Commission on the Restructuring of the Social Sciences. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. IN: Knowledge Organization, 27(4), 238-241.
  • Oleson, A. & Voss, J. (Eds.). (1979). The Organization of knowledge in modern America, 1860-1920. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Pierce, S. J. (1991). Subject areas, disciplines and the concept of authority. LISR [Library and Information Science Research], 13, 21-35.
  • Stichweh, R. (2001). Scientific Disciplines, History of. IN: Smelser, N. J. & Baltes, P. B. (eds.). International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Oxford: Elsevier Science (pp. 13727-13731).
  • Tengström, E. (1993). Biblioteks- och informationsvetenskapen – ett fler- eller tvär-vetenskapligt område? Svensk Biblioteksforskning,(1), 9-20.
  • Van den Besselaar, P., & Leydesdorff, L. (1996). Mapping change in scientific specialties: A scientometric reconstruction of the development of artificial intelligence. Journal of the American Society for Information Science , 47, 415-436.
  • Wallerstein, I. (1996). Open the Social Sciences, report of the Gulbenkian Commission on the Restructuring of the Social Sciences. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.

Se også

Eksterne henvisninger

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