Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

.308 Winchester

".308" redirects here. For other uses, see .308 (disambiguation).
.308 Winchester
.308 Winchester
TypeRifle
Place of originUnited States
Production history
Designed1952
Specifications
Parent case.300 Savage
Case typeRimless, bottleneck
Bullet diameter0.308 in (7.82 mm)
Land diameter0.300 in (7.62 mm)
Neck diameter0.3433 in (8.72 mm)
Shoulder diameter0.4539 in (11.53 mm)
Base diameter0.4709 in (11.96 mm)
Rim diameter0.4728 in (12.01 mm)
Rim thickness0.0539 in (1.37 mm)
Case length2.015 in (51.2 mm)
Overall length2.800 in (71.1 mm)
Case capacity56 gr H2O (3.6 cm3)
Primer typeLarge rifle
Maximum pressure (C.I.P.)60,191 psi (415.00 MPa)
Maximum pressure (SAAMI)62,000 psi (430 MPa)
Ballistic performance
Bullet mass/type Velocity Energy
125 gr (8 g) Spitzer 3,100 ft/s (940 m/s) 2,668 ft⋅lbf (3,617 J)
150 gr (10 g) Nosler tip 2,820 ft/s (860 m/s) 2,648 ft⋅lbf (3,590 J)
168 gr (11 g) BTHP 2,650 ft/s (810 m/s) 2,619 ft⋅lbf (3,551 J)
175 gr (11 g) BTHP 2,645 ft/s (806 m/s) 2,718 ft⋅lbf (3,685 J)
185 gr (12 g) Lapua Mega JSP 2,510 ft/s (770 m/s) 2,588 ft⋅lbf (3,509 J)
Test barrel length: 24 in (26 in for Lapua) [1]

The .308 Winchester is a smokeless powder rimless bottlenecked rifle cartridge widely used for hunting, target shooting, police, military, and personal protection applications globally. It is similar, but not identical, to the 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge.

History

During the 1940s, the .300 Savage became the basis for experiments on behalf of the U.S. military that resulted in the development of the T65 series of experimental cartridges. The original experimental case design by the Frankford Arsenal was designated "T65" and was similar to the .300 Savage case, but with less taper. The experimental cases were made from standard .30-06 Springfield cases which gave a little less capacity than standard .300 Savage cases because the Frankford Arsenal cases had slightly thicker walls. The later T65 iterations were lengthened compared to the original T65 case and provided a ballistic performance roughly equal to the U.S. military .30-06 Springfield service cartridge. Over forty years of technical progress in the field of propellants allowed for similar service cartridge performance from a significantly shorter, smaller case with less case capacity.[2][3]

Winchester saw a market for a civilian model of the late T65 series designs and introduced it in 1952, two years prior to the NATO adoption of the T65E5 experimental cartridge iteration under the "7.62×51mm NATO" designation, in 1954. Winchester branded the cartridge and introduced it to the commercial hunting market as the ".308 Winchester". Winchester's Model 70, Model 88 and Model 100 rifles were subsequently chambered for the new cartridge. Since then, the .308 Winchester has become the most popular short-action, big-game hunting cartridge worldwide.[4] It is also commonly used for hunting, target shooting, metallic silhouette, bench rest target shooting, Palma shooting,[5] metal matches, military sniping, and police sharpshooting. The relatively short case makes the .308 Winchester especially well-adapted for short-action rifles. When loaded with a bullet that expands, tumbles, or fragments in tissue, this cartridge is capable of high terminal performance.[6][7][8]

Cartridge dimensions

The .308 Winchester has 3.64 ml (56 grains) of cartridge case capacity.[9] The exterior shape of the case was designed to promote reliable case feeding and extraction in bolt-action rifles and machine guns alike, under extreme conditions.

.308 Winchester maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All dimensions in millimeters (mm) and inches.

Americans define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 = 20 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 305 mm (1 in 12 in), 4 grooves, Ø lands = 7.62 mm, Ø grooves = 7.82 mm, land width = 4.47 mm and the primer type is large rifle.[10] A 254 mm (1 in 10 in) twist rate is also commonly applied.[11]

According to the official C.I.P. (Commission internationale permanente pour l'épreuve des armes à feu portatives) rulings, the .308 Winchester can handle up to 415.00 MPa (60,191 psi) Pmax piezo pressure. In C.I.P.-regulated countries, every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that .308 Winchester chambered arms in C.I.P.-regulated countries are currently (2008) proof tested at 519.00 MPa (75,275 psi) PE piezo pressure.[12]

North American SAAMI maximum pressure for the .308 Winchester is 427.47 MPa (62,000 psi).[13]

.308 Winchester vs. 7.62×51mm NATO

Although originating from an identical preceding series of experimental cartridges, the commercial 1952 .308 Winchester and the military 1954 7.62×51mm NATO chamberings have evolved separately and are not identical. The .308 Winchester and military 7.62×51mm NATO cartridges are similar enough that they can be loaded into rifles chambered for the other round, but the .308 Winchester cartridges are typically loaded to higher pressures than 7.62×51mm NATO service cartridges.[14] Even though the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI) does not consider it unsafe to fire the commercial .308 Winchester rounds in weapons chambered for the military 7.62×51mm NATO round, there is significant discussion about compatible chambers and pressures between the two cartridges based on powder loads, chamber dimensions and wall thicknesses in the web area of the military compared to commercial cartridge cases.[15][16] As the chambers differ, accordingly the head space gauges used for the two chamberings differ.[17]

Usage and performance

The .308 Winchester is considered the standard hunting cartridge in the United States.[18][19] It has gained popularity in many countries as an exceptional cartridge for game in the medium- to large-sized class.[20] Although in North America it is commonly thought that it is only recommended for whitetail deer, pronghorn and the occasional caribou or black bear, the .308 Winchester is among the calibers recommended for hunting brown and grizzly bears by the Alaska Department of Game and Fish.[21] Moreover, the Canadian Arctic Rangers chose the Colt Canada C19 in .308 Winchester/7.62×51mm NATO for "polar bear defense" in 2014; demonstrating that the .308 Winchester is suitable and even preferred for taking any medium, large or dangerous game located in the Americas.[22]

Clay Harvey, an American gun writer, said the .308 Winchester is usable on moose and elk.[23] Layne Simpson, an American who has hunted in Sweden, said he is surprised at how many hunters there used the cartridge.[24] Craig Boddington was told by a Norma Precision executive that the .308 Winchester was one of Norma's best-selling calibers.[25]

In Africa, the .308 Winchester is one of the most popular calibers among Bushveld hunters and is used on anything from duiker right up to the massive eland (a small and large African antelope respectively). Proponents of the hydrostatic shock theory contend that the .308 Winchester has sufficient energy to impart hydrostatic shock to living targets when rapidly expanding bullets deliver a high rate of energy transfer.[6][8][26][27]

While .308 Winchester has traditionally been the most popular cartridge in the past, the development of lighter recoil chamberings with sufficient downrange energy, like the 7mm-08 Remington, .260 Remington, and 6.5 Creedmoor, is becoming more common for metallic silhouette shooting.[28]

Palma shooting is a variant of full-bore target shooting done with a bolt-action rifle chambered in 7.62×51mm NATO/.308 Winchester firing match grade 155-grain bullets and using micrometer aperture iron sights out to 1,000 yards.[29]

F-class is a variant of full-bore target rifle which permits optical telescopic sights and shooting rests at the front and rear, such as a bipod or bags. Competitions are fired at distances between 300 and 1,200 meters (or yards), and the targets are half the size of those used in traditional Palma shooting. Based on equipment, competitors can choose to compete in one of the two classes, open and standard: F-TR ("target", standard class): A restricted class which permits a scope, bipod, backpack and rear bag (no front rest), the caliber has to be either .223 Remington or .308 Winchester. In addition, the weight limit including optics is 8.25 kg (18.15 lbs.).[citation needed]

The .308 Winchester has slightly more drop at long range than the .30-06 Springfield, owing to its slightly lower (around 30 metres per second (100 ft/s)) muzzle velocity with most bullet weights. Cartridges with significantly higher muzzle velocities, such as the .300 Winchester Magnum can have significantly less drop at long range, but much higher recoil.[citation needed]

  • Trajectory comparisons between .308 Winchester, .30-06 Springfield, and .300 Winchester Magnum[30]
    Trajectory comparisons between .308 Winchester, .30-06 Springfield, and .300 Winchester Magnum[30]
  • Ultra-high speed photo of a 150 grain FMJ .308 Winchester bullet photographed with an air-gap flash
    Ultra-high speed photo of a 150 grain FMJ .308 Winchester bullet photographed with an air-gap flash

As a parent case

From left to right 9.3×62mm, .30-06 Springfield, 7.92×57mm Mauser, 6.5×55mm and .308 Winchester cartridges. The 7.62×51mm NATO (not pictured) is similar in appearance to the .308 Winchester.

Several cartridges have been developed using the .308 Winchester as a parent case, some becoming very popular for hunting, particularly in North America.[10] These are the .243 Winchester, the .260 Remington (6.5-08 A-Square), the 7 mm-08 Remington, the .338 Federal, and the .358 Winchester (8.8×51mm). In 1980, two rimmed cartridges based on the .308 Winchester were introduced for use in the Winchester Model 94 XTR angle eject rifle: the .307 Winchester and the .356 Winchester. In 2014, the rimless 45 Raptor was introduced to provide a big bore cartridge for the AR-10 by combining the .308 Winchester with the .460 S&W Magnum.[citation needed]

The .308 Winchester family (circle size proportional to recoil)
  • Game class vs. 6-inch maximum point blank range
    Game class vs. 6-inch maximum point blank range
  • Sectional density vs. ballistic coefficient
    Sectional density vs. ballistic coefficient

See also

References

  1. ^ "Gold Medal Sierra MatchKing 308 Win 168 Grain". Federal Premium Ammunition. Retrieved February 11, 2023.
  2. ^ "30 Light Rifle (T-65)". Cartidge Collector. Retrieved February 11, 2023.
  3. ^ Hildebrand, Guy (April 2005). "Picture Page". The Cartridge Collector's Exchange. Retrieved February 11, 2023.
  4. ^ Simpson, Layne (February 2000). "The 20th Century's Top Rifle Cartridge". Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
  5. ^ "Rules and Tips for Palma Rifle Shooting in the USA". www.6mmbr.com. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
  6. ^ a b Chamberlin FT, Gun Shot Wounds, in Handbook for Shooters and Reloaders, Vol. II, Ackley PO, ed., Plaza Publishing, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1966.
  7. ^ Courtney A, Courtney M: Links between traumatic brain injury and ballistic pressure waves originating in the thoracic cavity and extremities. Brain Injury 21(7): 657-662, 2007. arXiv:0808.1443
  8. ^ a b Scientific Evidence for Hydrostatic Shock arXiv:0803.3051
  9. ^ Hornady Handbook of Cartridge Reloading, Fourth Edition, 1991, Hornady Manufacturing Company, Grand Island, NE.
  10. ^ a b Nosler Reloading Guide Number Four, 1996, Nosler, Inc., Bend OR.
  11. ^ "Barrel Twist Rate". Sniper Country. August 7, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
  12. ^ "C.I.P. TDCC sheet .308 Winchester" (PDF).
  13. ^ The Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturing Institute (SAAMI), composed of representatives of the firearms, ammunition, and components manufacturers, with the purpose of standardizing specs in North America
  14. ^ SAAMI Velocity and Piezoelectric Transducer Pressure: Centerfire Rifle, 2013, p. 9, "VELOCITY AND PIEZOELECTRIC TRANSDUCER PRESSURE: CENTERFIRE RIFLE" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 2, 2017. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
  15. ^ "Technical Data Sheet Unsafe Firearm-Ammunition Combinations" (PDF). Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 17, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2023.
  16. ^ Redgwell, Stephen (2001). "7.62x51mm NATO or 308 Winchester? What's the Difference?". 303british.com. Retrieved December 24, 2023.
  17. ^ "NATO Chamber Headspace GagesAvailable for 5.56 NATO and 7.62 NATO" (PDF).
  18. ^ Adriel (July 31, 2022). "Popular Hunting Cartridge Ballistics Shootout". The Hunting Gear Guy. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
  19. ^ Dickerson, Michael (October 20, 2022). "Why the .308 Winchester Will Never Die". Outdoor Life. Retrieved December 24, 2023.
  20. ^ Speer Reloading Manual Number 12, 1994, Blount, Inc., Lewiston, ID.
  21. ^ "Alaska Hunting Information | Equipment | Firearms and Ammunition". Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Retrieved December 24, 2023.
  22. ^ Eger, Chris (June 26, 2015). "Canadian Arctic Rangers get New Rifle for Polar Bear Defense". Guns.com. Retrieved December 24, 2023.
  23. ^ Popular Sporting Rifle Cartridges DBI Books, 1984.
  24. ^ "The 20th Century's Top Rifle Cartridge", Shooting Times, Feb. 2000. Accessed online Dec. 31, 2012. The "top" rifle cartridge in the century, he said, is the .30-06.
  25. ^ "Best Sellers", RifleShooter, Jan.Feb. 2013.
  26. ^ Sturtevant B, Shock Wave Effects in Biomechanics, Sadhana, 23: 579-596, 1998.
  27. ^ Suneson A, Hansson HA, Seeman T: Pressure Wave Injuries to the Nervous System Caused by High Energy Missile Extremity Impact: Part I. Local and Distant Effects on the Peripheral Nervous System. A Light and Electron Microscopic Study on Pigs. The Journal of Trauma. 30(3):281–294; 1990.
  28. ^ "Sport Shooting Association of Australia". Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  29. ^ "Palma USA". Archived from the original on April 1, 2017. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
  30. ^ Litz, Brian. Applied Ballistics for Long Range Shooting. Cedar Springs, MI : Applied Ballistics, LLC, 2009.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to .308 Winchester.
Read more information:

SMA Negeri 1 Binjai

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Maret 2016. SMA Negeri 1 BinjaiInformasiDidirikan1963Jurusan atau peminatanIPA dan IPSRentang kelasX , XI IPA, XI IPS, XII IPA, XII IPSKurikulumKurikulum Tingkat Satuan PendidikanAlamatLokasiJl. Wolter Monginsidi 10, Binjai, Sumatera UtaraMoto SMA Negeri (SMAN) 1 Binja…

Gereja Scientology

Gereja ScientologyBangunan Scientology di Los Angeles, CaliforniaTanggal pendirian1954Kantor pusatGold BaseLokasiRiverside County, CaliforniaKetua Pusat Teknologi KeagamaanDavid MiscavigeSitus webwww.scientology.org Gereja Scientology adalah organisasi aliran kepercayaan baru yang muncul pada tahun 1954. Organisasi ini didirikan oleh Laffayette Ronald Hubbard. Aliran kepercayaan ini memiliki banyak pengikut dari kalangan selebritas Hollywood, seperti John Travolta, Jason Lee, Tom Cruise (keluar …

Toyota Hilux

Toyota Hilux2016 Toyota Hilux Invincible (GUN125R)InformasiProdusenToyota Motor CorporationToyota Motor Argentina S.A.Toyota Motor Thailand Co., Ltd. Hino MotorNUMMI (1991-1995: North America)Juga disebutToyota PickupToyota TacomaMasa produksi1968–sekarangKronologiPendahuluToyopet Light(Stout)Toyota / Hino BriskaPenerusTacoma (Jepang dan Amerika Utara) Toyota Hilux adalah mobil pikap yang diproduksi oleh pabrikan otomotif Toyota. Nama Toyota Hilux digunakan untuk mengganti nama Toyota Sto…

Barbara Steele

Barbara SteeleSteele dalam sebuah foto publisitas tahun 1965Lahir29 Desember 1937 (umur 86)[1]Birkenhead, Cheshire, InggrisKebangsaanInggrisPekerjaanPemeranproduserTahun aktif1958–kiniSuami/istriJames Poe ​ ​(m. 1969; bercerai 1978)​Anak1 Barbara Steele (lahir 29 Desember 1937) adalah seorang pemeran dan produser Britania Raya yang dikenal karena tampil dalam film-film horor Gothik Italia yang meliputi Black Sunday (1960), diman…

Stadion Fort Carré

Stadion Fort Carré LokasiLokasi11, avenue du 11 Novembre06600 Antibes, PrancisKoordinat50°38′15″N 3°2′10″E / 50.63750°N 3.03611°E / 50.63750; 3.03611Koordinat: 50°38′15″N 3°2′10″E / 50.63750°N 3.03611°E / 50.63750; 3.03611KonstruksiDibuka1935Data teknisKapasitas7.000PemakaiFC AntibesER Athletisme AntibesSunting kotak info • L • BBantuan penggunaan templat ini Stadion Fort Carre saat Piala Dunia FIFA 1938. Stad…

Kowak-macan belang

Kowak-macan belang Tigrisoma fasciatum Status konservasiRisiko rendahIUCN22697264 TaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumChordataKelasAvesOrdoPelecaniformesFamiliArdeidaeGenusTigrisomaSpesiesTigrisoma fasciatum DistribusiRange for T. fasciatum lbs Kowak-macan belang ( Tigrisoma fasciatum ) adalah spesies kuntul dalam famili Ardeidae . Ia terdapat di Amerika Tengah bagian selatan dan sebagian Amerika Selatan bagian utara dan tengah, di mana habitat aslinya adalah sungai . Pada tahun 1988, kowak-macan bela…

Chris Harris

Chris HarrisHarris at the 2012 Pameran Mobil Los AngelesLahirChristopher James Harris20 Januari 1975 (umur 49)Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire, InggrisAlmamaterClifton CollegePekerjaanJurnalis, Pembalap, PresenterTahun aktif2002Suami/istriMarriedAnak3 Christopher James Harris lahir pada tanggal 20 Januari 1975 merupakan seorang jurnalis Inggris, otomotif, pembalap dan presenter televisi.[1] Harris telah bekerja sebagai reviewer, penulis dan editor untuk banyak majalah otomotif, te…

The Notorious B.I.G.

The Notorious B.I.G.Berkas:The Notorious B.I.G.jpgBiggie pada tahun 1995LahirChristopher George Latore Wallace(1972-05-21)21 Mei 1972Kota New York, New York, Amerika Serikat.Meninggal9 Maret 1997(1997-03-09) (umur 24)Los Angeles, California, Amerika Serikat.Sebab meninggalLuka tembakan dari kendaraan yang melajuKebangsaanAmerika SerikatPekerjaanRapperpenulis laguaktorTahun aktif1992–1997Suami/istriFaith Evans ​ ​(m. 1994; invalid reason 1997…

Williamsburg, Brooklyn

Jembatan Williamsburg menghubungkan Brooklyn dengan Manhattan. Williamsburg adalah wilayah yang terletak di Brooklyn, New York City. Wilayah ini berbatasan dengan Greenpoint di utara, Bedford–Stuyvesant di selatan, Bushwick dan Ridgewood, Queens di timur, dan East River di barat. Williamsburg merupakan bagian dari Brooklyn Community Board 1. Williamsburg merupakan pusat rock indie, budaya hipster, dan seni lokal. Banyak kelompok etnis yang memiliki daerahnya sendiri, seperti orang Italia, Yahu…

Martín Fernández de Enciso

Suma de Geographia de Martín Fernández de Enciso, publicada en Sevilla en 1519. Martín Fernández de Enciso (Sevilla, hacia 1469-ibídem, hacia 1533)[1]​ fue un conquistador[2]​ y geógrafo español. Trayectoria No se dispone apenas de información sobre la infancia y juventud de Martín Fernández de Enciso, solo que probablemente era de Sevilla y que debió de estudiar Derecho, por lo que se llamaba bachiller. Pasó a las Indias en 1504, probablemente en la flota de Nicolás de …

Urban Cops

Urban CopsPoster promosi Urban Cops Musim 2Nama alternatifCity PoliceHangul도시경찰 GenreAcara realitasPemeranJang HyukJo Jae-yoonKim Min-jaeLee Tae-hwanNegara asalKorea SelatanBahasa asliKoreaJmlh. musim2Jmlh. episode Musim 1: 10 Musim 2: 10 ProduksiLokasi produksiKorea SelatanDurasi90 menitRilis asliJaringanMBC Every 1Format gambarHDTV 1080iFormat audio2-channel StereoDolby DigitalRilis Musim 1: 14 Januari – 18 Maret 2019 (2019-03-18) Musim 2: 29 Juli –&#x…

Doan

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Januari 2023. Doan adalah nama Jepang. Tokoh-tokoh dengan nama Jepang ini antara lain: Pemain sepak bola Jepang Ritsu Doan Yu Doan Halaman-halaman lainnya Semua halaman dengan Doan Semua halaman dengan judul yang mengandung Doan Halaman disambiguasi ini berisi daf…

Linea internazionale del cambio di data

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento geografia non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Coordinate: 0°N 180°W / 0°N 180°W0; -180 La linea del cambio di data intorno al 180º meridiano aggiornata al 1º gennaio 2012 La linea internazionale del cambio data è una linea immaginaria sul…

Vernonia galamensis

Vernonia galamensis Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Plantae (tanpa takson): Angiospermae (tanpa takson): Eudicots Ordo: Asterales Famili: Asteraceae Genus: Vernonia Spesies: Vernonia galamensis Nama binomial Vernonia galamensis(Cass.) Less. Vernonia galamensis adalah spesies tumbuhan yang tergolong ke dalam famili Asteraceae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari ordo Asterales. Spesies Vernonia galamensis sendiri merupakan bagian dari genus Vernonia.[1] Nama ilmiah dari spesies ini pertam…

E. W. Hornung

Artikel ini perlu diwikifikasi agar memenuhi standar kualitas Wikipedia. Anda dapat memberikan bantuan berupa penambahan pranala dalam, atau dengan merapikan tata letak dari artikel ini. Untuk keterangan lebih lanjut, klik [tampil] di bagian kanan. Mengganti markah HTML dengan markah wiki bila dimungkinkan. Tambahkan pranala wiki. Bila dirasa perlu, buatlah pautan ke artikel wiki lainnya dengan cara menambahkan [[ dan ]] pada kata yang bersangkutan (lihat WP:LINK untuk keterangan lebih lanjut). …

Maccartismo

Copertina di un fumetto di propaganda americano titolante: È questo il domani? L'America sotto il Comunismo! Il maccartismo fu un atteggiamento politico-amministrativo manifestatosi nella storia degli Stati Uniti d'America nei primi anni cinquanta del XX secolo, caratterizzato da un’esasperata repressione nei confronti di persone, gruppi e comportamenti ritenuti filo comunisti e quindi sovversivi. Deve il suo nome al senatore Joseph McCarthy (1908-1957), che diresse la principale commissione …

Ekspedisi 16

Kru Expedition 16. Expedition 16 adalah ekspedisi ke-16 menuju Stasiun Luar Angkasa Internasional.[1] Dua anggota kru pertama, Yuri Malenchenko dan Peggy Whitson, diluncurkan pada tanggal 10 Oktober 2007, menaiki Soyuz TMA-11, dan bergabung dengan Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, orang Malaysia pertama di luar angkasa.[2][3] Referensi ^ RIA Novosti (2007). Space station Expedition 16 crew approved (dalam bahasa English). RIA Novosti. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-11-12.…

Jodo

JodoFokussenjataKekerasansemi-kontakNegara asalJepangPenciptaShintō Musō-ryū Jodo 杖道 (Jōdō) Secara harfiah berarti “jalan tongkat”, adalah seni bela diri Jepang yang dikhususkan untuk menggunakan Jodo, tongkat kayu dengan panjang sekitar 128 cm dan diameter 2,4 cm. Jodo adalah senjata serba guna, dengan kedua ujung dan semua sisi mampu digunakan secara menyerang maupun bertahan. Jodo adalah salah satu beladiri modern Jepang yang bernaung dibawah All Japan Kendo Federation, bersama d…

Hans-Laurin Beyerling

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. Hans-Laurin BeyerlingLahirHans-Laurin BeyerlingPekerjaanaktor Hans-Laurin Beyerling (lahir 14 Oktober 1997) aktor dari Jerman. Dia mempunyai seorang kakak yang juga seorang aktris yaitu Lena Beyerling, dan dua orang adik lelaki, Hans Timo, yang juga seor…

Stoya

StoyaStoya, 2014LahirWilmington, North Carolina, A.S.Tahun aktif2007–sekarangSitus webzerospaces.com Stoya (lahir 15 Juni 1986) adalah seorang pemeran pornografi, penulis, dan model asal Amerika Serikat. Dia lahir dari ayah Skotlandia, dan ibu Serbia.[1] Saat masih kanak-kanak, dia ingin menjadi seorang penari, dan memulai pelajaran menari pada usia tiga tahun. Dia sekolah di rumah dan menerima ijazah SMA-nya sebelum usia enam belas tahun.[2] Karena ayahnya bekerja di IT, …

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya