1918 United States Senate election in Massachusetts

1918 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
	Walsh: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%; Weeks: 30–40% 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% >90%; Tie: 40–50%
Senator before election; John W. Weeks; Republican	Elected Senator ; David I. Walsh; Democratic

The United States Senate election of 1918 in Massachusetts was held on November 5. Incumbent Republican Senator John W. Weeks ran for a second term in office but was defeated by Democratic former Governor David I. Walsh.

Primaries were held September 24. Both Walsh and Weeks were unopposed after their respective opponents, former Boston mayor John F. Fitzgerald and Governor Samuel W. McCall, withdrew from the race.

Walsh became the first U.S. Senator from Massachusetts elected to a full term as a member of the modern Democratic Party. (A previous Democratic U.S. Senator, Robert Rantoul Jr., served only one month in 1851 after winning a special election.) This was the only senate seat that Democrats flipped during this cycle. This was the first time that this seat was won by a non-Republican since 1855.

Background

The election was held mid-way through President Woodrow Wilson's second term in office. Following the sinking of the passenger ship Lusitania and two years of debate, the United States entered World War I with a declaration of war on Germany on April 6, 1917, and spent much of 1917 and 1918 building up a sufficient fighting force to contribute to the Allied effort in Europe.

Senator John Wingate Weeks had been a leading conservative critic of the Wilson administration and a candidate for president in 1916, though his appeal was limited to New England.^[1] He failed to win the Republican nomination when the national convention settled on Charles Evans Hughes, who lost narrowly to Wilson. Weeks kept up his criticism of Wilson as American war involvement grew, calling Secretary of War Newton Baker a "pacifist by nature" and publicly calling the president's management of materiel and domestic coal into question.^[2]

Republican primary

Candidates

John W. Weeks, incumbent Senator

Withdrew

Samuel W. McCall, Governor of Massachusetts, former U.S. Representative, and candidate for Senate in 1913

Campaign

Early in the campaign,^[when?] progressives hoped that Governor Samuel W. McCall would seek a rematch of the 1913 race, when he lost a protracted battle for the Republican nomination to Weeks on the thirty-first ballot.^[3] That election, which was decided by a caucus of the Republican state legislators, was held before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and the direct primary system in Massachusetts, both progressive reforms which ostensibly gave McCall a comparative advantage. Weeks's anemic showing in the presidential campaign also hinted that he could be vulnerable.^[1]

McCall formally announced his intent to seek the Senate seat in August, criticizing Weeks as one of a class of Senators who represented capital over the interests of the people. His campaign also accused Weeks of vote buying for hosting dinners for various ethnic societies. McCall's campaign also argued that among the ethnic minorities, the Polish community of Massachusetts would support McCall.^[a]^[4]

The governor's campaign was aggressive but surprisingly brief; he withdrew by the end of the month, shocking observers.^[5] His decision was made upon determination that the conservative W. Murray Crane wing of the party remained loyal to Weeks and would ensure his re-nomination.^[1]

Results

Senator Weeks was unopposed for re-nomination.

1918 Republican U.S. Senate primary^[6]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	John W. Weeks (incumbent)	77,659	99.90%
	Write-in	All others	79	0.10%
Total votes			77,738	100.00%

Democratic primary

Candidates

David I. Walsh, former Governor of Massachusetts

Withdrew

John F. Fitzgerald, former Mayor of Boston and U.S. Representative (ran for U.S. House, endorsed Walsh)^[7]

Results

Walsh was unopposed for the Democratic nomination.

1918 Democratic U.S. Senate primary^[8]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	David I. Walsh	46,356	99.98%
	Write-in	All others	10	0.02%
Total votes			46,366	100.00%

General election

Candidates

Thomas W. Lawson, businessman and author (Independent)
David I. Walsh, former Governor of Massachusetts (Democratic)
John W. Weeks, incumbent Senator since 1913 (Republican)

Campaign

Walsh formally accepted the Democratic nomination at the state convention in Worcester on October 23. He pledged to "endeavor with all the ability and strength which I possess to assist... President Wilson in the... solution of those great problems... when peace shall come." He promised "unwavering support to President Wilson and his world work" and vowed to leave "nothing undone to help lighten the burdens ... of him whom Providence has chosen to direct us in these momentous times."^[9]

Days later, Weeks responded to the implicit criticism that he had obstructed the war effort: "I do not know of a man in the Senate who wants to do anything that might in any way interfere with the war's progress, but while conceding that government by dictation is necessary, I am not ready to abnegate my right to form my own judgments."^[10]

Despite abandoning his challenge, Governor McCall refused to campaign for Weeks in the general election; in addition to dividing the Republican vote, McCall thereby deprived Weeks, considered a drab speaker, of his widely regarded oratory talent.^[1]

Results

General election ^[11]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	David I. Walsh	207,478	49.66%
	Republican	John W. Weeks (incumbent)	188,287	45.06%
	Independent	Thomas W. Lawson	21,985	5.26%
	Write-in	All others	92	0.02%
Total votes			417,842	100.00%

Walsh defeated Weeks by nearly 20,000 votes, making him the only candidate to be elected on the Democratic Party ticket in the state.^[1]

Walsh's victory was credited to his progressive record as governor, his ability as an orator, and his Catholicism, as well as the personal support of President Wilson in contrast to Weeks's strident opposition. Walsh was the lone gain for the Democratic Party in the 1918 Senate elections.^[12] Observers also credited the result to the active campaign against Weeks by advocates of a federal amendment to guarantee women's suffrage.^[13]

Notes

^ At the time, as a result of World War I, Poland was a renewed state and the Polish–Soviet War was developing, heightening Polish concerns in politics.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Sobel, Robert (1998). Coolidge: An American Enigma. pp. 109–115. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
^ "WEEKS DECLARES SEC BAKER A PACIFIST". The Boston Globe. February 16, 1918. p. 11. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
^ "REPUBLICANS READY TO ELECT MR. WEEKS BAY STATE SENATOR". The Christian Science Monitor. January 14, 1913. p. 1.
^ "Lines for Campaign of Gov. McCall Forming". The Greenfield Recorder. August 10, 1918. p. 7. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
^ "A "BOLT FROM THE BLUE"". Fall River Evening News. August 29, 1918. p. 8. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
^ Office of the Secretary of Commonwealth of Massachusetts (1918). Number of assessed polls, registered voters and persons who voted in each voting precinct in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts at the state, city and town elections.
^ "David I. Walsh to Run for Senate". The Christian Science Monitor. July 30, 1918. p. 5.
^ Office of the Secretary of Commonwealth of Massachusetts (1918). Number of assessed polls, registered voters and persons who voted in each voting precinct in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts at the state, city and town elections.
^ Flannagan 1968, p. 483.
^ "Weeks and Coolidge Heard at Luncheon". October 25, 1918. p. 9. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
^ Office of the Secretary of State of Massachusetts (1918). Number of assessed polls, registered voters and persons who voted in each voting precinct in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts at the state, city and town elections.
^ Flannagan 1968, p. 484.
^ Ray 1919, p. 81.

Bibliography

Flannagan, John H. Jr. (1968). "The Disillusionment of a Progressive: U. S. Senator David I. Walsh and the League of Nations Issue, 1918-1920". The New England Quarterly. 41 (4): 483–504. doi:10.2307/363908. JSTOR 363908.
Ray, P. Orman (1919). "The November Elections". The American Political Science Review. 13 (1). American Political Science Association: 78–85. doi:10.2307/1945797. JSTOR 1945797. S2CID 147182447.
Washburn, Charles G. (1928). The Life of John W. Weeks. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Co.