Abigail Adams Smith

Abigail Adams Smith
Abigail Adams Smith
Born	Abigail Adams; July 14, 1765; Braintree, Province of Massachusetts Bay, British America
Died	August 15, 1813 (aged 48); Quincy, Massachusetts, U.S.
Burial place	Hancock Cemetery in Quincy, Massachusetts
Spouse	William Stephens Smith (m. 1786)
Children	4
Parent(s)	John Adams ; Abigail Smith
Family	Adams, Quincy

Abigail Adams Smith (July 14, 1765 – August 15, 1813), nicknamed "Nabby", was a daughter of Abigail and John Adams, founding father and second President of the United States, and the older sister of John Quincy Adams, sixth President of the United States. She was named for her mother.^[1]

Romance and marriage

Adams was born in Braintree, Massachusetts on July 14, 1765.^[2] At the age of 18, she met and fell in love with Royall Tyler, who addressed her as "Amelia", a name she used with suitors.^[3] Her father thought she was too young to be courted, but he eventually accepted it. At one point the two were even engaged to be married. But John Adams, then the U.S. minister to the Kingdom of Great Britain, eagerly called for his wife and daughter to join him in London. For a time, Adams maintained a long-distance relationship with Tyler, but eventually broke off the engagement, leaving Tyler depressed.^[4]

Shortly afterward Adams met Colonel William Stephens Smith, who was serving as her father's secretary and was 10 years her senior. They would later be related by marriage—Col. Smith's sister was the wife of Adams's brother Charles. They were married at the American minister's residence in London on June 12, 1786.^[5] Adams's observations of European life and customs, and of many of the distinguished statesmen of the day, were later published.^[6]

Their courtship was thought to be too short by Adams's parents, and historians have not considered it to be a good marriage. While Colonel Smith was kind to his family, he never settled, continually seeking a better lot in life. He spent more money than he earned and lost everything to real estate speculation in the early 1800s. This left them on a small farm along the Chenango River in central New York.^[7]

Their children were:

William Steuben Smith (1787–1850)
John Adams Smith (1788–1854)
Thomas Hollis Smith (1790–1791)
Caroline Amelia Smith (1795–1852) married John Peter DeWindt of Fishkill-on-Hudson.

Diagnosis of breast cancer

In 1810, Smith was diagnosed with breast cancer.^[7] On October 8, 1811, a mastectomy was performed by John Warren and several assistants without any anesthesia in an upstairs room of the Adams home.^[8] Her mother, husband, and daughter Caroline were also on hand to assist.^[7]

The surgery

The exact details of the surgery are not known but it was described as a typical 19th-century operation.^[7] The instruments used during the surgery consisted of a large fork with a pair of six-inch prongs sharpened to a needle point, a wooden-handled razor, a small oven filled with heated coals, and a thick iron spatula.^[7] Before the surgery began Dr. Warren strapped Smith into a chair to restrain her, and then began to remove the clothing to expose the area on which he would operate.^[7] Once the diseased breast was exposed, other physicians held her left arm back so that Warren would have better access to the diseased tissue.^[7] He began the surgery by thrusting the large fork into her breast and lifting it from the chest wall. He then sliced at the base of the breast until it was completely severed from her chest.^[7] After removing the breast, he saw that the cancer had spread to the lymph nodes under Smith's arms, and he worked to remove those tumors as well.^[7] To stop Smith's bleeding, Warren applied the heated spatula to cauterize the open cuts, and then sutured the wounds.^[7] The surgery took around 25 minutes, and dressing the wounds took more than an hour.^[8] Warren and his assistants later expressed astonishment that Smith endured the pain of the surgery and cauterization without crying out, despite the gruesomeness of the operation, which was so horrifying it caused her mother, husband, and daughter to turn away.^[7]

Death

In 1812, Smith finally started to feel well and returned to the family farm in New York.^[7] In early 1813, she began feeling pain in her abdomen and spine, as well as suffering from painful headaches.^[7] At first a local doctor in New York said that the pain was from rheumatism, but later that year new tumors began to appear in the scar tissue as well as on her skin.^[7] She then returned to Quincy, telling her husband that she preferred to die at her parents' home.^[7] She died on August 15, 1813 at the age of 48.^[4]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[a] She was buried at Hancock Cemetery in Quincy.^[11]

Depictions in popular culture

Smith's death is a poignant part of the 2008 John Adams miniseries, in which she is played by Sarah Polley; Smith as a young girl was played by Madeline Taylor in the first three episodes of the same series. The series took artistic license by shifting Smith's cancer diagnosis to 1803, and changing many other aspects of her life.^[12]

Mount Vernon Hotel Museum and Garden

The Abigail Adams Smith Museum, now known as the Mount Vernon Hotel Museum and Garden, was a carriage house built in 1799 by a wealthy New York china merchant on property purchased from Smith and her husband. The carriage house was purchased by Joseph Hart and converted into a day hotel. Day hotels were popular at the time as they provided the burgeoning New York middle class an escape from the overcrowded and oppressive city. It was called the Mount Vernon Hotel after George Washington's home in Virginia and functioned in this capacity from 1826 to 1833. The property changed hands again when it was purchased by Jeremiah Towle. It served as the Towle family's private residence until 1905 when, with the spread of industrialization, it was purchased by Standard Gas Light Company. The building was preserved until its ultimate purchase by the Colonial Dames of America in 1924. In 1939, the building was opened to the public as the Abigail Adams Smith Museum. The Colonial Dames of America reinterpreted the house as a day hotel and reopened it as the Mount Vernon Hotel Museum and Garden in 2000. It remains open to the public with museum tours daily (except Monday).^[13]

Family tree

John Adams
(1735–1826)

Abigail Adams (née Smith)
(1744–1818)

William Stephens Smith
(1755–1816)

Abigail Amelia Adams Smith
(1765–1813)

John Quincy Adams
(1767–1848)

Louisa Catherine Adams (née Johnson)
(1775–1852)

Charles Adams
(1770–1800)

Thomas Boylston Adams
(1772–1832)

George Washington Adams
(1801–1829)

John Adams II
(1803–1834)

Charles Francis Adams Sr.
(1807–1886)

Abigail Brown Adams (née Brooks)
(1808–1889)

Frances Cadwalader Crowninshield
(1839–1911)

John Quincy Adams II
(1833–1894)

Charles Francis Adams Jr.
(1835–1915)

Henry Brooks Adams
(1838–1918)

Marian Hooper Adams
(1843–1885)

Peter Chardon Brooks Adams
(1848–1927)

George Casper Adams
(1863–1900)

Charles Francis Adams III
(1866–1954)

Frances Adams (née Lovering)
(1869–1956)

John Adams
(1875–1964)

Henry Sturgis Morgan
(1900–1982)

Catherine Lovering Adams Morgan
(1902–1988)

Charles Francis Adams IV
(1910–1999)

Thomas Boylston Adams
(1910–1997)

Notes

^ Sources identify Smith's specific date of death as August 9, 14, or 15. August 15 is almost certainly correct. The earliest newspaper accounts of Smith's passing appeared on August 16. The death notice in the Independent Chronicle (Boston, MA) for Monday, August 16, 1813 specified that Smith died "yesterday" and that the funeral would be held "tomorrow".^[10]

References

^ (2006) American Experience: John and Abigail Adams. PBS Paramount.
^ Roof, Katharine Metcalf (1929). Colonel William Smith and Lady: The Romance of Washington's Aide and Young Abigail Adams. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. p. 5 – via Internet Archive.
^ Roof, pp. 33, 86, 160.
^ ^a ^b "Royall Tyler, the Man Nabby Adams Wanted To Marry". New England Historical Society. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
^ Nagel, Paul C. 1987. The Adams women: Abigail and Louisa Adams, their sisters and daughters. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-503874-6
^ Smith, Abigail Adams 1841. Journal and correspondence of Miss Adams, daughter of John Adams, second president of the United States, written in France and England, in 1785. book
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Olson, Jim (September 30, 2002). "Jim Olson's Essay on Abigail Adams". SHSU.edu. Huntsville, TX: Sam Houston State University. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Abigail Adams Smith | History of American Women". History of American Women Blog. 8 October 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
^ Adams, John (1854). "To Thomas Jefferson". The Works of John Adams, vol. 10 (Letters 1811–1825, Indexes). Retrieved June 28, 2018. 16 August, 1813 ... my only daughter, expired yesterday morning
^ "Death Notice, Mrs. Abigail Smith". Independent Chronicle. Boston, MA. August 16, 1813. p. 3 – via GenealogyBank.com.
^ National Park Service (October 12, 2022). "Abigail "Nabby" Smith (1765-1813)". NPS.gov. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
^ Jeremy Stern (October 27, 2008). "What's Wrong with HBO's Dramatization of John Adams's Story". History News Network. Retrieved March 18, 2011.
^ "The 1799 Mount Vernon Hotel – 421 E. 61st Street". November 4, 2010. Retrieved January 11, 2018.