Alaskan Athabaskans

Alaskan Athabascans
	Former Gwichʼin grand chief Clarence Alexander in 2004
Total population
	6,400
Regions with significant populations
	Alaska
Languages
	Northern Athabaskan languages, American English (Alaskan variant), Russian (historically)
Religion
	Shamanism (largely ex), Christianity

The Alaskan Athabascans,^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] Alaskan Athapascans^[8] or Dena^[9] (Russian: атабаски Аляски, атапаски Аляски)^[10] are Alaska Native peoples of the Athabaskan-speaking ethnolinguistic group. They are the original inhabitants of the interior of Alaska.^{[citation needed]}

Formerly they identified as a people by the word Tinneh (nowadays Dena; cf. Dene for Canadian Athabaskans). Taken from their own language, it means simply "men" or "people".^[11]

Subgroups

In Alaska, where they are the oldest, there are eleven groups identified by the languages they speak. These are:

Dena’ina or Tanaina (Ht’ana)
Ahtna or Copper River Athabascan (Hwt’aene)
Deg Hit’an or Ingalik (Hitʼan)
Holikachuk (Hitʼan)
Koyukon (Hut’aane)
Upper Kuskokwim or Kolchan (Hwt’ana)
Tanana or Lower Tanana (Kokht’ana)
Tanacross or Tanana Crossing (Koxt’een)
Upper Tanana (Kohtʼiin)
Gwich'in or Kutchin (Gwich’in)
Hän (Hwëch’in).

Life and culture

The Alaskan Athabascan culture is an inland creek and river fishing (also coastal fishing by only Dena'ina of Cook Inlet) and hunter-gatherer culture. The Alaskan Athabascans have a matrilineal system in which children belong to the mother's clan, with the exception of the Yupikized Athabaskans (Holikachuk and Deg Hit'an).^[12]

The Athabascan people hold potlatches which have religious, social and economic significance.^[8]

Dogs were their only domesticated animal, but were and are an integral element in their culture for the Athabascan population in North America.^[13]

History

Athabascans are descended from Asian hunter-gatherers, likely originally native to Mongolia, who crossed the Bering Strait and settled in North America.^[14]

Notable Alaskan Athabascans

George Attla (1933–2015) was a champion sprint dog musher.
Emil Notti, an American engineer, indigenous activist and democratic politician. Key in the development of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act.
Quinn Christopherson is an American singer-songwriter. He won the 2019 Tiny Desk Contest with his entry "Erase Me," a song describing his experience with male privilege and erasure as a transgender man.
John Sackett (1944–2021) served in the Alaska House of Representatives from 1967 to 1971 and in the Alaska Senate from 1973 to 1987.
Michael J. Stickman, First Chief of the Nulato Tribal Council.
Siobhan Wescott, physician and public health advocate; she has served as Director of the American Indian Health Program and is a Professor of American Indian Health at the University of Nebraska.
Poldine Carlo
Kathleen Carlo-Kendall
Peter Kalifornsky
Mary TallMountain

References

^ "Athabascans of Interior Alaska". www.ankn.uaf.edu.
^ "Athabascans of Interior Alaska". www.ankn.uaf.edu.
^ "Appendix E: Race Code List" (PDF).
^ "South Dakota Department of Education, Race/Ethnicity Guidance, Race Identification" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-23. Retrieved 2014-03-14.
^ "athabascan". www.aa.tufs.ac.jp.
^ "Alaska's Heritage: Alaskan Athabascans". Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2014-03-14.
^ Susan W. Fair (2006). Alaska Native Art: Tradition, Innovation, Continuity
^ ^a ^b William Simeone, A History of Alaskan Athapaskans, 1982, Alaska Historical Commission
^ "------------- Dena Languages -----------". anlorg.
^ Дзенискевич Г. И. Атапаски Аляски. — Л.: «Наука», Ленинградское отд., 1987
^ U.S. Government Printing Office (1900), Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior
^ "athabascan indians". www.aaanativearts.com.
^ Derr, Mark (2004). A dogs history of America. North Point Press. p. 12
^ Stockel, Henrietta (15 September 2022). Salvation Through Slavery: Chiricahua Apaches and Priests on the Spanish Colonial Frontier. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4327-7. These words do not explain why the Athapaskans initially left their home somewhere in Asia, probably Mongolia, to settle in cold country just south of the Arctic Circle.