The Tlingit have a matrilinealkinship system, with children born into the mother's clan, and property and hereditary roles passing through the mother's line.[10] Their culture and society developed in the temperate rainforest of the southeast Alaskan coast and the Alexander Archipelago. The Tlingit have maintained a complex hunter-gatherer culture based on semi-sedentary management of fisheries.[11] Hereditary servitude was practiced extensively until it was outlawed by the United States Government.[12] An inland group, known as the Inland Tlingit, inhabits the far northwestern part of the province of British Columbia and the southern Yukon in Canada.
Territory
The greatest territory historically occupied by the Tlingit extended from the Portland Canal along the present border between Alaska and British Columbia, north to the coast just southeast of the Copper River delta in Alaska.[13] The Tlingit occupied almost all of the Alexander Archipelago, except the southernmost end of Prince of Wales Island and its surroundings, where the Kaigani Haida moved just before the first encounters with European explorers.
The Coastal Tlingit tribes controlled one of the mountain passes into the Yukon interior; they were divided into three tribes: the Chilkat Tlingit (Jilḵáat Ḵwáan) along the Chilkat River and on Chilkat Peninsula, the Chilkoot Tlingit (Jilḵoot Ḵwáan) and the Taku Tlingit (Tʼaaḵu Ḵwáan:) along the Taku River.
Inland, the Tlingit occupied areas along the major rivers that pierce the Coast Mountains and Saint Elias Mountains and flow into the Pacific, including the Alsek, Tatshenshini, Chilkat, Taku, and Stikine rivers. With regular travel up these rivers, the Tlingit developed extensive trade networks with Athabascan tribes of the interior, and commonly intermarried with them. From this regular travel and trade, a few relatively large populations of Tlingit settled around Atlin, Teslin, and Tagish Lakes, whose headwaters flow from areas near the headwaters of the Taku River.
Delineating the modern territory of the Tlingit is complicated because they are spread across the border between the United States and Canada, they lack designated reservations, other complex legal and political concerns make the situation confusing, and there is a relatively high level of mobility among the population. They also overlap in territory with various Athabascan peoples, such as the Tahltan, Kaska and Tagish. In Canada, the modern communities of Atlin, British Columbia (Taku River Tlingit),[14]Teslin, Yukon (Teslin Tlingit Council), and Carcross, Yukon (Carcross/Tagish First Nation) have reserves and are the representative Interior Tlingit populations.[5]
The territory occupied by the modern Tlingit people in Alaska is not restricted to particular reservations, unlike most tribes in the lower contiguous 48 states. This is the result of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA), which established regional corporations throughout Alaska with complex portfolios of land ownership rather than bounded reservations administered by Tribal Governments. The corporation in the Tlingit region is Sealaska Corporation, which serves the Tlingit as well as the Haida and Tsimshian in Alaska.[15]
Tlingit people as a whole participate in the commercial economy of Alaska. As a consequence, they live in typically American nuclear family households with private ownership of housing and land. Many also possess land allotments from Sealaska or from earlier distributions predating ANCSA. Despite the legal and political complexities, the territory historically occupied by the Tlingit can be reasonably designated as their modern homeland. Tlingit people today consider the land from around Yakutat south through the Alaskan Panhandle, and including the lakes in the Canadian interior, as being Lingít Aaní, the Land of the Tlingit.
The extant Tlingit territory can be roughly divided into four major sections, paralleling ecological, linguistic, and cultural divisions:
The Southern Tlingit occupy the region south of Frederick Sound, and live in the northernmost reaches of the Western Red cedar forest.
Northern Tlingit live north of Frederick Sound to Cape Spencer, and including Glacier Bay and the Lynn Canal; they occupy the warmest and richest of the Sitka Spruce and Western Hemlock forests.
The Inland Tlingit live along large interior lakes and the drainage of the Taku River as well as in the southern Yukon, and subsist in a manner similar to their Athabascan neighbors in the mixed sprucetaiga.
The Gulf Coast Tlingit live along a narrow strip of coastline backed by steep mountains and extensive glaciers, north of Cape Spencer, and along the coast of the Gulf of Alaska to Controller Bay and Kayak Island. Their territory can be battered by Pacific storms.
The trade and cultural interactions between each of these Tlingit groups and their disparate neighbors, the differences in food harvest practices, and dialectal differences in language contribute to these identifications. These academic classifications are supported by similar self-identification among the Tlingit.
The Tlingit culture is multifaceted and complex, a characteristic of Northwest Pacific Coast people with access to easily exploited rich resources. In Tlingit culture a heavy emphasis is placed upon family and kinship, and on a rich oratory tradition. Wealth and economic power are important indicators of rank, but so is generosity and proper behavior, all signs of "good breeding" and ties to aristocracy. Art and spirituality are incorporated in nearly all areas of Tlingit culture, with even everyday objects such as spoons and storage boxes decorated and imbued with spiritual power and historical beliefs of the Tlingits.
Tlingit society is divided into two moieties, the Raven and the Eagle.[16] These in turn are divided into numerous clans, which are subdivided into lineages or house groups. They have a matrilineal kinship system, with descent and inheritance passed through the mother's line. These groups have heraldic crests, which are displayed on totem poles, canoes, feast dishes, house posts, weavings, jewelry, and other art forms.[10] The Tlingits pass down at.oow(s) or blankets that represented trust. Only a Tlingit can inherit one but they can also pass it down to someone they trust, who becomes responsible for caring for it but does not rightfully own it.
Like other Northwest Coast native peoples, the Tlingit did practice hereditary slavery.[17]
Tlingit thought and belief, although never formally codified, was historically a fairly well organized philosophical and religious system whose basic axioms shaped the way Tlingit people viewed and interacted with the world around them. Tlingits were traditionally animists, and hunters ritually purified themselves before hunting animals. Shamans, primarily men, cured diseases, influenced weather, aided in hunting, predicted the future, and protected people against witchcraft.[18] A central part of the Tlingit belief system was the belief in reincarnation of both humans and animals.[19]
Between 1886 and 1895, in the face of their shamans' inability to treat Old World diseases including smallpox, many Tlingit people converted to Orthodox Christianity.[20]Russian Orthodox missionaries had translated their liturgy into the Tlingit language. It has been argued that they saw Eastern Orthodox Christianity as a way of resisting assimilation to the "American way of life", which was associated with Presbyterianism.[21] After the introduction of Christianity, the Tlingit belief system began to erode.[22]
Today, some young Tlingits look back towards their traditional tribal religions and worldview for inspiration, security, and a sense of identity. While many elders converted to Christianity, contemporary Tlingit "reconcile Christianity and the 'traditional culture.'"[23]
Tlingit has an estimated 200 to 400 native speakers in the United States and 100 speakers in Canada.[5] The speakers are bilingual or near-bilingual in English. Tribes, institutions, and linguists are expending extensive effort into revitalization programs in Southeast Alaska to revive and preserve the Tlingit language and its culture. Sealaska Heritage Institute, Goldbelt Heritage Institute and the University of Alaska Southeast have Tlingit language programs, and community classes are held in Klukwan and Angoon.[5]
Housing
Tlingit tribes historically built plank houses made from cedar and today call them clanhouses; these houses were built with a foundation such that they could store their belongings under the floors. It is said that these plank houses had no adhesive, nails, or any other sort of fastening devices. Clan houses were usually square or rectangular in shape and had front facing designs and totem poles to represent to which clan and moiety the makers belonged.
Economy
Many Tlingit men work in the fishing industry while women are employed at canneries or in the local handicraft industry. These handicrafts include items like wood carvings and woven baskets which are sold for practical or tourist consumption.[25]
Various cultures of indigenous people have continuously occupied the Alaska territory for thousands of years, leading to the Tlingit. Human culture with elements related to the Tlingit originated around 10,000 years ago near the mouths of the Skeena and Nass Rivers. The historic Tlingit's first contact with Europeans came in 1741 with Russian explorers. Spanish explorers followed in 1775. Tlingits maintained their independence but suffered from epidemics of smallpox and other infectious diseases brought by the Europeans.[26] The 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic killed about 60% of the Mainland Tlingit and 37% of the Island Tlingit.[citation needed]
Food is a central part of Tlingit culture, and the land is an abundant provider. Most of the richness of intertidal life found on the beaches of Southeast Alaska can be harvested for food. Though eating off the beach could provide a fairly healthy and varied diet, eating nothing but "beach food" is considered contemptible among the Tlingit and a sign of poverty. Indeed, shamans and their families were required to abstain from all food gathered from the beach, and men might avoid eating beach food before battles or strenuous activities in the belief that it would weaken them spiritually and perhaps physically as well. Thus for both spiritual reasons as well as to add some variety to the diet, the Tlingit harvest many other resources for food besides those they easily find outside their front doors. No other food resource receives as much emphasis as salmon; however, seal and game are both close seconds.
Halibut, shellfish, and seaweed traditionally provided food in the spring, while late spring and summer bring seal and salmon. Summer is a time for gathering wild and tame berries, such as salmonberry, soap berry, and currants.[28] In fall, sea otters are hunted.[10]Herring and eulachon are also important staples, that can be eaten fresh or dried and stored for later use. Fish provide meat, oil, and eggs.[28] Sea mammals, such as sea lions and sea otters, are used for food and clothing materials. In the forests near their homes, Tlingit hunted deer, bear, mountain goats and other small mammals.
^Kan, Sergei. 1999. Memory eternal: Tlingit culture and Russian Orthodox Christianity through two centuries. P.xix-xxii
^Kan, Sergei (1999). Memory Eternal: Tlingit Culture and Russian Orthodox Christianity through Two Centuries. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 406. ISBN9780295805344.
Emmons, George Thornton (1991). The Tlingit Indians. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN978-0-295-97008-0. (Contributors Frederica De Laguna and Jean Low)
Olson, Wallace M. (2001). The Tlingit. An Introduction to Their Culture and History (Fourth ed.). Auke Bay, Alaska: Heritage Research. p. 110. ISBN0-9659009-0-8.
Shearar, Cheryl (2000). Understanding Northwest Coast Art. A Guide to Crests, Beings and Symbols. Madeira Park, British Columbia: Douglash & MicIntyre, University of Washington Press. p. 144. ISBN978-1-55054-782-5.
Anash Interactive—An online destination where users create comics, write stories, watch webisodes, download podcasts, play games, read stories and comics by other members, and find out about the Tlingit people of Canada.
Hill pass in the Derbyshire section of the Peak District For the novel by Bram Stoker, see The Snake's Pass. For the 2017 video game, see Snake Pass (video game). Snake PassApproaching the summit from the Snake Pass InnElevation1,680 feet (510 m)Traversed byA57LocationHigh Peak Estate, Peak District, Derbyshire, EnglandRangePenninesCoordinates53°25′58″N 1°52′08″W / 53.4329°N 1.8689°W / 53.4329; -1.8689Shown within Derbyshire Snake Pass is a hill pass in t…
Dolichoprosopus Dolichoprosopus lethalis Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Arthropoda Kelas: Insecta Ordo: Coleoptera Famili: Cerambycidae Genus: Dolichoprosopus Dolichoprosopus adalah genus kumbang tanduk panjang yang tergolong famili Cerambycidae. Genus ini juga merupakan bagian dari ordo Coleoptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia. Larva kumbang dalam genus ini biasanya mengebor ke dalam kayu dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada batang kayu hidup atau kayu yan…
BremenflyBerkas:Bremenfly logo.jpg IATA ICAO Kode panggil 8B tumpang tindih dengan Business air BFY BORGWARDT Didirikan2008Mulai beroperasi2009Berhenti beroperasi2010Pusat operasiBandar Udara Berlin Schönefeld[1]Armada2 (saat penutupan)Kantor pusatSchönefeld, JermanSitus webwww.bremenfly.com Bremenfly Boeing 737-400 di Bandar Udara Berlin Schönefeld (2010). Bremenfly GmbH adalah maskapai penerbangan sewaan Jerman yang berbasis di Schönefeld, Jerman.[2] Tujuan Jerman Ber…
Emirati cycling race Cycling race 2023 UAE Tour2023 UCI World Tour, race 3 of 35Race detailsDates20–26 February 2023Stages7Distance1,028.2 km (638.9 mi)Results Winner Remco Evenepoel (BEL) (Soudal–Quick-Step) Second Luke Plapp (AUS) (Ineos Grenadiers) Third Adam Yates (GBR) (UAE Team Emirates) Points Tim Merlier (BEL) (Soudal–Quick-Step) Youth Remco Evenepoel (BEL) (Soudal–Quick-Step) Sprints Edward Planck…
Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Atomo (disambigua). AtomoUna rappresentazione di un atomo di elio allo stato fondamentale. Si distinguono il nucleo (rosa) e la nube elettronica (nero). La barra nera riporta la lunghezza di un ÅngströmComposizioneElettroni e un nucleo composto da protoni e neutroni InterazioniGravitazionale, elettromagnetica, debole, forte Antiparticellaantiparticella Proprietà fisicheMassada 1,67 × 10−27 a 4,52 × 10−25 kg Carica elettri…
Painting by Russell Drysdale This article is about the Drysdale painting. For other uses, see The Drover's Wife (disambiguation). The Drover's WifeArtistRussell DrysdaleYear1945Mediumoil on canvasDimensions51.5 cm × 61.5 cm (20.3 in × 24.2 in)LocationNational Gallery of Australia, Canberra The Drover's Wife is an oil painting on canvas executed in 1945 by Australian artist Russell Drysdale. It depicts a flat, barren landscape with a woman in a plain dr…
Nikephoros III BotaneiatesKaisar Nikephoros III BotaneiatesKaisar Kekaisaran BizantiumBerkuasa7 Januari 1078 – 1 April 1081Penobatan24 Maret 1078PendahuluMichael VII DoukasPenerusAlexius I KomnenusInformasi pribadiKelahiranc. 1002Kematian10 Desember 1081IstriBebdeneMaria dari Alania Nikephoros III Botaneiates, di-latinisasi sebagai Nicephorus III Botaniates (bahasa Yunani: Νικηφόρος Βοτανειάτης, c. 1002[1] – 10 Desembe…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Januari 2023. PT Eratex Djaja TbkJenisPerseroan terbatasKode emitenIDX: ERTXIndustriTekstilDidirikan12 Oktober 1972; 51 tahun lalu (1972-10-12)KantorpusatJakarta, IndonesiaWilayah operasiIndonesiaTokohkunciMarissa Jeanne Maren[1](Direktur Utama)Maniwanen…
Katedral PesciaKatedral Santa Maria Diangkat ke Surga dan Santo Yohanes PembaptisItalia: Cattedrale di Maria SS. Assunta e S. Giovanni Battistacode: it is deprecated Katedral PesciaLokasiPesciaNegaraItaliaDenominasiGereja Katolik RomaArsitekturStatusKatedralStatus fungsionalAktifAdministrasiKeuskupanKeuskupan Pescia Katedral Pescia (Italia: Duomo di Pescia; Cattedrale di Maria Santissima Assunta e di San Giovanni Battistacode: it is deprecated ) adalah sebuah gereja katedral Katolik yang terleta…
Peta menunjukan lokasi Dingras Data sensus penduduk di Dingras Tahun Populasi Persentase 199531.485—200033.3101.22%200735.7931.00% Dingras adalah munisipalitas yang terletak di provinsi Ilocos Norte, Filipina. Pada tahun 2010, munisipalitas ini memiliki populasi sebesar 37.035 jiwa atau 7.407 rumah tangga. Pembagian wilayah Secara administratif Dingras terbagi menjadi 31 barangay, yaitu: Albano (Pob.) Bacsil Bagut Parado (Bangay) Baresbes Barong Bungcag Cali Capasan Dancel (Pob.) Foz Guerrero …
Artikel ini perlu dikembangkan agar dapat memenuhi kriteria sebagai entri Wikipedia.Bantulah untuk mengembangkan artikel ini. Jika tidak dikembangkan, artikel ini akan dihapus.Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Bokor Hutasuhut – berita · surat kabar · b…
بطولة باوليستا 2017 تفاصيل الموسم بطولة باوليستا النسخة 116 البلد البرازيل التاريخ بداية:29 يناير 2017 نهاية:8 مايو 2017 البطل نادي كورينثيانز مباريات ملعوبة 109 عدد المشاركين 16 أهداف مسجلة 308 بطولة باوليستا 2016 بطولة باوليستا 2018 تعديل مصدري - تعدي…
Charophyta Chara braunii (en) TaksonomiSuperdomainBiotaSuperkerajaanEukaryotaKerajaanPlantaeSubkerajaanViridiplantaeFilumCharophyta Sachs, 1875 KelasMesostigmatophyceae Chlorokybophyceae Klebsormidiophyceae Zygnemophyceae Zygnematales Desmidiales Charophyceae Coleochaetales Charaleslbs Charophyta adalah salah satu filum dari alga hijau yang seluruh hidupnya terendam di air (tumbuhan akuatik). Alga ini memiliki ukuran mulai d…
Puteri Indonesia Sulawesi UtaraLogo Puteri IndonesiaSingkatanPuteri Indonesia SulutPI SulutDinamai berdasarkanPuteri Indonesia RegionalTanggal pendirian1992; 32 tahun lalu (1992)Didirikan diKota Manado, Sulawesi Utara, IndonesiaTipeKontes Kecantikan RegionalKantor pusatKota Manado, IndonesiaLokasi IndonesiaJumlah anggota Puteri IndonesiaBahasa resmi Bahasa IndonesiaBahasa InggrisPresiden dan CEO Puteri IndonesiaMooryati SoedibyoKetua Puteri IndonesiaPutri KuswisnuwardhaniOrganisasi ind…
TS EntertainmentJenisPribadiIndustriMusik, HiburanGenreK-Pop, Hip Hop, R&B, DanceDidirikan2008PendiriKim Tae-sungKantorpusatSeoul, Korea SelatanTokohkunciPark Sang-hyun (CEO)JasaProduser Musik, Manajemen ArtisPemilikKim Tae-SungSitus webOfficial website TS Entertainment adalah label rekaman dan agensi hiburan Korea Selatan yang didirikan oleh Kim Tae-sung pada 2008. Berlokasi di 788-6, Hannam-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, Korea Selatan. Perusahaan ini memanajemen artis seperti Secret, B.A.P dan d…
Italian leftist daily newspaper l'UnitàFondata da Antonio Gramsci(Founded by Antonio Gramsci)Front page, 5 March 2009TypeDaily newspaperFormatBerlinerOwner(s)Romeo editore srlEditorPiero SansonettiFounded12 February 1924Political alignmentCommunism(1924–1991)Social democracy(1991–currently)Left-libertarianism(2023–currently)Social liberalism(2015–2017)Parties:PCI (1924–1991)PDS (1991–1998)DS (1998–2007)PD (2007–2017)HeadquartersVia di Pallacorda 7, Rome, ItalyCirculation20,937 (…
Cet article est une ébauche concernant le droit français. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Article 37-1 de la Constitution du 4 octobre 1958 Données clés Présentation Pays France Langue(s) officielle(s) Français Type Article de la Constitution Adoption et entrée en vigueur Législature XIIe législature de la Cinquième République française Gouvernement Jean-Pierre Raffarin (2e) Promulgation …
Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang kabupaten. Untuk kota yang menjadi enklave kabupaten ini, lihat Kota Magelang. Magelang beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Magelang (disambiguasi). Penyuntingan Artikel oleh pengguna baru atau anonim untuk saat ini tidak diizinkan hingga 22 November 2024.Lihat kebijakan pelindungan dan log pelindungan untuk informasi selengkapnya. Jika Anda tidak dapat menyunting Artikel ini dan Anda ingin melakukannya, Anda dapat memohon permintaan penyuntingan…
American ice hockey player (born 1978) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Ice hockey player Robert Esche Esche in 2018Born (1978-01-22) January 22, 1978 (age 46)Whitesboro, New York, U.S.Height 6 ft 2 in (188 cm)Weight 225 lb (102 kg; 16 st 1 l…
Diplomatic incident involving Russia Location of the Kodori Gorge The 2007 Georgia helicopter incident refers to the accusation[1] by Georgia that three Russian helicopters fired on the Kodori Gorge in Abkhazia on 11 March 2007. It was a break-away autonomous republic in north-western Georgia (at the time[2] the Kodori Gorge was the only portion of Abkhazia still under Georgia's control). The attack was at the village of Chkhalta, which damaged a school,[3] and the govern…