Anatahan

Anatahan
Anatahan
	Ash from Anatahan, June 2005
Highest point
Elevation	790 m (2,590 ft)
Listing	Volcanoes of the Northern Mariana Islands
Coordinates	16°21′N 145°40′E / 16.35°N 145.67°E
Geography
Location	Northern Mariana Islands, Pacific Ocean
Geology
Mountain type	Stratovolcano
Last eruption	2007 – 2008

Anatahan
	US Geological Survey photo of Anatahan
Geography
Location	Pacific Ocean
Coordinates	16°21′5″N 145°40′43″E / 16.35139°N 145.67861°E
Archipelago	Northern Mariana Islands
Area	33.91 km2 (13.09 sq mi)
Length	9 km (5.6 mi)
Width	4 km (2.5 mi)
Highest elevation	790 m (2590 ft)
Administration
	United States
Commonwealth	Northern Mariana Islands
Demographics
Population	- uninhabited - (2010)

Anatahan is an island in the Northern Mariana Islands in the Pacific Ocean, and has one of the most active volcanoes of the archipelago. Although formerly inhabited, the island is currently uninhabited due to the constant danger of volcanic eruptions. Anatahan is located 60 kilometers (32 nmi) northwest of Farallon de Medinilla and 120 km (65 nmi) north of Saipan. It last erupted between 2007 and 2008, and also erupted in 2003.

Anatahan is the site of a curious WW2 tale in which about 30 Japanese soldiers stayed here, holding out until 1951 before surrendering; during that time they lived with a local woman until 1950. Afterwards, the island was inhabited until 1990 when an earthquake struck leading to its evacuation.

History

The island was first charted by Europeans in late October 1543 by Spanish explorer Bernardo de la Torre on board of the carrack San Juan de Letrán when trying to return from Sarangani to New Spain.^[4]^[5] At the time, the island was settled by the Chamorros. In 1695, the natives were forcibly removed to Saipan and, three years later, to Guam. Under Spanish rule, coconut plantations were developed for the production of copra. In 1884, an estimated 125 tons were exported.

Following the sale of the Northern Marianas by Spain to the German Empire in 1899, Anatahan was administered as part of German New Guinea. However, by May 1901 the island was reported as uninhabited. In 1902, the island was leased to a private firm, the Pagan Society, owned by a German and a Japanese partner, to further develop the coconut plantations. Severe typhoons in September 1905 and September 1907 destroyed the plantations and bankrupted the company, although copra production continued on a smaller scale afterwards.^[6]

During World War I, Anatahan came under the control of the Empire of Japan and was subsequently administered as part of the South Seas Mandate. In June 1944, 30 survivors of at least three Japanese shipwrecks reached Anatahan. After the surrender of Japan in World War II, the Americans evacuated two Japanese and 45 natives from the island, but the Japanese castaways refused to believe that the war had ended, and fled into the interior of the island as Japanese holdouts. By 1950, the holdouts were led by Kazuko Higa, who was the only woman left on the island.^[7] Higa lived with a harem of five men, but after eleven of the holdouts died under uncertain circumstances, the remainder surrendered in June 1951.^[8] The story of the holdouts was sensationalized as a lurid tale of sex and violent death by the mass media, and was portrayed in 1953 by Josef von Sternberg in his film The Saga of Anatahan. In 1954, one of the survivors, Michiro Maruyama, published a book, Anatahan Island of the Unfortunates, which attempted to refute the more lurid accusations. The story was revived in 1998 by Japanese author Kaoru Ohno as the novel Cage on the Sea, and in 2008 by Natsuo Kirino as the short story "Tokyo-jima", which became a film in 2010.^[9]

Following World War II, the island came under the control of the United States and was administered as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Since 1978, the island has been part of the Northern Islands Municipality of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.

The island was inhabited until 1990, when there was an earthquake which lead to the population's evacuation, and there has been ongoing volcanic activity on the island including eruptions in 2003 and 2008.^[10]

Geography

Anatahan is roughly elliptical in shape, with a length of 9 kilometers (5.6 mi) and a width of 4 km (2.5 mi) and an area of 33.9 km² (13.1 sq mi).^[11] The island is the summit of a stratovolcano which reaches an altitude of 790 m (2,592 ft) above sea level at its highest peak.^[2]

The volcano is topped by a caldera, 2.3 km (1.4 mi) wide, which is divided into an eastern and western portion, with the eastern portion around 250 m (820 ft) lower than the western. Sparseness of vegetation in the most recent lava flows on Anatahan indicated that they were of Holocene age. In April 1990, the inhabitants of the western coast of the island were evacuated after earthquake swarms and active fumaroles indicated that an eruption might be imminent, but no eruption occurred at that time. A further earthquake swarm occurred in May 1992. The first historical eruption of Anatahan occurred in May 2003, when a large explosive eruption with a VEI of 4 took place forming a new crater inside the eastern caldera and causing an ash plume 12 km (7.5 mi) high which impaired air traffic to Saipan and Guam.^[12]

The most recent eruption was in 2007, and lasted until 2008.^[13]

Demographics

As of 1980 the population of Anatahan was one family. The people resided on Anatahan when school was not in session.^[14]

Notes

^ "9 ANATAHAN" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. 36. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Anatahan". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2023-06-10.
^ "Topographic map of Anatahan". opentopomap.org. Retrieved 2023-06-10.
^ Brand, Donald D. (1967), "The Pacific Basin: A History of its Geographical Explorations", The Geographical Journal, 133 (4), New York: The American Geographical Society: 123, Bibcode:1967GeogJ.133..552N, doi:10.2307/1794536, JSTOR 1794536
^ Welsch, Bernhard (2004). "Was Marcus Island Discovered by Bernardo de la Torre in 1543?". The Journal of Pacific History. 39 (1): 118. doi:10.1080/00223340410001684886. S2CID 219627973.
^ Gerd Hardach: König Kopra. Die Marianen unter deutscher Herrschaft 1899–1914. Steiner, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3515057625, S. 23f, 32, 46.
^ "Lodi News-Sentinel - Google News Archive Search". News.google.com. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
^ Stewart, William H. "Bill". "The Last Surrender Of World War II". Saipanstewart.com. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
^ Mark Schilling: 'Tokyo-jima (Tokyo Island)'. Lust, power, death and deception — welcome to paradise. Japan Times, 27. August 2010 .
^ "The Island Where Dozens of Japanese WWII Holdouts Fought Over One Woman". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 2023-10-08.
^ Brainard, Coral reef ecosystem monitoring report, S. 1
^ Local earthquakes and strong thermal activity; youngest surge deposits appear no more than a few hundred years old. Archived 2011-11-17 at the Wayback Machine Monatsbericht 04/1990 im Global Volcanism Program.
^ "Global Volcanism Program: Anatahan - Monthly Reports". Volcano.si.edu. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
^ Northern Mariana Islands Coastal Resources Management: Environmental Impact Statement. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1980. p. 37.

References

Russell E. Brainard et al.: Coral reef ecosystem monitoring report of the Mariana Archipelago: 2003–2007. (=PIFSC Special Publication, SP-12-01) NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center 2012 (Kapitel Alamagan (englisch, PDF, 12,2 MB)).
Richard B. Moore, Frank A. Trusdell: Geologic map of Alamagan Volcano, northern Mariana Islands. United States Geological Survey 1993 (Download).