Former Latin Catholic diocese established in Roman Carthage, now a titular see
This article is about the ancient archdiocese active until the Islamic occupation (except revival 1884–1964). For its successor, see Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tunis.
The Archdiocese of Carthage, also known as the Church of Carthage, was a Latin Catholicdiocese established in Carthage, Roman Empire, in the 2nd century. Agrippin was the first named bishop, around 230 AD. The temporal importance of the city of Carthage in the Roman Empire had previously been restored by Julius Caesar and Augustus. When Christianity became firmly established around the Roman province of Africa Proconsulare, Carthage became its natural ecclesiastical seat.[1] Carthage subsequently exercised informal primacy as an archdiocese, being the most important center of Christianity in the whole of Roman Africa, corresponding to most of today's Mediterranean coast and inland of Northern Africa. As such, it enjoyed honorary title of patriarch as well as primate of Africa: Pope Leo I confirmed the primacy of the bishop of Carthage in 446: "Indeed, after the Roman Bishop, the leading Bishop and metropolitan for all Africa is the Bishop of Carthage."[2][3][4]
In the 6th century, turbulent controversies in teachings affected the diocese: Donatism, Arianism, Manichaeism, and Pelagianism. Some proponents established their own parallel hierarchies.
In 1518, the Archdiocese of Carthage was revived as a Catholic titular see. It was briefly restored as a residential episcopal see 1884–1964, after which it was supplanted by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tunis. The last titular archbishop, Agostino Casaroli, remained in office until 1979. Subsequent to this, the titular see has remained vacant.
In the 3rd century, at the time of Cyprian, the bishops of Carthage exercised a real though not formalized primacy in the Early African Church.[16] not only in the Roman province of Proconsular Africa in the broadest sense (even when it was divided into three provinces through the establishment of Byzacena and Tripolitania), but also, in some supra-metropolitan form, over the Church in Numidia and Mauretania. The provincial primacy was associated with the senior bishop in the province rather than with a particular see and was of little importance in comparison to the authority of the bishop of Carthage, who could be appealed to directly by the clergy of any province.[16]
Division
Cyprian faced opposition within his own diocese over the question of the proper treatment of the lapsi who had fallen away from the Christian faith under persecution.[17]
A division in the church that came to be known as the Donatist controversy began in 313 among Christians in North Africa. The Donatists stressed the holiness of the church and refused to accept the authority to administer the sacraments of those who had surrendered the scriptures when they were forbidden under the Emperor Diocletian. The Donatists also opposed the involvement of Emperor Constantine in church affairs in contrast to the majority of Christians who welcomed official imperial recognition.
The occasionally violent controversy has been characterized as a struggle between opponents and supporters of the Roman system. The most articulate North African critic of the Donatist position, which came to be called a heresy, was Augustine, bishop of Hippo Regius. Augustine maintained that the unworthiness of a minister did not affect the validity of the sacraments because their true minister was Christ. In his sermons and books Augustine, who is considered a leading exponent of Christian dogma, evolved a theory of the right of orthodox Christian rulers to use force against schismatics and heretics. Although the dispute was resolved by a decision of an imperial commission in the Council of Carthage (411),[9] Donatist communities continued to exist as late as the 6th century.
Successors of Cyprian until before the Vandal invasion
The immediate successors of Cyprian were Lucianus and Carpophorus, but there is disagreement about which of the two was earlier. A bishop Cyrus, mentioned in a lost work by Augustine, is placed by some before, by others after, the time of Cyprian. There is greater certainty about the 4th-century bishops: Mensurius, bishop by 303, succeeded in 311 by Caecilianus, who was at the First Council of Nicaea and who was opposed by the Donatist bishop Majorinus (311–315). Rufus participated in an anti-Arian council held in Rome in 337 or 340 under Pope Julius I. He was opposed by Donatus Magnus, the true founder of Donatism. Gratus (344– ) was at the Council of Sardica and presided over the Council of Carthage (349). He was opposed by Donatus Magnus and, after his exile and death, by Parmenianus, whom the Donatists chose as his successor. Restitutus accepted the Arian formula at the Council of Rimini in 359 but later repented. Genethlius presided over two councils at Carthage, the second of which was held in 390.
By the end of the 4th century, the settled areas had become Christianized, and some Berber tribes had converted en masse.
The next bishop was Saint Aurelius, who in 421 presided over another council at Carthage and was still alive in 426. His Donatist opponent was Primianus, who had succeeded Parmenianus in about 391.[9] A dispute between Primian and Maximian, a relative of Donatus, resulted in the largest Maximian schism within the Donatist movement.
Bishops under the Vandals
Capreolus was bishop of Carthage when the Vandals conquered the province. Unable for that reason to attend the Council of Ephesus in 431 as chief bishop of Africa, he sent his deacon Basula or Bessula to represent him. In about 437, he was succeeded by Quodvultdeus, whom Gaiseric exiled and who died in Naples. A 15-year vacancy followed, and it was only in 454 that Saint Deogratias was ordained bishop of Carthage. He died at the end of 457 or the beginning of 458, and Carthage remained without a bishop for another 24 years. Saint Eugenius was consecrated in around 481, exiled, along with other Catholic bishops, by Huneric in 484, recalled in 487, but in 491 forced to flee to Albi in Gaul, where he died. When the Vandal persecution ended in 523, Bonifacius became bishop of Carthage and held a Council in 525.[9]
At the beginning of the 8th century and at the end of the 9th, Carthage still appears in lists of dioceses over which the Patriarch of Alexandria claimed jurisdiction.
Two letters of Pope Leo IX on 27 December 1053 show that the diocese of Carthage was still a residential see. The texts are given in the Patrologia Latina of Migne.[18] They were written in reply to consultations regarding a conflict between the bishops of Carthage and Gummi about who was to be considered the metropolitan, with the right to convoke a synod. In each of the two letters, the pope laments that, while in the past Carthage had had a church council of 205 bishops, the number of bishops in the whole territory of Africa was now reduced to five, and that, even among those five, there was jealousy and contention. However, he congratulated the bishops to whom he wrote for submitting the question to the Bishop of Rome, whose consent was required for a definitive decision. The first of the two letters (Letter 83 of the collection) is addressed to Thomas, Bishop of Africa, whom Mesnages deduces to have been the bishop of Carthage.[9]: p. 8 The other letter (Letter 84 of the collection) is addressed to Bishops Petrus and Ioannes, whose sees are not mentioned, and whom the pope congratulates for having supported the rights of the see of Carthage.
In each of the two letters, Pope Leo declares that, after the Bishop of Rome, the first archbishop and chief metropolitan of the whole of Africa is the bishop of Carthage,[19] while the bishop of Gummi, whatever his dignity or power, will act, except for what concerns his own diocese, like the other African bishops, by consultation with the archbishop of Carthage. In the letter addressed to Petrus and Ioannes, Pope Leo adds to his declaration of the position of the bishop of Carthage the eloquent[20] declaration: "... nor can he, for the benefit of any bishop in the whole of Africa lose the privilege received once for all from the holy Roman and apostolic see, but he will hold it until the end of the world as long as the name of our Lord Jesus Christ is invoked there, whether Carthage lie desolate or whether it some day rise glorious again".[21]
When in the 19th century the residential see of Carthage was for a while restored, Cardinal Charles-Martial-Allemand Lavigerie had these words inscribed in letters of gold beneath the dome of his great cathedral.[22] The building now belongs the Tunisian state and is used for concerts.
Later, an archbishop of Carthage named Cyriacus was imprisoned by the Arab rulers because of an accusation by some Christians. Pope Gregory VII wrote him a letter of consolation, repeating the hopeful assurances of the primacy of the Church of Carthage, "whether the Church of Carthage should still lie desolate or rise again in glory".
By 1076, Cyriacus was set free, but there was only one other bishop in the province. These are the last of whom there is mention in that period of the history of the see.[23][24]
Decline
After the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb, the church gradually died out along with the local Latin dialect. The Islamization of Christian appears to have been quick and the Arab authors paid scant attention to them. Christian graves inscribed with Latin and dated to 10th–11th centuries are known. By the end of 10th century, the number of bishoprics in the Maghreb region was 47 including 10 in southern Tunisia. In 1053, Pope Leo IX commented that only five bishoprics were left in Africa.[25]
Some primary accounts including Arabic ones in 10th century mention persecutions of the Church and measures undertaken by Muslim rulers to suppress it. A schism among the African churches developed by the time of Pope Formosus. In 980, Christians of Carthage contacted Pope Benedict VII, asking to declare Jacob as an archbishop. Leo IX declared the bishop of Carthage as the "first archbishop and metropolitan of all Africa" when a bishop of Gummi in Byzacena declared the region a metropolis. By the time of Gregory VII, the Church was unable to appoint a bishop which traditionally would have only required presence of three other bishops. This was likely due to persecutions and possibly other churches breaking off their communion with Carthage. In 1152, the Muslim rulers ordered the Christians of Tunisia to convert or face death. The only African bishopric mentioned in a list in 1192 published by the Catholic Church in Rome was that of Carthage.[26] Native Christianity is attested in the 15th century, though it was not in communion in with the Catholic church.[27]
The bishop of Morocco Lope Fernandez de Ain was made the head of the Church of Africa, the only church officially allowed to preach in the continent, on 19 December 1246 by Pope Innocent IV.[28]
Today, the Archdiocese of Carthage remains as a titular see of the Catholic Church, albeit vacant. The equivalent contemporary entity for the historical geography in continuous operation would be the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tunis, established in 1884.
^Bunson, Matthew (2002). "Carthage". Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire. Facts on File library of world history (Rev. ed.). New York: Facts On File. pp. 97–98. ISBN9781438110271.
^Herbermann, Charles, ed. "Africa". Catholic Encyclopedia. (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1913).
^François Decret, Early Christianity in North Africa (James Clarke & Co, 25 Dec. 2014) p86.
^ abGonzáles, Justo L. (2010). "The Early Church to the Dawn of the Reformation". The Story of Christianity. Vol. 1. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. pp. 91–93.
^Handl, András; Dupont, Anthony. "Who was Agrippinus? Identifying the First Known Bishop of Carthage". Church History and Religious Culture. 98: 344–366. doi:10.1163/18712428-09803001. S2CID195430375.
^Gams, Pius Bonifacius (1957) [1873]. "Carthago". Series episcoporum ecclesiae catholicae : quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro Apostolo (in Latin). Graz: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt. p. 463. OCLC895344169. Gams "ignored a number of scattered dissertations which would have rectified, on a multitude of points, his uncertain chronology" and Leclercq suggests that "larger information must be sought in extensive documentary works." (Leclercq, Henri (1909). "Pius Bonifacius Gams". Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6.)
^nec pro aliquo episcopo in tota Africa potest perdere privilegium semel susceptum a sancta Romana et apostolica sede: sed obtinebit illud usque in finem saeculi, et donec in ea invocabitur nomen Domini nostri Iesu Christi, sive deserta iaceat Carthago, sive gloriosa resurgat aliquando
François Decret, Le christianisme en Afrique du Nord ancienne, Seuil, Paris, 1996 (ISBN2020227746)
Ekonomou, Andrew J. (2007). Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes: Eastern influences on Rome and the papacy from Gregory the Great to Zacharias, A.D. 590–752. Lexington Books.
Une musique pour enfants (1886) La musique pour enfants est un genre musical destiné principalement aux enfants. Dans la culture populaire La musique pour enfants est d'abord connue sous la forme de comptines traditionnelles, créées depuis le XVIIIe siècle et parfois même avant (Sur le pont d'Avignon, Ne pleure pas, Jeannette, Frère Jacques), dont plusieurs se sont transmises et diffusées. La comptine Ah ! vous dirai-je, maman a ainsi été reprise par Mozart, avant d'inspirer d…
الأكاديمية الطبية العسكرية شعار الأكاديمية الطبية العسكرية (مصر)الشعار معلومات التأسيس 1979 (منذ 45 سنة) الانتماءات القوات المسلحة المصرية النوع أكاديمية عسكرية المعاهد 4 الموقع الجغرافي إحداثيات 30°05′03″N 31°18′23″E / 30.084058°N 31.306445°E / 30.084058; 31.306445[1] المدينة الق…
Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: TLC – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR artikel ini perlu dirapikan agar memenuhi standar Wikipedia. Tidak ada alasan yang diberikan. Silakan kembangkan artikel ini semampu Anda. Merapikan a…
For the station that formerly used the callsign WTXX-TV, see WCCT-TV. Television station in Massachusetts, United StatesWTXX-LDSpringfield, MassachusettsUnited StatesCitySpringfield, MassachusettsChannelsDigital: 29 (UHF)Virtual: 34BrandingTimeless TV SpringfieldProgrammingAffiliations34.1: Timeless TVfor others, see § SubchannelsOwnershipOwnerHC2 Broadcasting, Inc.Sister stationsWRNT-LDHistoryFirst air date1991; 33 years ago (1991)Former call signsW12CL (1990–2004)WESA…
نادي بينيفيتو الاسم الكامل نادي بينيفيتو لكرة القدم اللقب ستريغوني (Stregoni) تأسس عام 1929؛ منذ 95 سنوات (1929) الملعب استاد سيرو فيغوريتو، بينيفينتو، إيطاليا(السعة: 16,867) البلد إيطاليا الدوري الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية 2021-22 2021-22 الإدارة الرئيس أوريست فيغوريتو المدرب ف…
Ne pas confondre avec le royaume médiéval de Serbie, continuité de l'État de Rascie sous la dynastie Nemanjić Royaume de SerbieКраљевина Србија 1882–1918Drapeau de la Serbie Armoiries de la Serbie Devise en serbe : Samo Sloga Srbina Spašava (« Seule l'unité sauve les Serbes ») Hymne Bože Pravde(« Dieu de la Justice ») Royaume de Serbie en 1914Informations générales Statut Monarchie absolue de 1882 à 1888 et de 1889 à 1903Monarch…
Township in Minnesota, United StatesNorthern Township, MinnesotaTownshipNorthern TownshipLocation within the state of MinnesotaCoordinates: 47°31′40″N 94°52′26″W / 47.52778°N 94.87389°W / 47.52778; -94.87389CountryUnited StatesStateMinnesotaCountyBeltramiArea • Total34.1 sq mi (88.2 km2) • Land26.7 sq mi (69.2 km2) • Water7.3 sq mi (19.0 km2)Elevation1,355 ft (413 m)Popu…
Kilang minyak, salah satu bagian dari industri kimia Industri kimia merujuk pada suatu industri yang terlibat dalam produksi zat kimia. Industri ini mencakup petrokimia, agrokimia, farmasi, polimer, cat, dan oleokimia. Industri ini menggunakan proses kimia, termasuk reaksi kimia untuk membentuk zat baru, pemisahan berdasarkan sifat seperti kelarutan atau muatan ion, distilasi, transformasi oleh panas, serta metode-metode lain. Industri kimia terlibat dalam pemrosesan bahan mentah yang diperoleh …
Giacomo IIGiuramento dei privilegi del regno di Giacomo II di Maiorca di fronte al padre Giacomo I di AragonaRe di MaiorcaStemma In carica1276 –1311(dal 1285 al 1298 solo titolare) PredecessoreGiacomo I il Conquistatore SuccessoreSancho I Nome completoGiacomo di Giacomo Altri titoliConte di Rossiglione e di CerdagnaSignore di Montpellier NascitaMontpellier, 31 maggio 1243 MortePalma di Maiorca, 29 maggio 1311 (67 anni) Casa realeAragona di Maiorca PadreGiacomo I il Conquistator…
Duta Besar Indonesia untuk TiongkokMerangkap MongoliaLambang Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik IndonesiaPetahanaDjauhari Oratmangunsejak 20 Februari 2018KantorBeijing, TiongkokDitunjuk olehPresiden IndonesiaPejabat perdanaArnold MononutuDibentuk1953Situs webkemlu.go.id/beijing Berikut adalah daftar diplomat Indonesia yang pernah menjabat Duta Besar Republik Indonesia untuk Tiongkok: No. Foto Nama Mulai menjabat Selesai menjabat Merangkap Diangkat oleh Ref. 1 Arnold Mononutu 1953 1955 …
Medical command within the U.S. Army Reserve Command 3rd Medical Command (Deployment Support)Shoulder sleeve insigniaActive5 May 1942-6 October 1945 15 March 1991 – PresentCountryUnited StatesAllegianceUS Army ReserveBranchU.S. ArmyReserve CenterForest Park, GeorgiaNickname(s)”Desert Medics[1]Motto(s)Frontline SurgeonsMedical Corps colorsMaroon and WhiteEngagementsWorld War IIOperation Desert StormOperation Iraqi FreedomOperation Freedom SentinelCommandersCurrentcommanderMG Joseph Ma…
Village in County Wicklow, Ireland Village in Leinster, IrelandEnniskerry Áth na SceireVillageSaint Patrick's churchEnniskerryLocation in IrelandCoordinates: 53°11′34″N 6°10′14″W / 53.192768°N 6.170465°W / 53.192768; -6.170465CountryIrelandProvinceLeinsterCountyCounty WicklowElevation91 m (299 ft)Population (2022)2,008Irish Grid ReferenceO220174Websitewww.enniskerry.ie Enniskerry (historically Annaskerry, from Irish: Áth na Sceire, meaning rug…
Maggiordomo maggiore del Re di Napoli e delle Due SicilieStemma del Regno delle Due Sicilie Stato Regno delle Due Sicilie Tipomaestro di palazzo Istituito1731 Soppresso1861 SuccessorePrefetto di palazzo Nominato daRe delle Due Sicilie SedePalazzo Reale di Napoli Modifica dati su Wikidata · ManualeIl Maggiordomo maggiore del Re era la massima dignità nobiliare all'interno della Casa reale del Regno delle Due Sicilie.[1] Indice 1 Storia 2 Cronologia 2.1 Maggiordomi maggiori del…
List of deportation transports from Slovakia during the Holocaust Deportation of Jews from Slovakia redirects here. You may be looking for 1938 deportation of Jews from Slovakia or The Holocaust in Slovakia. Deportation of Jews from SlovakiaRestored train car used to transport Slovak Jews.Date1942 and 1944–1945LocationSlovak State, General Governorate, Nazi GermanyTargetSlovak JewsOrganised bySlovak State, Nazi GermanyDeaths57,000 (1942)10,000 (1944–1945)Total: 67,000 During the Holocaust, m…
DR400 DR400/100 Role Four-seat light aircraftType of aircraft Manufacturer Avions Pierre Robin Designer Jean Délémontez and Pierre Robin First flight 1972 Number built 2,700+[1][verification needed] Developed from Robin DR.200 Variants Robin DR500 The Robin DR400 is a single-engine wooden monoplane produced by Robin Aircraft (formerly Avions Pierre Robin). The Robin DR400 is widely used in flight schools and for private use in France.[2] Description The Robin DR400 was …
Wickes-class destroyer USS Ramsay underway History United States NameRamsay NamesakeFrancis Munroe Ramsay BuilderNewport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company, Newport News, Virginia Laid down21 December 1917 Launched8 June 1918 Commissioned15 February 1919 Decommissioned30 June 1922 IdentificationDD-124 Recommissioned2 June 1930 Decommissioned14 December 1937 ReclassifiedDM-16 on 13 June 1930 Recommissioned25 September 1939 Decommissioned19 October 1945 ReclassifiedAG-98, 5 June 1945 Stricke…
أنكه ريلينغر (بالألمانية: Anke Rehlinger) أنكه ريلينغر عام 2019 نائبة رئيس وزراء ولاية سارلاند تولت المنصب17 ديسمبر 2013 رئيس الوزراء أنغريت كرامب كارينباور توبياس هانس هايكو ماس نائبة رئيس الحزب الديمقراطي الاجتماعي الألماني تولت المنصب6 ديسمبر 2019 الرئيس نوربرت فالتر بوريان…
Saudi Arabia athletic organization Saudi Arabia Volleyball FederationSport Volleyball Beach volleyballJurisdictionSaudi ArabiaAbbreviationSAVBAFounded1963 (1963)AffiliationFIVBAffiliation date1963 (1963)HeadquartersRiyadhLocationSaudi ArabiaPresidentDr. Khaled Al-Zughaibi[1]ChairmanMr. Ali MasrahiOfficial websitewww.saudivb.net The Saudi Arabian Volleyball Federation (SAVBA) (Arabic: الإتحاد العربي السعودي للكرة الطائرة), is the governing body fo…