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The Argyn (Kazakh: Арғын, romanized: Arğyn) tribe (or clan) is a constituent of the Kazakh ethnicity. The Argyn are a component of the Orta jüz (Орта жүз; "Middle Horde" or "Middle Hundred"). Kazakhs historically consisted of three tribal federations: the Great jüz (or Senior jüz), Middle jüz, and Little jüz (or Junior jüz). Karakhanid scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari glossed Arghu as "ravine between two mountains", because the Arghu country was located between Tiraz and Balasagun.[3]
Origin
Argyns are of mixed origin. A historical bilingual, yet steadily Turkicizing, people, Basmyls,[4][5] likely contributed to the ethnogenesis of Argyns because both Basmyls and Argyns occupied roughly the same geographic location,[6] in Beiting Protectorate, where Basmyls made their first recorded appearance[7][8] and which is now in western China, and still home to a Kazakh minority. Kara-Khanid scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari wrote that Basmyls spoke their own language besides Turkic.[5]
"They are handsomer men than the other natives of the country, and having more ability, they come to have authority; and they are also capital merchants."[9] Kashgari mentioned an urban Argu people who spoke Middle Turkic with "a certain slurring (rikka)", like people of Sogdak and Kenchek;[10] Golden proposes that the Arghu were Iranian speakers undergoing Turkicization.[11]
A 2013 study on Argyns' genetics identifies twenty Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups: of these, G1a-P20 constitutes 71% of 2186 samples; R1a*-M198(xM458) 6%, C3c-M48 5%, C3* - M217(xM48) 3%; and other haplogroups represent less than three percent. The authors noted that "Tribe Argyn took on graph an isolated position, demonstrating the absence of genetic links with other Kazakh tribes."[12]
Etymology
The name of the Argyns probably corresponds to that of the "Argons" mentioned by Marco Polo in a country called "Tenduc" (around modern-day Hohhot) during the 13th century.[9] Polo reported that this clan who had "sprung from two different races: to wit, of the race of the Idolaters of Tenduc and ... the worshippers of Mahommet.
Divisions
Among the Kazakh Argyn there are two main subdivisions, the Meiram, including 5 clans, and the Momyn, including seven. The Kishhi Argyn (Zhogary Shekty, Tomengi Shekti) and the Zhien are minor subdivisions.[13][14]
^S. Kudayberdy-Uly, "Family tree of Turks, Kyrgyz, Kazakhs and their Khan dynasties", Alma-Ata, Dastan, 1990.
^Mukanov M.S., "Ethnic territory of Kazakhs in 18 - beginning of 20th century", Almaty, 1991, Муканов М. С. "Этническая территория казахов в 18 – нач. 20 вв. Алма-Ата, 1991 (in Russian)
^Maħmūd al-Kašğari. Dīwān Luğāt al-Turk. Edited & translated by Robert Dankoff in collaboration with James Kelly. Series: Sources of Oriental Languages and Literature. (1982). "Part I". p. 151
^Golden, Peter B. An Introduction to the History of Turkic peoples (1992). p 142-143
^ abMaħmūd al-Kašğari. "Dīwān Luğāt al-Turk". Edited & translated by Robert Dankoff in collaboration with James Kelly. In Sources of Oriental Languages and Literature. Part I. (1982). p. 82-83
^Zizhi Tongjian; cited by Zuev Yu.A., Horse Tamgas from Vassal Princedoms (translation of 8-10th century Chinese Tanghuyao), Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences, Alma-Ata, 1960, p. 104, 132 (in Russian)
^Rakishev B. R. Distribution of the main clans of the Kazakhs by regions and their approximate numbers - Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. - 2015. - No. 3 (301). - P. 193-198
