Like other Turkic languages, Kazakh is an agglutinative language and employs vowel harmony. Ethnologue recognizes three mutually intelligible dialect groups: Northeastern Kazakh—the most widely spoken variety, which also serves as the basis for the official language—Southern Kazakh, and Western Kazakh. The language shares a degree of mutual intelligibility with closely related Karakalpak while its Western dialects maintain limited mutual intelligibility with Altai languages.
In October 2017, Kazakh presidentNursultan Nazarbayev decreed that the writing system would change from using Cyrillic to Latin script by 2025. The proposed Latin alphabet has been revised several times and as of January 2021 is close to the inventory of the Turkish alphabet, though lacking the letters C and Ç and having four additional letters: Ä, Ñ, Q and Ū (though other letters such as Y have different values in the two languages). It is scheduled to be phased in from 2023 to 2031.
Geographic distribution
Speakers of Kazakh (mainly Kazakhs) are spread over a vast territory from the Tian Shan to the western shore of the Caspian Sea. Kazakh is the official state language of Kazakhstan, with nearly 10 million speakers (based on information from the CIA World Factbook[5] on population and proportion of Kazakh speakers).[6]
The Kipchak branch of Turkic languages, which Kazakh is borne out of, was mainly solidified during the reign of the Golden Horde. The modern Kazakh language is said to have originated in approximately 1465 AD during the formation of the Kazakh Khanate. Modern Kazakh is likely a descendant of both Chagatay Turkic as spoken by the Timurids and Kipchak Turkic as spoken in the Golden Horde.
Kazakh uses a high volume of loanwords from Persian and Arabic due to the frequent historical interactions between Kazakhs and Iranian ethnic groups to the south. Additionally, Persian was a lingua franca in the Kazakh Khanate, which allowed Kazakhs to mix Persian words into their own spoken and written vernacular. Meanwhile, Arabic was used by Kazakhs in mosques and mausoleums, serving as a language exclusively for religious contexts similar to how Latin served as a liturgical language in the European cultural sphere.
The Kazakhs used the Arabic script to write their language until approximately 1929. In the early 1900s, Kazakh activist Akhmet Baitursynuly reformed the Kazakh-Arabic alphabet, but his work was largely overshadowed by the Soviet presence in Central Asia. At that point, the new Soviet regime forced the Kazakhs to use a Latin script, and then a Cyrillic script in the 1940s. Today, Kazakhs use the Cyrillic and Latin scripts to write their language.
Phonology and orthography
Kazakh exhibits tongue-rootvowel harmony, with some words of recent foreign origin (usually of Russian or Arabic origin) as exceptions. There is also a system of rounding harmony which resembles that of Kyrgyz, but which does not apply as strongly and is not reflected in the orthography. This system only applies to the open vowels /e/,/ɪ/,/ʏ/ and not /ɑ/, and happens in the next syllables.[7] Thus, (in Latin script) jūldyz 'star', bügın 'today', and ülken 'big' are actually pronounced as jūldūz, bügün, ülkön.
Consonants
The following chart depicts the consonant inventory of standard Kazakh;[8] many of the sounds, however, are allophones of other sounds or appear only in recent loanwords. The 18 consonant phonemes listed by Vajda are without parentheses—since these are phonemes, their listed place and manner of articulation are very general, and will vary from what is shown. (/t͡s/ rarely appears in normal speech.) Kazakh has 19 native consonant phonemes; these are the stops /p,b,t,d,k,ɡ,q/, fricatives /s,z,ɕ,ʑ,ʁ/, nasals /m,n,ŋ/, liquids /ɾ,l/, and two glides /w,j/.[9] The sounds /f,v,χ,h,t͡s,t͡ɕ/ are found only in loanwords. /ʑ/ is heard as an alveolopalatal affricate [d͡ʑ] in the Kazakh dialects of Uzbekistan and Xinjiang, China. The sounds [q] and [ʁ] may be analyzed as allophones of /k/ and /ɡ/ in words with back vowels, but exceptions occur in loanwords.
All the phonemes in the table are their pronunciation in front vowels environment. Consonants [k], [ɡ], [ɕ], [ʑ] also have back allophones [q], [ʁ], [ʃ], [ʒ] correspondingly.
All nasals agree in place of articulation with the following plosives.
Voicing distinction only exists word-internally.
The chart does not include loan sounds such as /f/, /t͡s/, /x/ etc. that are substituted in native speech.
Voiced obstruents syllable-finally become devoiced.[7]
Vowels
Kazakh has a system of 12 phonemic vowels, 3 of which are diphthongs. The rounding contrast and /æ/ generally only occur as phonemes in the first syllable of a word, but do occur later allophonically; see the section on harmony below for more information. Moreover, the /æ/ sound has been included artificially due to the influence of Arabic, Persian and, later, Tatar languages during the Islamic period.[11]
According to Vajda, the front/back quality of vowels is actually one of neutral versus retracted tongue root.[10]
Phonetic values are paired with the corresponding character in Kazakh's Cyrillic and current Latin alphabets.
There is significant debate over the Kazakh vowel phoneme chart, but all analysis agrees on an eight-vowel system with [æ] being artificially added due to Arab and Persian influence.
The vowel /e̞/ is often pronounced /je̞/ at the beginning of the word, with exceptional root e-. Urban Kazakh tends to palatalize all /e̞/, caused by Russian influence.[12]
Vowel harmony
Kazakh exhibits tongue-rootvowel harmony (also called soft-hard harmony), and arguably weakened rounding harmony which is implied in the first syllable of the word. All vowels after the first rounded syllable are the subject to this harmony with the exception of /ɑ/, and in the following syllables, e.g. өмір[ø̞mʏr], қосы[qɒso]. Notably, urban Kazak tends to violate rounding harmony, as well as pronouncing Russian borrowings against the rules.[12]
Stress
Most words in Kazakh are stressed in the last syllable, except:[13]
When counting objects, numbers are stressed in the first syllable, but stressed in the last syllable in collective numbers suffixed by -eu (bıreu, altau from bır, alty):
bır, ekı, üş, tört, bes, alty, jetı, ...
'one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, ...'
Definite and negative pronouns are stressed in the first syllable:
Nowadays, Kazakh is mostly written in the Cyrillic script, with an Arabic-based alphabet being used by minorities in China. Since October 26, 2017, via Presidential Decree 569, Kazakhstan will adopt the Latin script by 2025.[14][15]
Cyrillic script was created to better merge the Kazakh language with other languages of the USSR, hence it has some controversial letter readings.
The letter У after a consonant represents a combination of sounds і /ɪ/, ү /ʏ/, ы /ɤ̞/, ұ /o̞/ with glide /w/,[16] e.g. кіру[kɪɾɪw], су[so̞w], көру[kø̞ɾʏw], атысу[ɑtɤ̞sɤ̞w]. Ю undergoes the same process but with /j/ at the beginning.
The letter И represents a combination of sounds i /ɪ/, ы /ɤ̞/ + glide /j/,[16] e.g. тиіс/tɪjɪs/, оқиды/ɒqɤ̞jdɤ̞/
The letter Я and often digraph ЙЯ represent two sounds /jɑ/ and /jæ/ depending on the harmony.
The letter Щ represents /ʃ.ʃ/ in words of Turkic origin, e.g. ащы/ɑʃ.ʃɤ̞/
Meanwhile, the letters В, Ё, Ф, Х, Һ, Ц, Ч, ъ, ь, Э are only used in loan words, mostly Russian, Persian and Arabic. They are often substituted in spoken Kazakh.
Articles and izafet
The accusative affixes -(X)n; -y/-ı; -ğy/-gı; -ny/-nı; -dy/-dı; -ty/-tı can be used as definite articles[citation needed]:
tıl'language' > tılı'the language',
äke'father' > äkesı, äkenı'the father',
Qazaqstanda'in Kazakhstan' > Qazaqstandağy'the one in Kazakhstan',
dos'friend' > dosy'the friend'.
Kazakh bır, bıreu'a/an, one, some, any' can be used as an indefinite article:
bır adam'a human',
bır alma'an apple',
bırler'ones',
bıreu'some',
bıreuler'some ones'.
The genitive affixes -dyñ/-dıñ; -tyñ/-tıñ; -nyñ/-nıñ can be used as definite articles:
adam däpterı'human notebook' > adamnyñ däpterı'the human's notebook',
Kazakh is generally verb-final, though various permutations on SOV (subject–object–verb) word order can be used, for example, due to topicalization.[17]Inflectional and derivationalmorphology, both verbal and nominal, in Kazakh, exists almost exclusively in the form of agglutinative suffixes. Kazakh is a nominative-accusative, head-final, left-branching, dependent-marking language.[18]
Nouns
Kazakh has no noun class or gender system. Nouns are declined for number (singular or plural) and one of seven cases:
The declension of the pronouns is outlined in the following chart. Singular pronouns exhibit irregularities, while plural pronouns do not. Irregular forms are highlighted in bold.[18]
Number
Singular
Plural
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
1st
2nd
3rd
Familiar
Polite
Familiar
Polite
Nominative
men
sen
sız
ol
bız
sender
sızder
olar
Genitive
menıñ
senıñ
sızdıñ
onyñ
bızdıñ
senderdıñ
sızderdıñ
olardyñ
Dative
mağan
sağan
sızge
oğan
bızge
senderge
sızderge
olarğa
Accusative
menı
senı
sızdı
ony
bızdı
senderdı
sızderdı
olardy
Locative
mende
sende
sızde
onda
bızde
senderde
sızderde
olarda
Ablative
menen
senen
sızden
odan
bızden
senderden
sızderden
olardan
Instrumental
menımen
senımen
sızben
onymen
bızben
sendermen
sızdermen
olarmen
In addition to the pronouns, there are several more sets of morphemes dealing with person.[18]
Adjectives in Kazakh are not declined for any grammatical category of the modified noun. Being a head-final language, adjectives are always placed before the noun that they modify. Kazakh has two varieties of adjectives:
Qualitative – used to describe properties of the noun, such as color
Relational – adjectives formed from words from other parts of speech[11]
Comparative
The comparative form can be created by appending the suffix -(y)raq/-(ı)rek or -tau/-teu/-dau/-dau to an adjective.
Superlative
The superlative form can be created by placing the morpheme eñ before the adjective.[11]
Verbs
Kazakh may express different combinations of tense, aspect and mood through the use of various verbal morphology or through a system of auxiliary verbs, many of which might better be considered light verbs. The present tense is a prime example of this; progressive tense in Kazakh is formed with one of four possible auxiliaries. These auxiliaries otyr'sit', tūr'stand', jür'go' and jat'lie', encode various shades of meaning of how the action is carried out and also interact with the lexical semantics of the root verb: telic and non-telic actions, semelfactives, durative and non-durative, punctual, etc. There are selectional restrictions on auxiliaries: motion verbs, such as бару'go' and келу'come' may not combine with otyr. Any verb, however, can combine with jat'lie' to get a progressive tense meaning.[18]
'I am [sitting and] swimming. / I have been swimming.'
Men jüzıp tūrmyn
progressive/punctual
'I am [in the middle of] swimming [this very minute].'
Men jüzıp jürmın
habitual
'I swim [frequently/regularly]'
While it is possible to think that different categories of aspect govern the choice of auxiliary, it is not so straightforward in Kazakh. Auxiliaries are internally sensitive to the lexical semantics of predicates, for example, verbs describing motion:[18]
Selectional restrictions on Kazakh auxiliaries[18]
Sentence
Auxiliary Used
Suda
water-LOC
balyq
fish
jüzedı
swim-PRES-3
Suda balyq jüzedı
water-LOC fish swim-PRES-3
'Fish swim in water' (general statement)
∅ (present/future tense used)
Suda
water-LOC
balyq
fish
jüzıp
swim-CVB
jatyr
AUX.3
Suda balyq jüzıp jatyr
water-LOC fish swim-CVB AUX.3
'The/A fish is swimming in the water'
jat- 'to lie', general marker for progressive aspect.
Suda
water-LOC
balyq
fish
jüzıp
swim-CVB
jür
AUX.3
Suda balyq jüzıp jür
water-LOC fish swim-CVB AUX.3
'The fish is swimming [as it always does] in the water'
jür – 'go', dynamic/habitual/iterative
Suda
water-LOC
balyq
fish
jüzıp
swim-CVB
tūr
AUX.3
Suda balyq jüzıp tūr
water-LOC fish swim-CVB AUX.3
'The fish is swimming in the water'
tūr – 'stand', progressive marker to show the swimming is punctual
*
Suda
water-LOC
balyq
fish
jüzıp
swim-CVB
otyr
AUX.3
* Suda balyq jüzıp otyr
{} water-LOC fish swim-CVB AUX.3
*The fish has been swimming
Not a possible sentence in Kazakh
otyr – 'sit', ungrammatical in this sentence; otyr can only be used for verbs that are stative in nature
In addition to the complexities of the progressive tense, there are many auxiliary-converb pairs that encode a range of aspectual, modal, volitional, evidential and action- modificational meanings. For example, the pattern verb + köru, with the auxiliary verb köru'see', indicates that the subject of the verb attempted or tried to do something (compare the Japanese てみるtemiru construction).[18]
Annotated text with gloss
From the first stanza of "Menıñ Qazaqstanym" ("My Kazakhstan"), the national anthem of Kazakhstan:
^Some variations occur in the different regions where Kazakh is spoken, including outside Kazakhstan; e. g. ж / ج (where a Perso-Arabic script similar to the current Uyghur alphabet is used) is read [ʑ] in standard Kazakh, but [d͡ʑ] in some places.
^ abVajda, Edward (1994), "Kazakh phonology", in Kaplan, E.; Whisenhunt, D. (eds.), Essays presented in honor of Henry Schwarz, Washington: Western Washington, pp. 603–650
Mark Kirchner: "Kazakh and Karakalpak". In: The Turkic languages. Ed. by Lars Johanson and É. Á. Csató. London [u.a.] : Routledge, 1998. (Routledge language family descriptions). S.318–332.
McCollum, Adam G.; Chen, Si (2021). "Kazakh". Illustrations of the IPA. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 51 (2): 276–298. doi:10.1017/S0025100319000185, with supplementary sound recordings.
Rationalist Association of IndiaAbbreviationRAIFounded1930; 94 years ago (1930)TypeNon-profitPurposeAdvocacy of rationalism, atheism, secularism, humanismLocationIndiaFounder PresidentDr. D' AvoineCurrent ChairmanSreeni PattathanamAffiliationsVoting member at International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU) Rationalist Association of India (RAI) is an Indian rationalist organization that was established in 1930.[1] Dr. D' Avoine was the President of the Rationalist Assoc…
German politician This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Johanne Modder – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) P…
Makam James Budd Walton di Memorial Park Cemetery (2017) James Lawrence “Bud” Walton (20 Desember 1921—21 Maret 1995) adalah adik Sam Walton yang—bersama kakaknya tersebut—mendirikan Wal-Mart. Lahir pada tahun 1921, Walton bekerja menjadi petani pada masa kecilnya. Ia kemudian mengenyam pendidikan di Hickman High School di Columbia, Missouri dan di Wentworth Military Academy di kota Lexington, Missouri. Saat Perang Dunia II pecah, ia mengabdi sebagai pilot Angkatan Laut. Seperti kakakn…
Penyerangan GresikBagian dari Peperangan era NapoleonPeta Jawa, dengan Gresik ditandai.Tanggal5–11 Desember 1807LokasiGresik, Jawa, Hindia BelandaHasil Kemenangan BritaniaPihak terlibat Britania Raya Kerajaan BelandaTokoh dan pemimpin Laksamana Sir Edward Pellew Kapten CowellKekuatan Dua kapal tiang, dua fregat dan empat kapal kecil Dua kapal tiang dan pertahanan pantaiKorban Tidak ada Tidak diketahui, seluruh kapal dan militer hancur. lbsKampanye Jawa1806–1807 Konvoi Pallas Penangkapan Mari…
Cinema ofthe Philippines Films before the 2010s Pre-1940 1940s 1950s 1960s1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 vte This is an incomplete list of Filipino full-length films, both mainstream and independently produced, released in theaters and cinemas in 2019. Box office See also: List of highest-gros…
Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando il nome comune dell'autoveicolo, vedi Automobile. Un esempio di macchina (utilizzata per arrotolare le sigarette). Il termine macchina indica un dispositivo meccanico e/o elettrico in grado di convertire energia da una forma all'altra (tecnicamente: lavoro in energia, energia in lavoro, lavoro in lavoro). Una macchina è tipicamente strutturata in un insieme di componenti, collegati tra loro, dotati di azionatori, circuiti di comando e connessi solidalmente a…
Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang karakter Disney. Untuk penggunaan lain, lihat Olaf (disambiguasi). OlafTokoh FrozenBerkas:Olaf from Disney's Frozen.pngPenampilanperdanaFrozenPenciptaChris BuckJennifer LeePengisi suaraJosh GadInformasiSpesiesBoneka saljuJenis kelaminPerempuan Olaf si Boneka salju adalah sebuah karakter fiksi dari film animasi tahun 2013 Frozen, yang diproduksi oleh Walt Disney Animation Studios. Ia di ciptakan di Frozen (2013) oleh Elsa dalam lagu Let it go , Olaf berada di Fi…
Parni Hadi (lahir 13 Agustus 1948) adalah seorang wartawan asal Indonesia. Beliau memulai karier sebagai wartawan di Kantor Berita ANTARA tahun 1973, Pendiri/Kepala Perwakilan LKBN ANTARA untuk wilayah Eropa di Hamburg, Jerman Barat (1980-1986), ikut mendirikan dan menjadi Pemimpin Umum/Pemimpin Redaksi ANTARA (1998-2000), Direktur Utama LPP RRI (2005-2010). Beliau pun sebagai penerima Bintang Mahaputra Utama sebagai Tokoh Pers Nasional 1999. Sampai dengan saat ini masih aktif menulis di beberap…
Hilton Worldwide Holdings Inc.JenisPublikIndustriPerhotelanDidirikan Cisco, Texas, ASKantorpusatTysons, Virginia, Amerika SerikatTokohkunciChristopher J. NassettaPresiden dan CEOPendapatanUS$8,162 miliar (2006)Karyawan105.000 (April 2007)Situs webHilton Hotels Corporation Hilton Worldwide Holdings Inc. adalah sebuah perusahaan perhotelan multinasional yang bermarkas di Tysons, Virginia, Amerika Serikat. Hingga April 2007, perusahaan ini terdiri dari 2.645 hotel dan 485.000 kamar dan beroperasi d…
artikel ini tidak memiliki pranala ke artikel lain. Tidak ada alasan yang diberikan. Bantu kami untuk mengembangkannya dengan memberikan pranala ke artikel lain secukupnya. (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini) Fenestron (atau fantail, kadang-kadang disebut fan-in-fin, kipas-dalam-sirip) adalah rotor belakang dalam sirip terselubung dari sebuah helikopter. Bila rotor ekor konvensional biasanya memiliki dua atau empat pisau, Fenestron memiliki antara delapan dan 18 p…
Djatmikanto Danumartono Anggota Dewan Perwakilan RakyatMasa jabatan30 April 1992 – 1 Februari 1999PresidenSoehartoB.J. Habibie PendahuluD.P. SoenardiPenggantiPetahanaGrup parlemenF-ABRIWali Kota YogyakartaMasa jabatan13 Mei 1986 – 17 September 1991GubernurHamengkubuwono IXPaku Alam VIII PendahuluSoegiartoPenggantiR. Widagdo Informasi pribadiLahir5 Juni 1944 (umur 79)Semarang, Hindia Belanda JepangKarier militerPihak IndonesiaDinas/cabang TNI Angkatan DaratMasa…
Anwar Ujang (lahir 2 Maret 1945) adalah mantan pemain nasional sepak bola Indonesia pada era 1970-an dan 1980-an dari Klub Persika Karawang. Profil Sebelum menjadi pemain sepak bola sempat menjadi karyawan Pertamina pada tahun 1960.[1] Pemain dengan nomor punggung 5 ini pertama kali bergabung dengan PSSI pada April 1965 dan menjadi Kapten PSSI pada tahun 1971 - 1974.[2] Pada masa jayanya, ia sering dijuluki Beckenbauer Indonesia dan bersama tim Indonesia sering melakukan pertandi…
Artikel atau sebagian dari artikel ini mungkin diterjemahkan dari Child sexual abuse di en.wikipedia.org. Isinya masih belum akurat, karena bagian yang diterjemahkan masih perlu diperhalus dan disempurnakan. Jika Anda menguasai bahasa aslinya, harap pertimbangkan untuk menelusuri referensinya dan menyempurnakan terjemahan ini. Anda juga dapat ikut bergotong royong pada ProyekWiki Perbaikan Terjemahan. (Pesan ini dapat dihapus jika terjemahan dirasa sudah cukup tepat. Lihat pula: panduan penerjem…
Virabhadrasana (Sanskerta: वीरभद्रासन ; IAST : Vīrabhadrāsana) atau Warrior Pose (Pose prajurit)[1] adalah sekumpulan gerakan yoga yang dilakukan dengan sikap berdiri di mana salah satu kaki diposisikan kedepan dengan lutut ditekuk dan kaki lainnya diposisikan lurus ke arah belakang (lunge) di dalam yoga modern sebagai bentuk latihan untuk memperingati perbuatan luar biasa dan berani dari pejuang yang ada di cerita rakyat, Virabhadra. Nama pose ini be…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Desember 2022. Artikel ini perlu dikembangkan agar dapat memenuhi kriteria sebagai entri Wikipedia.Bantulah untuk mengembangkan artikel ini. Jika tidak dikembangkan, artikel ini akan dihapus. Tio Kiang Sun Tio Kiang Sun (1 November 1920-) adalah seorang tokoh peranakan…
Questa voce o sezione sugli argomenti Francia e America non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Commento: Solo tre note e totale assenza di bibliografia Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Guadaluparegione d'oltremaredipartimento d'oltremareRégion GuadeloupeDépartement de la Guadeloupe (dettagli) (dettagli) LocalizzazioneStato Fr…
Osteogenesis imperfectaWarna biru klasik pada sklera pasien dengan osteogenesis imperfectaInformasi umumNama lainPenyakit tulang rapuh,[1] sindrom lobstein,[2] kerapuhan tulang,[1] Vrolik disease,[1] osteopsathyrosis, Porak disease, Durante disease[3]SpesialisasiPediatrik, genetik medis, osteologiPenyebabGenetik (autosom dominan, mutasi baru)[1]Aspek klinisGejala dan tandaTulang yang mudah patah, semburat biru pada putih mata, tinggi pendek, sendi …
Cree delle pianureᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ nēhiyawēwinParlato in Canada Stati Uniti RegioniManitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Montana LocutoriTotale34000 su 53.000 TassonomiaFilogenesiLingue algiche Lingue algonchine Lingua cree Codici di classificazioneISO 639-3crk (EN) Linguist Listcrk-pla (EN) Glottologplai1258 (EN) Linguasphere62-ADA-aa Manuale Poundmaker (1842–1886), un capo dei Cree delle Pianure La lingua cree delle pianure (Plains Cree in inglese, ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍ…
Eroge (eroge エロゲー atau エロゲ erogē?, diucapkan [eɽoɡe]; sebuah singkatan dari erotic game: (エロチックゲーム erochikku gēmu?)) atau Ero-ga adalah permainan komputer yang mengandung unsur erotika, dan biasanya dibuat dengan gaya visual art seperti anime. Sejarah Eroge Jepang, juga dikenal sebagai H-game [1] atau game hentai, muncul di awal 1980-an, ketika perusahaan-perusahaan Jepang memperkenalkan merek mikrokompter buatan mereka sendiri, untuk bersaing dengan ora…
L’edizione 1985 del Pallone d'oro, 30ª edizione del premio calcistico istituito dalla rivista francese France Football, fu vinta dal francese Michel Platini (Juventus). I giurati che votarono furono 26, provenienti da Austria, Belgio, Bulgaria, Cecoslovacchia, Danimarca, Finlandia, Francia, Germania Est, Germania Ovest, Grecia, Inghilterra, Irlanda, Italia, Jugoslavia, Lussemburgo, Paesi Bassi, Polonia, Portogallo, Romania, Scozia, Spagna, Svezia, Svizzera, Turchia, Ungheria e Unione Sovietic…