Although there is a very high degree of mutual intelligibility between both forms of Azerbaijani, there are significant differences in phonology, lexicon, morphology, syntax, and sources of loanwords. The standardized form of North Azerbaijani (spoken in the Republic of Azerbaijan and Russia) is based on the Shirvani dialect, while South Azerbaijani uses variety of regional dialects. Since the Republic of Azerbaijan's independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Northern Azerbaijani has used the Latin script. On the other hand, South Azerbaijani has always used and continues to use the Perso-Arabic script.
Azerbaijani is closely related to Turkmen, Turkish, Gagauz, and Qashqai, being mutually intelligible with each of these languages to varying degrees.
Etymology and background
Historically, the language was referred to by its native speakers as türk dili or türkcə,[6] meaning either "Turkish" or "Turkic". In the early years following the establishment of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, the language was still referred to as "Turkish" in official documents. However, in the 1930s, its name was officially changed to "Azerbaijani".[7][8] The language is often still referred to as Turki or Torki in Iranian Azerbaijan.[9] The term "Azeri", generally interchangeable with "Azerbaijani", is from Turkish Azeri[10] which is used for the people (azerice being used for the language in Turkish), itself from Persian آذری, Āzarī. The term is also used for Old Azeri, the ancient Iranian language spoken in the region until the 17th century.
Azerbaijani evolved from the Eastern branch of Oghuz Turkic ("Western Turkic")[11] which spread to the Caucasus, in Eastern Europe,[12][13] and northern Iran, in Western Asia, during the medieval Turkic migrations.[14]Persian and Arabic influenced the language, but Arabic words were mainly transmitted through the intermediary of literary Persian.[15] Azerbaijani is, perhaps after Uzbek, the Turkic language upon which Persian and other Iranian languages have exerted the strongest impact—mainly in phonology, syntax, and vocabulary, less in morphology.[14]
The Turkic language of Azerbaijan gradually supplanted the Iranian languages in what is now northwestern Iran, and a variety of languages of the Caucasus and Iranian languages spoken in the Caucasus, particularly Udi and Old Azeri. By the beginning of the 16th century, it had become the dominant language of the region. It was a spoken language in the court of the Safavids, and Qajars.
The historical development of Azerbaijani can be divided into two major periods: early (c. 14th to 18th century) and modern (18th century to present). Early Azerbaijani differs from its descendant in that it contained a much larger number of Persian and Arabic loanwords, phrases and syntactic elements. Early writings in Azerbaijani also demonstrate linguistic interchangeability between Oghuz and Kypchak elements in many aspects (such as pronouns, case endings, participles, etc.). As Azerbaijani gradually moved from being merely a language of epic and lyric poetry to being also a language of journalism and scientificresearch, its literary version has become more or less unified and simplified with the loss of many archaic Turkic elements, stilted Iranisms and Ottomanisms, and other words, expressions, and rules that failed to gain popularity among the Azerbaijani masses.
The Russian annexation of Iran's territories in the Caucasus through the Russo-Iranian wars of 1804–1813 and 1826–1828 split the language community across two states. Afterwards, the Tsarist administration encouraged the spread of Azerbaijani in eastern Transcaucasia as a replacement for Persian spoken by the upper classes, and as a measure against Persian influence in the region.[16][17]
Between c. 1900 and 1930, there were several competing approaches to the unification of the national language in what is now the Azerbaijan Republic, popularized by scholars such as Hasan bey Zardabi and Mammad agha Shahtakhtinski. Despite major differences, they all aimed primarily at making it easy for semi-literate masses to read and understand literature. They all criticized the overuse of Persian, Arabic, and European elements in both colloquial and literary language and called for a simpler and more popular style.
The Soviet Union promoted the development of the language but set it back considerably with two successive script changes[18] – from the Persian to Latin and then to the Cyrillic script – while Iranian Azerbaijanis continued to use the Persian script as they always had. Despite the wide use of Azerbaijani in the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, it became the official language of Azerbaijan only in 1956.[19] After independence, the Republic of Azerbaijan decided to switch back to a modified Latin script.
The development of Azerbaijani literature is closely associated with Anatolian Turkish, written in Perso-Arabic script. Examples of its detachment date to the 14th century or earlier.[20][21]Kadi Burhan al-Din, Hasanoghlu, and Imadaddin Nasimi helped to establish Azerbaiijani as a literary language in the 14th century through poetry and other works.[21] One ruler of the Qara Qoyunlu state, Jahanshah, wrote poems in Azerbaijani language with the nickname "Haqiqi".[22][23]Sultan Yaqub, a ruler of the Aq Qoyunlu state, wrote poems in the Azerbaijani language.[24] The ruler and poet Ismail I wrote under the pen name Khatā'ī (which means "sinner" in Persian) during the fifteenth century in Azerbaijani, and Persian.[25][26][27] During the 16th century, the poet, writer and thinker Fuzûlî wrote mainly in Azerbaijani but also translated his poems into Arabic and Persian.[25]
Starting in the 1830s, several newspapers were published in Iran during the reign of the Qajar dynasty, but it is unknown whether any of these newspapers were written in Azerbaijani. In 1875, Akinchi (Əkinçi / اکينچی) ("The Ploughman") became the first Azerbaijani newspaper to be published in the Russian Empire. It was started by Hasan bey Zardabi, a journalist and education advocate.[21]
Modern literature in the Republic of Azerbaijan is based on the Shirvani dialect mainly, while in Iranian Azerbaijan, it is based on the Tabrizi dialect.
Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar is an important figure in Azerbaijani poetry. His most important work is Heydar Babaya Salam and it is considered to be a pinnacle of Azerbaijani literature and gained popularity in the Turkic-speaking world. It was translated into more than 30 languages.[28]
In the mid-19th century, Azerbaijani literature was taught at schools in Baku, Ganja, Shaki, Tbilisi, and Yerevan. Since 1845, it has also been taught in the Saint Petersburg State University in Russia. In 2018, Azerbaijani language and literature programs are offered in the United States at several universities, including Indiana University, UCLA, and University of Texas at Austin.[21] The vast majority, if not all Azerbaijani language courses teach North Azerbaijani written in the Latin script and not South Azerbaijani written in the Perso-Arabic script.
Modern literature in the Republic of Azerbaijan is primarily based on the Shirvani dialect, while in the Iranian Azerbaijan region (historic Azerbaijan) it is based on the Tabrizi one.
Azerbaijani is one of the Oghuz languages within the Turkic language family. Ethnologue lists North Azerbaijani (spoken mainly in the Republic of Azerbaijan and Russia) and South Azerbaijani (spoken in Iran, Iraq, and Syria) as two groups within the Azerbaijani macrolanguage with "significant differences in phonology, lexicon, morphology, syntax, and loanwords" between the two.[3] The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) considers Northern and Southern Azerbaijani to be distinct languages.[37]Linguists Mohammad Salehi and Aydin Neysani write that "there is a high degree of mutual intelligibility" between North and South Azerbaijani.[37]
Svante Cornell wrote in his 2001 book Small Nations and Great Powers that "it is certain that Russian and Iranian words (sic), respectively, have entered the vocabulary on either side of the Araxes river, but this has not occurred to an extent that it could pose difficulties for communication".[38] There are numerous dialects, with 21 North Azerbaijani dialects and 11 South Azerbaijani dialects identified by Ethnologue.[3][4]
Three varieties have been accorded ISO 639-3 language codes: North Azerbaijani, South Azerbaijani and Qashqai. The Glottolog 4.1 database classifies North Azerbaijani, with 20 dialects, and South Azerbaijani, with 13 dialects, under the Modern Azeric family, a branch of Central Oghuz.[39]
In the northern dialects of the Azerbaijani language, linguists find traces of the influence of the Khazar language.[40]
We may distinguish the following Azeri dialects: (1) eastern group: Derbent (Darband), Kuba, Shemakha (Šamāḵī), Baku, Salyani (Salyānī), and Lenkoran (Lankarān), (2) western group: Kazakh (not to be confounded with the Kipchak-Turkic language of the same name), the dialect of the Ayrïm (Āyrom) tribe (which, however, resembles Turkish), and the dialect spoken in the region of the Borchala river; (3) northern group: Zakataly, Nukha, and Kutkashen; (4) southern group: Yerevan (Īravān), Nakhichevan (Naḵjavān), and Ordubad (Ordūbād); (5) central group: Ganja (Kirovabad) and Shusha; (6) North Iraqi dialects; (7) Northwest Iranian dialects: Tabrīz, Reżāʾīya (Urmia), etc., extended east to about Qazvīn; (8) Southeast Caspian dialect (Galūgāh). Optionally, we may adjoin as Azeri (or "Azeroid") dialects: (9) East Anatolian, (10) Qašqāʾī, (11) Aynallū, (12) Sonqorī, (13) dialects south of Qom, (14) Kabul Afšārī.
North Azerbaijani
North Azerbaijani,[3] or Northern Azerbaijani, is the official language of the Republic of Azerbaijan. It is closely related to modern-day Istanbul Turkish, the official language of Turkey. It is also spoken in southern Dagestan, along the Caspian coast in the southern Caucasus Mountains and in scattered regions throughout Central Asia. As of 2011[update], there are some 9.23 million speakers of North Azerbaijani including 4 million monolingual speakers (many North Azerbaijani speakers also speak Russian, as is common throughout former USSR countries).[3]
The Shirvan dialect as spoken in Baku is the basis of standard Azerbaijani. Since 1992, it has been officially written with a Latin script in the Republic of Azerbaijan, but the older Cyrillic script was still widely used in the late 1990s.[41]
South Azerbaijani,[4] or Iranian Azerbaijani,[b] is widely spoken in Iranian Azerbaijan and, to a lesser extent, in neighboring regions of Turkey and Iraq, with smaller communities in Syria. In Iran, the Persian word for Azerbaijani is borrowed as Torki "Turkic".[4] In Iran, it is spoken mainly in East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Ardabil and Zanjan. It is also spoken in Tehran and across the Tehran Province, as Azerbaijanis form by far the largest minority in the city and the wider province,[43] comprising about 1⁄6[44][45] of its total population. The CIA World Factbook reports that in 2010, the percentage of Iranian Azerbaijani speakers was at around 16 percent of the Iranian population, or approximately 13 million people worldwide,[46] and ethnic Azeris form by far the second largest ethnic group of Iran, thus making the language also the second most spoken language in the nation. Ethnologue reports 10.9 million Iranian Azerbaijani in Iran in 2016 and 13,823,350 worldwide.[4]
Dialects of South Azerbaijani include: "Aynallu (Inallu, Inanlu), Karapapakh, Tabriz, Afshari (Afsar, Afshar), Shahsavani (Shahseven), Moqaddam, Baharlu (Kamesh), Nafar, Qaragozlu, Pishagchi, Bayat, Qajar".[4]
Speakers of Turkish and Azerbaijani can, to an extent, communicate with each other as both languages have substantial variation and are to a degree mutually intelligible, though it is easier for a speaker of Azerbaijani to understand Turkish than the other way around.[48]Turkish soap operas are very popular with Azeris in both Iran and Azerbaijan. Reza Shah Pahlavi of Iran (who spoke South Azerbaijani) met with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk of Turkey (who spoke Turkish) in 1934; the two were filmed speaking their respective language to each other and communicated effectively.[49][50]
In a 2011 study, 30 Turkish participants were tested to determine how well they understood written and spoken Azerbaijani. It was found that even though Turkish and Azerbaijani are typologically similar languages, on the part of Turkish speakers the intelligibility is not as high as is estimated.[51] In a 2017 study, Iranian Azerbaijanis scored in average 56% of receptive intelligibility in spoken language of Turkish.[52]
Azerbaijani exhibits a similar stress pattern to Turkish but simpler in some respects. Azerbaijani is a strongly stressed and partially stress-timed language, unlike Turkish which is weakly stressed and syllable-timed.[citation needed]
Below are some cognates with different spelling in Azerbaijani and Turkish:
The 1st person personal pronoun is mən in Azerbaijani just as men in Turkmen, whereas it is ben in Turkish. The same is true for demonstrative pronouns bu, where sound b is replaced with sound m. For example: bunun>munun/mının, muna/mına, munu/munı, munda/mında, mundan/mından.[54] This is observed in the Turkmen literary language as well, where the demonstrative pronounbu undergoes some changes just as in: munuñ, munı, muña, munda, mundan, munça.[55]b>m replacement is encountered in many dialects of the Turkmen language and may be observed in such words as: boyun>moyın in Yomut – Gunbatar dialect, büdüremek>müdüremek in Ersari and Stavropol Turkmens' dialects, bol>mol in Karakalpak Turkmens' dialects, buzav>mizov in Kirac dialects.[56]
Here are some words from the Swadesh list to compare Azerbaijani with Turkmen:[57]
Azerbaijani phonotactics is similar to that of other Oghuz Turkic languages, except:
Trimoraic syllables with long vowels are permissible.
There is an ongoing metathesis of neighboring consonants in a word.[58] Speakers tend to reorder consonants in the order of decreasing sonority and back-to-front (for example, iləri becomes irəli, köprü becomes körpü, topraq becomes torpaq). Some of the metatheses are so common in the educated speech that they are reflected in orthography (all the above examples are like that). This phenomenon is more common in rural dialects but observed even in educated young urban speakers, but noticeably absent from some Southern dialects.
The sound [k] is used only in loanwords; the historical unpalatalized [k] became voiced to [ɡ]. In Iran the sound [K] is kept, and [k] did not shift to [g].
/t͡ʃ/ and /d͡ʒ/ are realised as [t͡s] and [d͡z] respectively in the areas around Tabriz and to the west, south and southwest of Tabriz (including Kirkuk in Iraq); in the Nakhchivan and Ayrum dialects, in Cəbrayil and some Caspian coastal dialects;.[59]
Sounds /t͡s/ and /d͡z/ may also be recognized as separate phonemic sounds in the Tabrizi and southern dialects.[60]
In most dialects of Azerbaijani, /c/ is realized as [ç] when it is found in the syllabic coda or is preceded by a voiceless consonant (as in çörək[t͡ʃœˈɾæç] – "bread"; səksən[sæçˈsæn] – "eighty").
The F1 and F2 formant frequencies overlap for /œ/ and /ɯ/. Their acoustic quality is more or less close-mid central [ɵ,ɘ]. The main role in the distinction of two vowels is played by the different F3 frequencies in audition,[69] and rounding in articulation. Phonologically, however, they are more distinct: /œ/ is phonologically a mid front rounded vowel, the front counterpart of /o/ and the rounded counterpart of /e/. /ɯ/ is phonologically a close back unrounded vowel, the back counterpart of /i/ and the unrounded counterpart of /u/.
The other mid vowels /e,o/ are closer to close-mid [e,o] than open-mid [ɛ,ɔ].[68]
The modern Azerbaijani Latin alphabet contains the digraphs ov and öv to represent diphthongs present in the language, and the pronunciation of diphthongs is today accepted as the norm in the orthophony of Azerbaijani.[70] Despite this, the number and even the existence of diphthongs in Azerbaijani has been disputed, with some linguists, such as Abdulazal Damirchizade [az], arguing that they are non-phonemic. Damirchizade's view was challenged by others, such as Aghamusa Akhundov [az], who argued that Damirchizade was taking orthography as the basis of his judgement, rather than its phonetic value. According to Akhundov, Azerbaijani contains two diphthongs, /ou̯/ and /œy̯/,[72] represented by ov and öv in the alphabet, both of which are phonemic due to their contrast with /o/ and /œ/, represented by o and ö.[73] In some cases, a non-syllabic /v/ can also be pronounced after the aforementioned diphthongs, to form /ou̯v/ and /œy̯v/, the rules of which are as follows:[74]
If the letter o precedes v and then u, forming ovu, it should be pronounced as /ou̯/, e.g. sovurmaq, pronounced[sou̯rˈmɑx].
If the letter o precedes v and then any consonant, it should be pronounced as /ou̯(v)/, with the pronunciation of the v being optional, e.g. dovşan, pronounced[dou̯(v)ˈʃɑn].
If the letter ö precedes v and then any voiced consonant, it should be pronounced as /œy̯(v)/, with the pronunciation of the v being optional, e.g. tövbə, pronounced[tœy̯(v)ˈbæ].
Modern linguists who have examined Azerbaijani's vowel system almost unanimously have recognised that diphthongs are phonetically produced in speech.[75]
Before 1929, Azerbaijani was written only in the Perso-Arabic alphabet, an impure abjad that does not represent all vowels (without diacritical marks). In Iran, the process of standardization of orthography started with the publication of Azerbaijani magazines and newspapers such as Varlıq (وارلیق — Existence) from 1979. Azerbaijani-speaking scholars and literarians showed great interest in involvement in such ventures and in working towards the development of a standard writing system. These effort culminated in language seminars being held in Tehran, chaired by the founder of Varlıq, Javad Heyat, in 2001 where a document outlining the standard orthography and writing conventions were published for the public.[5] This standard of writing is today canonized by a Persian–Azeri Turkish dictionary in Iran titled Loghatnāme-ye Torki-ye Āzarbāyjāni.[76]
In 1929–1938 a Latin alphabet was in use for North Azerbaijani (although it was different from the one used now), from 1938 to 1991 the Cyrillic script was used, and in 1991 the current Latin alphabet was introduced, although the transition to it has been rather slow.[77] For instance, until an Aliyev decree on the matter in 2001,[78] newspapers would routinely write headlines in the Latin script, leaving the stories in Cyrillic.[79] The transition has also resulted in some misrendering of İ as Ì.[80][81] In Dagestan, Azerbaijani is still written in Cyrillic script.
The Azerbaijani Latin alphabet is based on the Turkish Latin alphabet, which in turn was based on former Azerbaijani Latin alphabet because of their linguistic connections and mutual intelligibility. The letters Әə, Xx, and Qq are available only in Azerbaijani for sounds which do not exist as separate phonemes in Turkish.
Old Latin (1929–1938 version; no longer in use; replaced by 1991 version)
Official Latin (Azerbaijan since 1991)
Cyrillic (1958 version, still official in Dagestan)
Northern Azerbaijani, unlike Turkish, respells foreign names to conform with Latin Azerbaijani spelling, e.g. Bush is spelled Buş and Schröder becomes Şröder. Hyphenation across lines directly corresponds to spoken syllables, except for geminated consonants which are hyphenated as two separate consonants as morphonology considers them two separate consonants back to back but enunciated in the onset of the latter syllable as a single long consonant, as in other Turkic languages.[citation needed]
Vocabulary
Interjections
Some samples include:
Secular:
Of ("Ugh!")
Tez Ol ("Be quick!")
Tez olun qızlar mədrəsəyə ("Be quick girls, to school!", a slogan for an education campaign in Azerbaijan)[citation needed]
Invoking deity:
implicitly:
Aman ("Mercy")
Çox şükür ("Much thanks")
explicitly:
Allah Allah (pronounced as Allahallah) ("Goodness gracious")
Azerbaijani has informal and formal ways of saying things. This is because there is a strong tu-vous distinction in Turkic languages like Azerbaijani and Turkish (as well as in many other languages). The informal "you" is used when talking to close friends, relatives, animals or children. The formal "you" is used when talking to someone who is older than the speaker or to show respect (to a professor, for example).
As in many Turkic languages, personal pronouns can be omitted, and they are only added for emphasis.
Since 1992 North Azerbaijani has used a phonetic writing system, so pronunciation is easy: most words are pronounced exactly as they are spelled. However, the combination qq in words is pronounced [kɡ], as the first voiced velar stop is devoiced when it is geminated, such as in çaqqal, pronounced[t͡ʃɑkɡɑl].[82][83]
Professor Christiane Bulut has argued that publications from Azerbaijan often use expressions such as "Azerbaijani (dialects) of Iraq" or "South Azerbaijani" to describe Iraqi Turkmen dialects "with political implications"; however, in Turcological literature, closely related dialects in Turkey and Iraq are generally referred to as "eastern Anatolian" or "Iraq-Turkic/-Turkman" dialects, respectively.[1]
^Since Azerbaijan's independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, northern Azerbaijani uses the Latin alphabet. Iranian Azerbaijani, on the other hand, has always used and continues to use Arabic script.[42]
^Bulut, Christiane (2018b), "The Turkic varieties of Iran", in Haig, Geoffrey; Khan, Geoffrey (eds.), The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia: An Areal Perspective, Walter de Gruyter, p. 398, ISBN978-3-11-042168-2
^Goyushov, Altay (26 September 2018). "The Language of Azerbaijan: Turkish or Azerbaijani?". Baku Research Institute. Retrieved 23 August 2023. However, in 1936–1937, the situation changed fundamentally. Even though there was no explicit mention of an enactment of state language in local Azerbaijani laws, the term "Turkish" was substituted by "Azerbaijani" in state and court documents. Later in 1956, "Azerbaijani" was given the status of the official state language of Soviet Azerbaijan. This was also mentioned in Soviet Azerbaijan's last Constitution adopted in 1978.
^Stevenson, Angus (2010). Oxford dictionary of English. Oxford University Press. p. 113. ISBN9780199571123.
^"The Turkic Languages", Osman Fikri Sertkaya (2005) in Turks – A Journey of a Thousand Years, 600–1600, London ISBN978-1-90397-356-1
^Wright, Sue; Kelly, Helen (1998). Ethnicity in Eastern Europe: Questions of Migration, Language Rights and Education. Multilingual Matters Ltd. p. 49. ISBN978-1-85359-243-0.
^Bratt Paulston, Christina; Peckham, Donald (1 October 1998). Linguistic Minorities in Central and Eastern Europe. Multilingual Matters Ltd. pp. 98–115. ISBN978-1-85359-416-8.
^John R. Perry, "Lexical Areas and Semantic Fields of Arabic" in Csató et al. (2005) Linguistic convergence and areal diffusion: case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic, Routledge, p. 97: "It is generally understood that the bulk of the Arabic vocabulary in the central, contiguous Iranic, Turkic and Indic languages was originally borrowed into literary Persian between the ninth and thirteenth centuries CE..."
^Tonoyan, Artyom (2019). "On the Caucasian Persian (Tat) Lexical Substratum in the Baku Dialect of Azerbaijani. Preliminary Notes". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. 169 (2): 368 (note 4). doi:10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.169.2.0367. S2CID211660063.
^Karpat, K. (2001). The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State. Oxford University Press. p. 295.
^ abcdÖztopcu, Kurtulus. "Azeri / Azerbaijani". American Association of Teachers of Turkic Languages. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
The 15th century saw the beginning of a more important period in the history of the Azeri Turkish literature. The position of the literary language was reinforced under the Qarāqoyunlu (r. 1400–68), who had their capital in Tabriz. Jahānšāh (r. 1438–68) himself wrote lyrical poems in Turkish using the pen name of "Ḥaqiqi."
^V. Minorsky. Jihān-Shāh Qara-Qoyunlu and His Poetry (Turkmenica, 9). Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. — Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of School of Oriental and African Studies, 1954. — V.16, p . 272, 283: «It is somewhat astonishing that a sturdy Turkman like Jihan-shah should have been so restricted in his ways of expression. Altogether the language of the poems belongs to the group of the southern Turkman dialects which go by the name of Azarbayjan Turkish.»; «As yet nothing seems to have been published on the Br. Mus. manuscript Or. 9493, which contains the bilingual collection of poems of Haqiqi, i.e. of the Qara-qoyunlu sultan Jihan-shah (A.D. 1438—1467).»
^Pieter Muysken, "Introduction: Conceptual and methodological issues in areal linguistics", in Pieter Muysken (2008) From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics, p. 30-31 ISBN978-90-272-3100-0[1]
^Viacheslav A. Chirikba, "The problem of the Caucasian Sprachbund" in Muysken, p. 74
^Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie. Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world. – Elsevier, 2009. – С. 110–113. – ISBN978-0-08-087774-7. An Azerbaijanian koine´ functioned for centuries as a lingua franca, serving trade and intergroup communication all over Persia, in the Caucasus region and in southeastern Dagestan. Its transregional validity continued at least until the 18th century.
^J. N. Postgate (2007) Languages of Iraq, p. 164, British School of Archaeology in Iraq ISBN978-0-903472-21-0
^Homa Katouzian (2003) Iranian history and politics, Routledge, pg 128: "Indeed, since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time. At the same time, the official language was Persian, the court literature was in Persian, and most of the chancellors, ministers, and mandarins were Persian speakers of the highest learning and ability"
^A study of Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus, author Svante E.Cornell, 2001, page 22 (ISBN978-0-203-98887-9)
^Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (2019). "Linguistics". In Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). Modern Azeric. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3554959. Retrieved 5 February 2020 – via Glottolog 4.1.
^Mudrak, Oleg (30 April 2009). "Language in time. Classification of Turkic languages (in Russian)". centrasia.org (in Russian). Распад туркменско-азербайджанского. Несмотря на все уверения, что азербайджанский является ближайшим родственником турецкого, это не так. Наиболее близким к нему (азербайджанскому) является туркменский. Распад этого единства попадает примерно на 1180-й год. Это удивительно. Потому что тогда как раз был конец Империи Великих Сельджуков. <...> Интересная дата – это распад огузской общности и выделение турецкого языка. Это примерно 1030-й год. Это самое начало 11-го века. Это очень интересно, потому что как раз в это время начинается миграция сельджуков. <...> Собственно сердце турецкого языка – это район Рума в Восточной Анатолии, где сидит тюркское население.
^Berdiev R.; S. Kurenov; K. Shamuradov; S. Arazkuliyev (1970). Essay on the Dialects of the Turkmen Language. Ashgabat. p. 116.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Ameli, Seyed Hassan (2021). لغتنامه ترکی آذربایجانی: حروف آ (جلد ۱ (in Persian and Azerbaijani). Mohaghegh Ardabili. ISBN978-600-344-624-3.
^Dooley, Ian (6 October 2017). "New Nation, New Alphabet: Azerbaijani Children's Books in the 1990s". Cotsen Children's Library (in English and Azerbaijani). Princeton University WordPress Service. Retrieved 13 December 2017. Through the 1990s and early 2000s Cyrillic script was still in use for newspapers, shops, and restaurants. Only in 2001 did then president Heydar Aliyev declare "a mandatory shift from the Cyrillic to the Latin alphabet" ... The transition has progressed slowly.
Mokari, Payam Ghaffarvand; Werner, Stefan (2017). "Azerbaijani". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 47 (2): 207. doi:10.1017/S0025100317000184. S2CID232347049.
Schönig, Claus (1998). "Azerbaijanian". The Turkic Languages. London: Routledge: 248.
Further reading
Mustafayev, Shahin (2013). "Ethnolinguistic Processes in the Turkic Milieu of Anatolia and Azerbaijan (14th–15th Centuries)". In Lascu, Stoica; Fetisleam, Melek (eds.). Contemporary Research in Turkology and Eurasian Studies: A Festschrift in Honor of Professor Tasin Gemil on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday. Cluj-Napoca: Cluj University Press. pp. 333–346. ISBN978-973-595-622-6.
1These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas. 2State with limited international recognition.
Sup birJenisSupBahan utamaRoux, bir, kejuVariasiMenggunakan kentang sebagai bahan makanan dan pengentalSunting kotak info • L • BBantuan penggunaan templat ini Media: Sup bir Sup bir adalah sup dengan bahan tambahan roux dan bir sebagai bahan utamanya, yang ditambahkan dalam porsi besar dan mempertahankan rasa yang sebenarnya. Sup ini memiliki banyak variasi, salah satunya menggunakan kentang sebagai pengental. Sup Ini pada awalnya berasal dari Jerman dan secara bertahap …
Paula RaymondRaymond pada 1950LahirPaula Ramona Wright(1924-11-23)23 November 1924San Francisco, California, Amerika SerikatMeninggal31 Desember 2003(2003-12-31) (umur 79)West Hollywood, California, Amerika SerikatNama lainPaula Rae WrightRae PattersonTahun aktif1938–1994Suami/istriFloyd Patterson (1944–1946)(bercerai) 1 anakH. Leslie Williams (1965-1966)[1]AnakRaeme Dorene Patterson (1946-1993) Jack Kelly dan Paula Raymond dalam Maverick (1961) Paula Raymond (…
Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Chan Santokhi – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTORChandrikapersad Santokhi Presiden SurinamePetahanaMulai menjabat 16 Juli 2020Wakil PresidenRonnie Brunswijk PendahuluDési BoutersePengga…
Gunoto SaparieGunoto SaparieLahir(1955-12-22)22 Desember 1955Kendal, Jawa TengahPekerjaanSastrawan, WartawanTahun aktif1975 - sekarangAnakAlem Savero Reyhan, Ghela Rakhma IslameyOrang tuaSaparie Sarpani (ayah), Sudjanah Mudai (ibu) Gunoto Saparie (kelahiran 22 Desember 1955) adalah sastrawan berkebangsaan Indonesia. Ia memublikasikan puisi, cerita pendek, cerita bersambung, dan esai sastranya di berbagai media massa, daerah, maupun nasional, bahkan Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, Singapura, da…
Anisorus quercus Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Arthropoda Kelas: Insecta Ordo: Coleoptera Famili: Cerambycidae Genus: Anisorus Spesies: Anisorus quercus Anisorus quercus adalah spesies kumbang tanduk panjang yang tergolong famili Cerambycidae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari genus Anisorus, ordo Coleoptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia. Larva kumbang ini biasanya mengebor ke dalam kayu dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada batang kayu hidup atau kayu…
لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع نادي الطليعة (توضيح). تحتاج هذه المقالة إلى تهذيب لتتناسب مع دليل الأسلوب في ويكيبيديا. فضلاً، ساهم في تهذيب هذه المقالة من خلال معالجة مشكلات الأسلوب فيها. (أبريل 2019) الطليعة الاسم الكامل نادي الطليعة الرياضي تأسس عام 1962 البلد سلطنة عمان الدوري…
Jateng dan Provinsi Jawa Tengah dialihkan ke halaman ini. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Jateng (disambiguasi) dan Jawa Tengah (disambiguasi).Koordinat: 6°58′S 110°7′E / 6.967°S 110.117°E / -6.967; 110.117 Jawa TengahProvinsiTranskripsi bahasa Jawa • Hanacarakaꦗꦮꦶꦩꦢꦾ • Pegonجاوي مـديا • Alfabet JawaJawi MadyaDari atas searah jarum jam: Candi Borobudur, Keraton Surakarta Hadiningrat, Telaga Warna di Dieng…
John M. Wynne UnitLocation in TexasLocation810 FM 2821Huntsville, Texas 77349Coordinates30°44′29″N 95°34′38″W / 30.74139°N 95.57722°W / 30.74139; -95.57722StatusOperationalSecurity classG1-G5,Outside TrustyCapacityUnit: 2,300 Trusty Camp: 321Opened1883Managed byTDCJ Correctional Institutions DivisionWardenRodger BowersCountyWalker CountyCountryUSWebsitewww.tdcj.state.tx.us/unit_directory/wy.html Aerial photograph of the Wynne, Holliday, and Byrd units, and the…
American politician James Vernon SmithAdministrator of the Farmers Home AdministrationIn office1969–1973Member of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Oklahoma's 6th districtIn officeJanuary 3, 1967 – January 3, 1969Preceded byJed Johnson, Jr.Succeeded byJohn Newbold Camp Personal detailsBornJuly 23, 1926 (1926-07-23)Oklahoma City, OklahomaDiedJune 23, 1973 (1973-06-24) (aged 46)Grady County, OklahomaCitizenshipUnited StatesPolitical partyRepublicanSpouse…
Mazmur 12Naskah Gulungan Mazmur 11Q5 di antara Naskah Laut Mati memuat salinan sejumlah besar mazmur Alkitab yang diperkirakan dibuat pada abad ke-2 SM.KitabKitab MazmurKategoriKetuvimBagian Alkitab KristenPerjanjian LamaUrutan dalamKitab Kristen19← Mazmur 11 Mazmur 13 → Mazmur 12 (disingkat Maz 12, Mzm 12 atau Mz 12; penomoran Septuaginta: Mazmur 11) adalah sebuah mazmur dalam bagian pertama Kitab Mazmur di Alkitab Ibrani dan Perjanjian Lama dalam Alkitab Kristen. Mazmur ini digubah…
العلاقات الزامبية الكورية الجنوبية زامبيا كوريا الجنوبية زامبيا كوريا الجنوبية تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات الزامبية الكورية الجنوبية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين زامبيا وكوريا الجنوبية.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة ع…
Cornish dish made of baked fish Stargazy pieA stargazy pie, ready to serveAlternative namesStarrey gazey pieCourseMainPlace of originUnited KingdomRegion or stateCornwallServing temperatureHotMain ingredientsPilchards Cookbook: Stargazy Pie Stargazy pie (Cornish: Hogen Ster-Lagatta; sometimes called starrey gazey pie, stargazey pie and other variants) is a Cornish dish made of baked pilchards (sardines), along with eggs and potatoes, covered with a pastry crust. Although there are a few variatio…
Ederson Moraes Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Ederson Santana de Moraes[1]Tanggal lahir 17 Agustus 1993 (umur 30)[2]Tempat lahir Osasco, BrasilTinggi 188 cm (6 ft 2 in)[3]Posisi bermain Penjaga gawangInformasi klubKlub saat ini Manchester CityNomor 1Karier junior2008–2009 São Paulo2009–2011 BenficaKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2011–2012 Ribeirão 29 (0)2012–2015 Rio Ave 37 (0)2015 Benfica B 4 (0)2015–2017 Benfica 37 (0)2017– Mancheste…
Artikel ini memberikan informasi dasar tentang topik kesehatan. Informasi dalam artikel ini hanya boleh digunakan untuk penjelasan ilmiah; bukan untuk diagnosis diri dan tidak dapat menggantikan diagnosis medis. Wikipedia tidak memberikan konsultasi medis. Jika Anda perlu bantuan atau hendak berobat, berkonsultasilah dengan tenaga kesehatan profesional. Artikel ini perlu diterjemahkan dari bahasa Inggris ke bahasa Indonesia. Artikel ini ditulis atau diterjemahkan secara buruk dari Wikipedia baha…
Vine City redirects here. For the MARTA train station, see Vine City station. Neighborhoods of Atlanta in Fulton, Georgia, United StatesEnglish Avenue and Vine CityNeighborhoods of AtlantaHerndon Home, built by African-American insurance magnate Alonzo HerndonEnglish Avenue and Vine CityLocation in Central AtlantaCoordinates: 33°45′48″N 84°24′37″W / 33.763441°N 84.410341°W / 33.763441; -84.410341CountryUnited StatesStateGeorgiaCountyFultonGovernment •…
Athens, GeorgiaConsolidated city–countyAthens-Clarke CountyJulukan: The Classic CityLokasi di Clarke County dan negara bagian GeorgiaCountryAmerika SerikatStateGeorgiaCountyClarkePemerintahan • MayorNancy DensonLuas • Consolidated city–county118,2 sq mi (306,2 km2) • Luas daratan117,8 sq mi (305,0 km2) • Luas perairan0,5 sq mi (1,2 km2)Ketinggian636 ft (194 m)Populasi (2010) …
Marco Torsiglieri Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Marco Natanel TorsiglieriTanggal lahir 12 Januari 1988 (umur 36)Tempat lahir Castelar, ArgentinaTinggi 1,90 m (6 ft 3 in)Posisi bermain BekInformasi klubKlub saat ini Boca JuniorsNomor 6Karier junior2003–2006 Vélez SársfieldKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2006–2010 Vélez Sársfield 32 (1)2007–2008 → Talleres Córdoba (pinjaman) 31 (0)2010–2011 Sporting CP 16 (0)2011 → Metalist Kharkiv (pinjaman) 16 (1)2011–2…
German record producer and songwriter (born 1945) For the scientist, see Ralph Siegel (scientist). This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Ralph Siegel – news · newspapers · books · scholar …