Crimean Tatar (qırımtatar tili, къырымтатар тили, قریم تاتار تلی), also called Crimean (qırım tili, къырым тили, قریم تلی),[1] is a moribundKipchak Turkic language spoken in Crimea and the Crimean Tatar diasporas of Uzbekistan, Turkey, Romania, and Bulgaria, as well as small communities in the United States and Canada. It should not be confused with Tatar, spoken in Tatarstan and adjacent regions in Russia; the two languages are related, but belong to different subgroups of the Kipchak languages, while maintaining a significant degree of mutual intelligibility. Crimean Tatar has been extensively influenced by nearby Oghuz dialects and is also mutually intelligible with them to varying degrees.
A long-term ban on the study of the Crimean Tatar language following the deportation of the Crimean Tatars by the Soviet government has led to the fact that at the moment UNESCO ranked the Crimean Tatar language among the languages under serious threat of extinction (severely endangered).[6][7] However, according to the Institute of Oriental Studies, due to negative situations, the real degree of threat has elevated to critically endangered languages in recent years, which are highly likely to face extinction in the coming generations.[8]
Today, more than 260,000 Crimean Tatars live in Crimea. Approximately 150,000 reside in Central Asia (mainly in Uzbekistan), where their ancestors had been deported in 1944 during World War II by the Soviet Union. However, of all these people, mostly the older generations are the only ones still speaking Crimean Tatar.[1] In 2013, the language was estimated to be on the brink of extinction, being taught in only around 15 schools in Crimea.
Turkey has provided support to Ukraine, to aid in bringing the schools teaching in Crimean Tatar to a modern state.[13]
An estimated 5 million people of Crimean origin live in Turkey, descendants of those who emigrated in the 19th and early 20th centuries.[14] Of these an estimated 110,000 still speak the language.[1] Smaller Crimean Tatar communities are also found in Romania (22,000) and Bulgaria (1,400).[1]
Crimean Tatar is one of the most seriously endangered languages in Europe.[15] Almost all Crimean Tatars are bilingual or multilingual, using as their first language the dominant languages of their respective home countries, such as Russian, Turkish, Romanian, Uzbek, Bulgarian or Ukrainian.
The Crimean Tatar language consists of three dialects. There is also the southern dialect, also known as the coastal dialect (yalıboyu, cenübiy), which is in the Oghuz branch spoken in Turkey and Azerbaijan.[16] Crimean Tatar is similar to Uzbek among the Turkic languages, because its three "dialects" belong to three different groups of Turkic languages.
The formation period of the Crimean Tatar spoken dialects began with the first Turkic invasions of Crimea by Cumans and Pechenegs and ended during the period of the Crimean Khanate. However, the official written languages of the Crimean Khanate were Chagatai and Ottoman Turkish. After Islamization, Crimean Tatars wrote with an Arabic script.
In 1876, the different Turkic Crimean dialects were made into a uniform written language by Ismail Gasprinski. A preference was given to the Oghuz dialect of the Yalıboylus, in order to not break the link between the Crimeans and the Turks of the Ottoman Empire. In 1928, the language was reoriented to the middle dialect spoken by the majority of the people.
In 1928, the alphabet was replaced with the Uniform Turkic Alphabet based on the Latin script. The Uniform Turkic Alphabet was replaced in 1938 by a Cyrillic alphabet. During the 1990s and 2000s, the government of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea under Ukraine encouraged replacing the script with a Latin version again, but the Cyrillic has still been widely used (mainly in published literature, newspapers and education). The current Latin-based Crimean Tatar alphabet is the same as the Turkish alphabet, with two additional characters: Ñ ñ and Q q. In the Russian-annexed "Republic of Crimea" all official communications and education in Crimean Tatar are conducted exclusively in the Cyrillic alphabet.[17]
The vowel system of Crimean Tatar is similar to some other Turkic languages.[18] Because high vowels in Crimean Tatar are short and reduced, /i/ and /ɯ/ are realized close to [ɪ], even though they are phonologically distinct.[19]
In addition to these phonemes, Crimean also displays marginal phonemes that occur in borrowed words, especially palatalized consonants.[20]
The southern (coastal) dialect substitutes /x/ for /q/, e.g. standard qara 'black', southern xara.[21]
At the same time the southern and some central dialects preserve glottal /h/ which is pronounced /x/ in the standard language.[21] The northern dialect on the contrary lacks /x/ and /f/, substituting /q/ for /x/ and /p/ for /f/.[21] The northern /v/ is usually [w], often in the place of /ɣ/, compare standard dağ and northern taw 'mountain' (also in other Oghuz and Kipchak languages, such as Azerbaijani: dağ and Kazakh: taw).
/k/ and /ɡ/ are usually fronted, close to [c] and [ɟ].
Grammar
The grammar of Crimean Tatar, like all Turkic languages, is agglutinating,[22] with the exclusive use of suffixing to express grammatical categories.[23] Generally, suffixes are attached to the ends of word stems, although derivational morphology makes uses of compounding as well.[24] Overall, the grammatical structure of the language is similar to that of other West Kipchak varieties.[25] Crimean Tatar is a pro-drop language[26] with a generally SOV word order.[27]
Morphophonology
Crimean Tatar, like most Turkic languages, features pervasive vowel harmony, which results in sound changes when suffixes are added to verb or noun stems.[28] Essentially, the vowel in a suffix undergoes assimilation to agree in certain categories with the vowel in the stem.[29] The two main types of assimilation that characterize this agreement in Crimean Tatar morphophonology are backness harmony and rounding harmony.[30]
Using the transliteration system in Kavitskaya (2010), non-high vowels undergoing backness harmony vary between [a] and [e], and are represented as A. High vowels that undergo both backness and rounding harmony alternate between [i], [y], [ɪ] and [u] and are represented as I. High vowels in suffixes that are never rounded and alternate between [i] and [ɪ] are represented as Y, whereas high vowels in suffixes that are always round and alternate between [u] and [y] are represented as U.[31]
Some consonants undergo similar harmonizing changes depending on whether the preceding segment is voiced or voiceless, or whether the segment demonstrates backness harmony. Consonants that alternate between [k], [q], [g] and [ɣ] are represented as K, alternating [k] and [g] as G, alternating [t] and [d] by D, and alternating [tʃ] and [dʒ] as Ç.[32]
Thus, the suffix -şAr could be rendered as "şar" or "şer" depending on the vowel in the morpheme preceding it.[33]
Verbs
Crimean Tatar verbal morphology is fairly complex, inflecting for tense, number, person, aspect, mood and voice.[34] Verbs are conjugated according to the following paradigm:[35]
For the most part, each type of suffix would only appear once in any given word, although it is possible in some circumstances for causative suffixes to double up.[37]
Infinitive verbs take the -mAK suffix and can be negated by the addition of the suffix -mA between the verb stem and the infinitive suffix, creating verb constructions that do not easily mirror English.[38]
яшамакъ
yaşamaq
яшамакъ
yaşamaq
"to live"
яшамамакъ
yaşamamaq
яшамамакъ
yaşamamaq
"not to live"
Verb derivation
Novel verb stems are derived chiefly by applying a verbalizing suffix to a noun or adjective, as demonstrated in the following examples:[39]
тишле
tişle
tooth-VB
тишле
tişle
tooth-VB
"bite"
къарар
qarar
black-VB
къарар
qarar
black-VB
"become black"
кечик
keçik
late-VB
кечик
keçik
late-VB
"be late"
Bare verb stems can also be compounded with noun stems to create new verbs,[40] as in:
чекеле
çekele
pull-carry-VB
чекеле
çekele
pull-carry-VB
"to overhaul"
Person markers
There are two types of person markers for finite verbs, pronominal and possessive. Depending on tense and mood, verbs will take one or the other set of endings.[41]
Pronominal
Singular
Plural
1st Person
-(I)m
-mIz
2nd Person
-sIñ
-sI(ñI)z
3rd Person
Ø
-(lAr)
Possessive
Singular
Plural
1st Person
-(I)m
-mIz
2nd Person
-sIñ
-sI(ñI)z
3rd Person
Ø
-(lAr)
Grammatical person is not marked in third person singular, and the marker is optional in third person plural.[42] As shown above, these markers come as the last element in the broader verb complex.
Tense and aspect markers
Grammatical tense and aspect are expressed in combination by the addition of various markers to the verb stem. Some of these markers match with pronominal person markers, while others take possessive person markers. Each tense/aspect has an associated negation marker; most of these are -mA but there is some variation.[43]
Marker
Negation
Person Marker
Example
General Present
-A/y
-mAy
pronominal
alam ("I take")
Present Progressive
-mAKtA
-mA
pronominal
yazmaqtamız ("We are writing.")
Future/Present
-Ar/Ir
-mAz
pronominal
bağırırım ("I will yell.")
Categorical Future
-cAK
-mAy
pronominal
alacağım ("I will [probably] take")
General Past
-DY
-mA
possessive
Qırımğa keldik ("We returned to Crimea.")
Evidential Past
-KAn
-mA
pronominal
bergenler ("they [apparently] gave")
Conditional
-sA
-mA
possessive
alsam ("if I take")
A separate set of compound tenses are formed by adding the past tense copula edi- to the derived forms listed above.[44]
Formed With
Negation
Example
Habitual Past
Future/Present
-mAz
alır edim ("I often used to take")
Compound Past
General Present
-A/y
ala edik ("we were taking")
Pluperfect
Evidential Past
-mA
alğan edim ("I had taken")
Counterfactual Past
Categorical Future
-mA
yazacaq edim ("I would have written")
Progressive Past
Progressive
-mA
Ketmekte edim. ("I kept going.")
Past Conditional
Conditional
-mA
alsa edim ("if I had taken")
Mood
The imperative is formed using a specific set of person markers, and negated using -mA. In second person imperatives, only the bare verb stem is used. A first person imperative expresses an "I/we should do X" sentiment, whereas third person expresses "let him/her do X," as shown below with unut ("to forget"):[45]
Singular
Plural
1st Person
-(A)yIm
-(A)yIK
2nd Person
Ø
-IñIz
3rd Person
-sIn
-sInlAr
Унутайым.
Unutayım
Унутайым.
Unutayım
"I should have to forget."
Унут!
Unut!
Унут!
Unut!
"Forget!"
Унутсын.
Unutsın.
Унутсын.
Unutsın.
"Let him/her forget."
Other moods are constructed similarly to tense/aspect forms.[46]
Marker
Negation
Person Marker
Example
Optative
-KAy(dI)
-mAy
pronominal
Aytqaydım ("I wish I had spoken.")
Obligative
-mAlY
-mA
possessive
Aytmalım ("I have to speak.")
Voice
Grammatical voice is expressed by the addition of suffixes which come in sequence before negation, tense, aspect, mood and person markers.[47] There are several causative suffixes which vary depending on the ending of the verb stem.[48]
Voice
Marker
Example
Passive
-(I)l
aşal ("be eaten")
Reflexive
-(I)n
boğul ("drown oneself")
Reciprocal
-(I)ş
tapış ("find each other")
Causative
Marker
Added To
Example
-t
polysyllabic stems ending in vowel
işlet ("force to work")
-It
stems ending in -rk, -lk, -k
qorqut ("to scare [someone]")
-Ir
monosyllabic stems ending in -t, -ç, -ş
uçur ("allow to fly away")
-Ar
monosyllabic stems
qopar ("break off [something]")
-DIrm
most remaining stems
töktür ("force to spill")
Participles
Past, future and present participles are formed by the addition of suffixes and are negated in the same way as other verbs.[49]
Marker
Negation
Past
-KAn
-mA
Future
-cAK
-mAy
Present
-r
-mAz
язылгъан
yazılğan
write-PTCP.PAST
мектюп
mektüp
letter
язылгъан мектюп
yazılğan mektüp
write-PTCP.PAST letter
"written letter"
сынаджакъ
sınacaq
break-PTCP.FUT
араба
araba
cart
сынаджакъ араба
sınacaq araba
break-PTCP.FUT cart
"cart that will break"
янар
yanar
burn-PTCP.PRES
дагъ
dağ
forest
янар дагъ
yanar dağ
burn-PTCP.PRES forest
"burning forest"
Copula
The copulaol ("to be, become, exist") is generally expressed as a predicate suffix in the present tense, closely resembling the pronominal person endings, as displayed below.[50] The third person endings are frequently deleted in colloquial speech. The copula’s past tense form, edi, is suppletive. Future tense copular forms are constructed by the addition of the categorical future suffix -cAK.[51]
Singular
Plural
1st Person
-(I)m
-mIz
2nd Person
-sIñ
-sI(ñI)z
3rd Perso
(-dır)
(-dır)
VB:Verbalizing Suffix
Мен
Men
I
оджам.
ocam.
teacher-COP.1SG
Мен оджам.
Men ocam.
I teacher-COP.1SG
"I am a teacher."
Мен
Men
I
оджа
oca
teacher
эдим.
edim.
COP.PAST.1SG
Мен оджа эдим.
Men oca edim.
I teacher COP.PAST.1SG
"I was a teacher."
Мен
Men
I
оджа
oca
teacher
oладжагъым.
olacağım.
COP.FUT.1SG
Мен оджа oладжагъым.
Men oca olacağım.
I teacher COP.FUT.1SG
"I will be a teacher."
Converbs
Converbs, a characteristic of many Turkic languages,[52] express sequential or dependent action. Present tense converbs are formed by the addition of the suffixes -A (used after consonants) and -y (used after vowels). In past tense, converbs take the suffix -Ip.[53] Thus:
Acaн
Asan
Asan
эвгe
evge
house-DAT
кeлип
kelip
come-CVB.PAST
эвни
evni
house-ACC
темизледи.
temizledi.
clean-VB-PAST
Acaн эвгe кeлип эвни темизледи.
Asan evge kelip evni temizledi.
Asan house-DAT come-CVB.PAST house-ACC clean-VB-PAST
"Asan came home and cleaned the house."
Nouns
Crimean Tatar noun stems take suffixes which express grammatical number, case and possession. As in all other Turkic languages, there is no grammatical gender in Crimean Tatar.[54] Nouns are declined according to the following paradigm:[55]
[STEM] + [number] + [possession] + [case]
Noun derivation
Noun stems are derived in a number of ways. Most commonly, a bare noun stem can take a denominal suffix which alters its basic meaning.[56] Similarly, a bare verb stem can take a deverbal suffix that converts it into a noun.[57] There are many such denominal and deverbal suffixes in Crimean Tatar;[58] some common suffixes are shown below:
Denominal
Marker
Meaning
Example
Gloss
-dAş
belonging to group
yaşdaş ("of same age")
age-SUF
-kir
association/inclination
işkir ("hard worker")
work-SUF
-lIK
abstraction
dostluq ("friendship")
friend-SUF
-şınas
performer of act
tilşınas ("linguist")
tongue-SUF
-ÇI
performer of act
arabaçı ("driver")
cart-SUF
-çYK
diminutive
buzçıq ("piece of ice")
ice-SUF
Deverbal
Marker
Meaning
Example
Gloss
-mA
result of action
aşıqma ("a hurry")
hurry-SUF
-KI
instrument of action
bilgi ("knowledge")
know-SUF
-KIç
utility of action
tutquç ("holder, handle")
hold-SUF
-I
general noun formation
ölü ("dead man")
die-SUF
-(I)k
general noun formation
kürek ("shovel")
scoop-SUF
-(U)v
general noun formation
quruv ("building")
build-SUF
Noun stems can also be reduplicated, which lends a more generalized meaning.[59] The last method of noun derivation is through the compounding of two noun stems.[60] Thus:
къартоп-мaртоп
qartop-martop
potato-REDUP
къартоп-мaртоп
qartop-martop
potato-REDUP
"potatoes and the like"
aнa-бaбa
ana-baba
mother-father
aнa-бaбa
ana-baba
mother-father
"parents"
Number
Nouns are pluralized by the addition of the suffix -lAr to the noun stem. The vowel in this plural suffix agrees phonetically with the final vowel in the stem.[61]
aрaбалар
arabalar
car-PL
aрaбалар
arabalar
car-PL
"cars"
Use of the plural can also express respect,[62] as in:
Oсмановлар
Osmanovlar
кельди.
keldi.
Oсмановлар кельди.
Osmanovlar keldi.
"Osmanov came."
Possession
Possession is expressed through person-specific suffixing. As with the plural suffix, possession suffixes harmonize with the preceding vowel in regular ways.[63]
Singular
Plural
1st Person
-(I)m
-(I)mIz
2nd Person
-(I)ñ
-(I)ñIz
3rd Person
-s(I)
-(lar)-(s)I
балам
balam
child-1SG.POSS-NOM
балам
balam
child-1SG.POSS-NOM
"my child"
баланъ
balañ
child-2SG.POSS-NOM
баланъ
balañ
child-2SG.POSS-NOM
"your child"
баласы
balası
child-3SG.POSS-NOM
баласы
balası
child-3SG.POSS-NOM
"his/her child"
Case
Crimean Tatar has six grammatical cases.[64] The nominative case is unmarked, and the remaining cases are expressed through suffixing. These suffixes come last in a fully declined noun.[65]
Suffix
Example with bala ("child")
Nominative
Ø
bala ("the child" [subject])
Accusative
-nY
balanı ("the child" [direct object])
Genitive
-nYñ
balanıñ ("of the child")
Dative
-KA
balağa ("to the child")
Locative
-DA
balada ("at the child")
Ablative
-Dan
baladan ("away from the child")
Pronouns
Like nouns, pronouns are inflected for number, person and case but not for gender.[66]
Singular
Plural
1st
2nd
3rd
1st
2nd
3rd
Nominative
men
sen
o
biz
siz
olar
Accusative
meni
seni
onı
bizni
sizni
olarnı
Genitive
menim
seniñ
onıñ
bizim
siziñ
olarnıñ
Dative
maña
saña
oña
bizge
sizge
olarǧa
Locative
mende
sende
onda
bizde
sizde
olarda
Ablative
menden
senden
ondan
bizden
sizden
olardan
The second person plural pronoun can be used to denote formality or respect, even if its referent is a single person.[67]
There are two roots, öz- and kendi-, that express reflexivity. Of the two, kendi- is more common in the southern dialect, but both are used throughout the entire area in which Crimean Tatar is spoken.[68]
Possessive pronouns are formed by adding the suffix -ki to the genitive form of a personal pronoun,[69] as in:
Singular
Plural
1st Person
menimki
bizimki
2nd Person
seniñki
siziñki
3rd Person
onıñki
olarnıñki
Adjectives
Adjectives in Crimean Tatar precede the nouns they modify. They do not show agreement, and as such do not take any of the case, person or possession suffixes.[70]
Adjectives can be derived by the addition of certain suffixes to a noun or verb stem.[71]
SUF:adjectival suffix
кескин
keskin
cut-SUF
кескин
keskin
cut-SUF
"sharp"
кюндеки
kündeki
day-SUF
кюндеки
kündeki
day-SUF
"daily"
Къырымлы
Qırımlı
Crimea-SUF
Къырымлы
Qırımlı
Crimea-SUF
"Crimean"
The comparative and superlative forms of adjectives are expressed, respectively, by the suffix -ÇA and the particle eñ,[72] as in the following examples:
узунджур
uzuncur
узунджур
uzuncur
"hotter"
энъ
eñ
балабан
balaban
энъ балабан
eñ balaban
"biggest"
An idiomatic superlative form using episi ("all") in the ablative case is also possible.[73]
О
O
she
эписинден
episinden
all-POSS-ABL
татлы
tatlı
sweet
бакълава
baqlava
baklava
пишире.
pişire.
boil-CAUS-PRES
О эписинден татлы бакълава пишире.
O episinden tatlı baqlava pişire.
she all-POSS-ABL sweet baklava boil-CAUS-PRES
"She cooks the sweetest baklava."
Postpositions
Crimean Tatar uses postpositions. Each postposition governs a specific case, either dative, genitive or ablative.[74] Some common postpositions are shown below:
Crimean Tatar is written in either the Cyrillic or Latin alphabets, both modified to the specific needs of Crimean Tatar, and either used respective to where the language is used.
Historically, Arabic script was used from the sixteenth century. In the Soviet Union, it was replaced by a Latin alphabet based on Yañalif in 1928, and by a Cyrillic alphabet in 1938.
The digraphsгъ, къ, нъ and дж are separate letters.
Legal status
The Crimean peninsula is internationally recognized as territory of Ukraine, but since the 2014 annexation by the Russian Federation is de facto administered as part of the Russian Federation.
According to Russian law, by the April 2014 constitution of the Republic of Crimea and the 2017 Crimean language law,[17] the Crimean Tatar language is a state language in Crimea alongside Russian and Ukrainian, while Russian is the state language of the Russian Federation, the language of interethnic communication, and required in public postings in the conduct of elections and referendums.[17]
In Ukrainian law, according to the constitution of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, as published in Russian by its Verkhovna Rada,[77] Russian and Crimean Tatar languages enjoy a "protected" (Russian: обеспечивается ... защита) status; every citizen is entitled, at his request (ходатайство), to receive government documents, such as "passport, birth certificate and others" in Crimean Tatar; but Russian is the language of interethnic communication and to be used in public life. According to the constitution of Ukraine, Ukrainian is the state language. Recognition of Russian and Crimean Tatar was a matter of political and legal debate.
Johanson, Lars (1995). "On Turkic Converb Clauses." Converbs in Cross-Linguistic Perspective edited by Martin Haspelmath and Ekkehard König, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 313-347.
Kavitskaya, Darya (2010). Crimean Tatar. Munich: Lincom Europa.
Изидинова, С. Р. (1997). "Крымскотатарский язык". Языки мира. Тюркские языки (in Russian).
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Stacey AbramsAbrams pada 2018 Pemimpin Minoritas Dewan Perwakilan GeorgiaMasa jabatan10 Januari 2011 – 1 Juli 2017 PendahuluDuBose PorterPenggantiBob TrammellAnggota Dewan Perwakilan GeorgiaMasa jabatan8 Januari 2007 – 25 Agustus 2017 PendahuluJoAnn McClintonPenggantiBee NguyenDaerah pemilihanke-89 (2013–2017)ke-84 (2007–2012) Informasi pribadiLahirStacey Yvonne Abrams9 Desember 1973 (umur 50)Madison, Wisconsin, ASPartai politikPartai DemokratKerabatLeslie Abrams G…
Medali Prisoner of War Prisoner of War Tampak depan medali Jenis Medal Status Masih berlaku Statistik Ditetapkan pada Pub.L. 99–145, 99 United States Statutes at Large 665, 10 USC 1028, diresmikan November 8, 1985, diamendemen dari Pub.L. 101–189, diresmikan 29 November 1989,[1] diamandemen dari Pub.L. 112–239, diresmikan 2 Januari 2013. Tingkatan Lebih tinggi Angkatan Darat – Achievement MedalAngkatan Laut – Navy E RibbonAngkatan Udara – Organization…
Toyota Avensis 2.4 T-Spirit Toyota Avensis adalah mobil kelas menengah berbentuk sedan dan station wagon yang pasar utamanya adalah Eropa. Avensis pertama kali diperkenalkan pada tahun 1997-2018 sebagai pengganti dari Carina E yang berbasis Corona. Sedangkan Avensis Verso MPV adalah mobil yang berbeda meski menggunakan nama Avensis, ini sebenarnya adalah Toyota Ipsum atau Picnic. Generasi Pertama (1997-2002) Avensis Sedan Avensis dengan platform T220 disebut Corona di Amerika Latin. Generasi Ked…
Questa voce sull'argomento termodinamica è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Fusione di un cubetto di ghiaccio La fusione è una transizione di fase che trasforma un solido in un liquido in seguito all'applicazione di calore o pressione.[1] Il processo inverso della fusione è la solidificazione. Le condizioni in corrispondenza delle quali avviene la fusione corrispondono al cosiddetto punto di fusione, che è caratterizzato da un cert…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. Gerhard OlschewskiLahir30 Mei 1942 (umur 81)Herzogskirchen, Prusia Timur, Jerman(kini Gąski, Polandia)PekerjaanPemeranTahun aktif1966–kini Gerhard Olschewski (lahir 30 Mei 1942) adalah seorang pemeran asal Jerman. Ia tampil dalam 94 film dan…
Elif Elmas Elmas con il Napoli nel 2021 Nazionalità Macedonia del Nord Altezza 182 cm Peso 74 kg Calcio Ruolo Centrocampista, attaccante Squadra RB Lipsia Carriera Giovanili 2004-2008 Rabotnički2008-2015 Stella Rossa Squadre di club1 2015-2017 Rabotnički44 (7)2017-2019 Fenerbahçe34 (4)2019-2024 Napoli143 (14)2024- RB Lipsia2 (0) Nazionale 2015 Macedonia U-172 (0)2016 Macedonia U-183 (0)2016 Macedonia U-199 (2)2016-2017 Macedonia U-202 (0)2016 Macedon…
Republik Otonom Epirus UtaraΑὐτόνομος Δημοκρατία τῆς Βορείου ἨπείρουAftónomos Dimokratía tis Voríou Ipíru1914–1914 Bendera Lambang StatusKemerdekaan dengan status sementara dan tak diakui: 28 Feb – 17 Mei 1914Otonomi di bawah kedaulatan Albania (tidak pernah diberlakukan): 17 Mei – 27 Oktober 1914Ibu kotaArgyrokastron (Gjirokastër)Bahasa yang umum digunakanBahasa resmi: Yunani,Bahasa kedua: AlbaniaAgama Ortodoks TimurPemerintahanPemerintahan…
Krip SuriSuri di Television Style Awards 2015Lahir14 Juni 1986 (umur 37)KebangsaanIndianPekerjaanModel, aktorDikenal atasSadda HaqSavitriSuami/istriSimran kaur Krip Kapur Suri, (lahir 14 Juni 1986)[1][2] adalah model dan aktor India. Ia terutama dikenal karena perannya sebagai Prof. Vardhan Suryavanshi di Channel V India acara Sadda Haq dan Raahukaal di Life OK acara Savitri. Dia juga memerankan peran Ravi Garewal di Life OK acara Kalash dan Adhiraj Rajawat di Zee TV acara J…
Bukidnon merupakan sebuah provinsi di Filipina. Ibu kotanya ialah Kota Malaybalay. Provinsi ini terletak di Region Mindanao Utara. Provinsi ini memiliki luas wilayah 10.498,59 km² dengan memiliki jumlah penduduk 1.190.284 jiwa (2007). Provinsi ini memiliki angka kepadatan penduduk 113 jiwa/km². Pembagian wilayah Provinsi Bukidnon dibagi menjadi 20 munisipalitas dan 2 kota, yaitu: Kota/Munisipalitas Tanggal berdiri Luas wilayah(km²) Penduduk(2007) Kepadatan penduduk(per km²) Kelas pendap…
Perjanjian JatisariDitandatangani15 Februari 1755LokasiSitus Jatisari, desa Sapen, Mojolaban, SukoharjoPenengah Perusahaan Hindia Timur Belanda (VOC) Pihak Kesunanan Surakarta Kesultanan Yogyakarta BahasaJawa dan Belanda Perjanjian Jatisari (Jawa: ꧋ꦥꦿꦗꦚ꧀ꦗꦺꦤ꧀ꦆꦁꦗꦠꦶꦱꦫꦶ, translit. prajanjèn ing Jatisari) adalah sebuah perjanjian yang ditandatangani pada 15 Februari 1755. Penandatanganan perjanjian tersebut bertempat di Jatisari, yang kini menjadi sebuah …
Peta infrastruktur dan tata guna lahan di Komune Fiménil. = Kawasan perkotaan = Lahan subur = Padang rumput = Lahan pertanaman campuran = Hutan = Vegetasi perdu = Lahan basah = Anak sungaiFiménil merupakan sebuah komune di departemen Vosges yang terletak pada sebelah timur laut Prancis. Lihat pula Komune di departemen Vosges Referensi INSEE Diarsipkan 2007-11-24 di Wayback Machine. lbsKomune di departemen Vosges Les Ableuvenettes Ahéville Aingev…
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