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Avestan (/əˈvɛstən/ ə-VESS-tən) is the liturgical language of Zoroastrianism. It belongs to the Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family and...

Avestan characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Avestan characters. The Avestan alphabet...

The Avestan period (c. 1500 – c. 400 BCE) is the period of Iranian history when the collection of canonical texts of Zoroastrianism called the Avesta...

Avestan geography is the investigation of place names in the Avesta and the attempt to connect them to real-world geographical sites. It is connected...

of Zoroastrianism. All its texts are composed in the Avestan language and written in the Avestan alphabet. It represents the largest literature of the...

transcription delimiters. This article deals with the phonology of Avestan. Avestan is one of the Iranian languages and retained archaic voiced alveolar...

Old Iranian languages are Old Persian (from the Achaemenid Empire) and Avestan (the language of the Avesta). Of the Middle Iranian languages, the better...

Avestan studies is the investigation of the Avesta, i.e., the collection of Zoroastrian texts, and the Avestan language, in which those texts are composed...

Gathic Avestan and represent the oldest attestation of an Iranian language, as well as one of the oldest remnants of Indo-European literature. Avestan gatha...

Avestan manuscripts are the only witnesses of the Avesta, the collection of religious texts of Zoroastrianism. While the texts originated in an oral culture...

Asha (/ˈʌʃə/) or arta (/ˈɑːrtə/; Avestan: 𐬀𐬴𐬀 Aṣ̌a / Arta) is a Zoroastrian concept with a complex and highly nuanced range of meaning. It is commonly...

A daeva (Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬀 daēuua) is a Zoroastrian supernatural entity with disagreeable characteristics. In the Gathas, the oldest texts of the...

Avestan asha), the sacred plant and drink *sawHma- (Sanskrit Soma, Avestan Haoma) and gods of social order such as *mitra- (Sanskrit Mitra, Avestan and...

Zoroastrian term for Middle Persian or Pahlavi versions and commentaries of Avestan texts. These translations were produced in the late Sasanian period. Zand...

name of an Indo-Iranian divinity that came out of the Rigvedic Mitrá and Avestan Mithra. The names, and some characteristics, of these established deities...

through concepts of cosmic dualism and personal morality. Zarathustra spoke Avestan, an old Iranian language which scholars lent its name to after the Avesta...

to display the uncommon Unicode characters in this article correctly. Avestan is a Unicode block containing characters devised for recording the Zoroastrian...

Uralic languages, with the meaning 'lord, prince'. 'Mazda', or rather the Avestan stem-form Mazdā-, nominative Mazdå, reflects Proto-Iranian *mazdáH (a feminine...

Xwedodah (Persian: خویدوده xidude; Avestan: xᵛaētuuadaθa) is a type of consanguine marriage historically practiced in Zoroastrianism before the Muslim...

exalt an uncreated, benevolent, and all-wise deity known as Ahura Mazda (Avestan: 𐬀𐬵𐬎𐬭𐬀⸱ 𐬨𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬁, lit. 'Lord of Wisdom'), who is hailed as the supreme...

Ahura (Avestan: 𐬀𐬵𐬎𐬭𐬀) is an Avestan language designation of a type of deity inherited by Zoroastrianism from the prehistoric Indo-Iranian religion...

or Bahram (Avestan: 𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬭𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬀‎, romanized: Vərəθraγna) is a Zoroastrian yazata. The neuter noun verethragna is related to Avestan verethra,...

Aeshma (Avestan: 𐬀𐬉𐬴𐬨𐬀 aēṣ̌ma; Old Avestan: 𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬆𐬨𐬀 aēšəma) is the Younger Avestan name of Zoroastrianism's demon of "wrath". As a hypostatic...

Avestan asha), the sacred plant and drink *sawHma- (Sanskrit Soma, Avestan Haoma) and gods of social order such as *mitra- (Sanskrit Mitra, Avestan and...

thought to be etymologically related to the Avestan ātar. It has been suggested by scholars that the Vedic and Avestan terms are not of Indo-European origin...

[d͡ʒamˈʃeːd]; Middle and New Persian: جم Jam [d͡ʒæm]), also known as Yima (Avestan: 𐬫𐬌𐬨𐬀 [jiˈma]), is the fourth Shah of the mythological Pishdadian dynasty...

during the Middle Iranian era (4th century BC to 9th century AD). The Avestan language is often classified as early Eastern Iranian. As opposed to the...

Vendidad, Videvdad or Juddewdad. All these forms are assumed to derive from Avestan 𐬬𐬍𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬬𐬋𐬛𐬁𐬙𐬀, (vī-daēvō-dāta). Whereas Juddewdad is the Middle...

The Staota Yesnya (Avestan: 𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬊𐬙𐬀 𐬫𐬈𐬯𐬥𐬌𐬌𐬀, romanized: staōta ẏesńiia, Sacrificial Eulogy), also known as Stod Yasn, refers to the editorial...

of Eran Shahr (Aryas' dominion). Arya was also contrasted with Anarya (Avestan: 𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀, anairiia; Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭭𐭩𐭥‎, aner), denoting...

Zoroastrian deity. His Avestan name is Angra Mainyu (/ˈæŋrə ˈmaɪnjuː/; Avestan: 𐬀𐬢𐬭𐬀⸱ 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬌𐬌𐬎, romanized: Aŋra Mainiiu). Avestan angra mainyu "seems...

Haoma (/ˈhoʊmə/; Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬀) is a divine plant in Zoroastrianism and in later Persian culture and mythology. Haoma has its origins in Indo-Iranian...

Yasna (/ˈjʌsnə/; Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬯𐬥𐬀) is the Avestan name of both a text within the Avesta collection and of the Yasna liturgy, Zoroastrianism's principal...

Iranian times, manthras were common. During the Middle Iranian period, non-Avestan prayers like the nirang and the monajat became common. In modern times...

Turan (Avestan: 𐬚𐬏𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬥𐬆𐬨, romanized: θūiriiānəm; Middle Persian: Tūrān; Persian: توران, romanized: Turân, pronounced [tʰuːˈɾɒːn], lit. 'The...

The Ashem vohu (/ˈʌʃɛm ˈvɔːhuː/, Avestan: 𐬀𐬴𐬆𐬨⸱ 𐬬𐬊𐬵𐬏 aṣ̌əm vohū) is the second most important manthra, and one of the most important prayers in...

Proto-Indo-European language. It was likely removed less than a millennium from the Avestan language, and less than two millennia from Proto-Indo-European. Skjærvø...

Mångha (Avestan: 𐬨𐬂𐬢𐬵𐬀 måŋha) is the Avestan for "Moon, month", equivalent to Persian Māh (ماه‎; Old Persian 𐎶𐎠𐏃 māha). It is the name of the...

Fravashi (Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬴𐬌, romanized: frauuaṣ̌i, /frəˈvɑːʃi/) is the Avestan term for the Zoroastrian concept of a personal spirit of an individual...

article contains Avestan characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Avestan characters. In...

Ahuna vairya (Avestan: 𐬀𐬵𐬎𐬥𐬀⸱ 𐬬𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀) is the first of Zoroastrianism's four Gathic Avestan manthras. The text, which appears in Yasna 27...

Vohu Manah (Avestan: 𐬬𐬊𐬵𐬎⸱ 𐬨𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬵 vohu manah) is the Avestan language term for a Zoroastrian concept, generally translated as "Good Purpose", "Good...

this happened, but since all material in the yasht is composed in Young Avestan, it must have happened during Old Iranian times. The written transmission...

religious tradition of Zoroastrianism. These texts span the languages of Avestan, named after the famous Zoroastrian work known as the Avesta, and Middle...

Ashi (Avestan: 𐬀𐬴𐬌 aṣ̌i/arti) is the Avestan language word for the Zoroastrian concept of "that which is attained." As the hypostasis of "reward,"...

the core of the national history had already formed during the Young Avestan period (c. 900 – c. 400 BCE). It continued to develop during the Achaemenid...

Airyanem Vaejah (Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬥𐬆𐬨⸱ 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬘𐬀𐬵, romanized: Airiianəm Vaējah; Late Middle Persian: Ērān-wēj; New Persian: ایران‌ویج, romanized: Erān-wēj;...

dynasty in the Iranian national history. Originating from the ancient Avestan term for "warrior poet", the Kiani are the union of wisdom and power, and...

The Vishtasp Sast, also known as Vishtasp Yasht, is the name of an Avestan text, which is extant through a number of manuscripts and was once used in...

A manthra, mantra (Avestan: 𐬨𐬄𐬚𐬭𐬀, mąθra) or mansr (mʾnsl) is a prayer, sacred formula or inspired utterance considered in Zoroastrianism to have...

Soshiant (Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬊𐬳𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬧𐬝 saoš́iiaṇt̰) is an Avestan-language term that literally means "one who brings benefit", and which is used in several...

The Hadoxt nask fragments, also known as Hadoxt Yasht, are two Avestan texts, which are jointly extant through only two different manuscript traditions...

Gavaevodata (gav-aēvō.dātā) is the Avestan language name of the primordial bovine of Zoroastrian cosmogony and cosmology, one of Ahura Mazda's six primordial...

Sign Language Arabic Standard Egyptian Hejazi Levantine Moroccan Tunisian Avestan Bashkir Belarusian Bengali Bulgarian Burmese Catalan Chinese Mandarin Cantonese...

Afrinagan, or Āfringān, is an Avestan term referring to either a collection of Zoroastrian prayers which are part of the Khordeh Avesta or to the ceremonies...

article contains Avestan characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Avestan characters. The...

Atar (Avestan: 𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭, romanized: ātar) is the Zoroastrian concept of holy fire, sometimes described in abstract terms as "burning and unburning fire"...

The Yasna Haptanghaiti, Avestan for "Worship in Seven Chapters," is a set of seven hymns composed in the Old Avestan language. Jointly with the Gathas...

turn, is derived from the term Airyanem (lit. 'Land of the Aryans') in Avestan. During several periods of history, Ariana was governed by the Persians...

Vāta-Vāyu; Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬎-𐬬𐬁𐬙𐬀, romanized: Vāyu-Vāta, lit. 'air, wind, atmosphere', Avestan pronunciation: [ʋɑːju-ʋɑːt̪ə]) is the Avestan name of...

Tishtrya[pronunciation?] (Avestan: 𐬙𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀, romanized: Tištriia; Persian: تیر, romanized: Tir) is the Avestan name of a Zoroastrian benevolent...

millennium from its descendants: Vedic Sanskrit (of the Rigveda) and Old Avestan (of the Gathas). It is the ancestor of Indo-Aryan languages, the Iranian...

liturgical practice is the Nerangestan, an Avestan text with a lengthy Middle Persian commentary. The Avestan text is, therefore, a witness to the ritual...

article contains Avestan characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Avestan characters. The...

grouped into the Legendary Yashts, due to the lengthy descriptions of Avestan heroes sacrificing to her. Several verses of the yasht form the Aban Niyayishn...

(Persian: افشین, romanized: Afšin) is a common Persian given name derived from Avestan. Afshin was used by the Sogdians. Historically, it was the title of the...

The Yenghe hatam (Avestan: 𐬫𐬈𐬣𐬵𐬉⸱ 𐬵𐬁𐬙𐬅𐬨) is one of the four major manthras, and one of the most important prayers in Zoroastrianism. It is interpreted...

𐭯𐭠𐭰𐭭𐭣; Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌⸱ 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬙𐬌) is one of the writing systems used for the Middle Persian language. It was based on the Avestan alphabet,...

classical Indo-Iranian languages, including Sanskrit, Old Persian language and Avestan. In modern-day Hindustani and other Indo-Aryan languages, pati and patni...

*ᴴumati, meaning "having good thought," and which is an equivalent of the Avestan term humaⁱti (𐬵𐬎𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌) or humata (𐬵𐬎𐬨𐬀𐬙𐬀). Amytis was the...

Mehrzad or Meherzad (Persian: مهرزاد | Avestan: Miθra) is an Avestan name which has a meaning related to the Yazata Mithra. Mehr (مهر) means "sun" and...

later part of the Vedic period. They spoke a language similar to Younger Avestan, whose words are considered to have been incorporated in the Aramao-Iranian...

Sraosha (Avestan: 𐬯𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬴𐬀, romanized: sraoṣ̌a or 𐬯𐬆𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬴𐬀, səraoṣ̌a; Persian: سروش), is the Avestan name of the Zoroastrian yazata of "Conscience"...

the Avesta he is the mythological first human being in the world. The Avestan form means "the living mortal", from gaya 'life' and marətan 'mortal, human...

AD. Similarly the oldest Avestan texts, the Gathas, are believed to have been composed before 1000 BC, but the oldest Avestan manuscripts date from the...

(Pahlavi: xwarrah) or Khvaraenah (Avestan: (Farah salman),xᵛarənah), in Avestan or Pahlavi meaning 'glory'. The Avestan or Pahlavi word-name used in Zoroastrian...

Aka Manah[pronunciation?] is the Avestan language name for the Zoroastrian daeva "Evil Mind", "Evil Purpose", "Evil Thinking", or "Evil Intention". Aka...

Skjaervo, Prods O. (1991a), The Gathas of Zarathushtra and the Other Old Avestan Texts, Part I, Heidelberg: Winter Humbach, Helmut; Elfenbein, Josef; Skjaervo...

Khvarenah (Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀𐬵, romanized: xvarənah), also spelled khwarenah or xwarra(h), in New Persian Farr, is a mystical radiant force emanating...

The Nerangestan, also known as Nērangestān or Nirangistan, is an Avestan text concerning ritual studies. It is a fragment from the seventeenth volume...

Larestani, Kumzari, Bashkardi, Pashto, Yidgha, Yaghnobi, Munji, Old Khotanese, Avestan, Old Persian, Pahlavi, Manichean Middle Persian, Parthian, Sogdian, Khotanese...

Drvaspa[pronunciation?] (druuāspā, drvāspā, drwāspā) is the Avestan language name of an "enigmatic" and "strangely discreet" Zoroastrian divinity, whose...

Nasu (Also; Druj Nasu, Nasa, Nas, Nasuš) is the Avestan name of the female Zoroastrian demon (daeva) of corpse matter. She resides in the north (Vendidad...

The Hom Stom, also known as Hom Stod or Hom Yasht, is an Avestan text dedicated to the praise of Haoma. It consists of verses 9-11.11 of the Yasna and...

as capital letters to differentiate them from Middle Persian words. The Avestan script was derived from Book Pahlavi as a phonetic alphabet with 52 characters...

𐭩𐭱𐭲, yšt') are a collection of 21 hymns of worship composed in the Young Avestan language and dedicated to specific Zoroastrian divinities. Although they...

Zoroastrian communities worldwide, would transcribe Avestan in Nagri script-based scripts as well as the Avestan alphabet. This is a relatively recent development...

Sih-rozag also known as Siroze are two closely related collections of short Avestan invocations and prayers dedicated to a number of Zoroastrian divinities...

article contains Avestan characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Avestan characters. Kay...

Ahurani[pronunciation?] is the Avestan language name of a Zoroastrian (class of) divinity associated with "the waters" (āpō). In scripture, the expression...

(manah) The soul (ruvan, Avestan urvan) The protective spirit (fravarti; Avestan fravashi) The spiritual double (daina; Avestan daena) In Zoroastrianism...

Daēnā (Avestan pronunciation: [dʌeːnaː]) is a Zoroastrian concept representing insight and revelation, hence "conscience" or "religion." Alternately,...

article contains Avestan characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Avestan characters. Pontic...

compared to similar concepts in other cultures such as the Vedic Ṛta, the Avestan Asha (Arta), and the Egyptian Maat. The word Moirai, also spelled Moirae...

The Yasna i Rapithwin is the name of an Avestan text and of a ceremony in which this text is used. Both the text and the ceremony are a simplified version...

the prayer to the Waters, consists almost entirely of verses from the Avestan hymn to Arədvī, which, in turn, has been given the name Ābān Yašt". Boyce...

Yazata (Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬙𐬀) is the Avestan word for a Zoroastrian concept with a wide range of meanings but generally signifying (or used as an epithet...

article contains Avestan characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Avestan characters. The...

Avesta was much larger and organized into 21 distinct volumes called nasks (Avestan: naska; Middle Persian: nask, 'bundle'). Of those, only one is preserved...

Jahi[pronunciation?] is the Avestan language name of Zoroastrianism's demoness of "lasciviousness." As a hypostatic entity, Jahi is variously interpreted...

solemnize certain sacred ceremonies. The word barsom derives from the Avestan language baresman (trisyllabic, bar'əs'man), which is in turn a substantive...

Chista (Avestan: 𐬗𐬌𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬃, romanized: cistaiiā̊) is the yazata most closely associated with wisdom, knowledge, and insight in Zoroastrianism....

Frashokereti (Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬴𐬋⸱𐬐𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬌 frašō.kərəti) is the Avestan language term (corresponding to Middle Persian 𐭯𐭫𐭱(𐭠)𐭪𐭥𐭲 fraš(a)gird...

"Garshestan", derived from the Avestan word "Garsh" and the Persian suffix "stan". It was later Arabized to "Gharjistan". The Avestan word "Gar" meant "mountain"...

(Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬁𐬯𐬞𐬀 Vištāspa; Old Persian: 𐎻𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱 Vištāspa; Persian: گشتاسپ Guštāsp; Ancient Greek: Ὑστάσπης Hustáspēs) is the Avestan-language...

In the Avesta, reference is made to seven karshvar (Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬀‎, romanized: karšvar, lit. 'delineated land' > Persian: kišvar), climes...

then continued to do so in Avestan. An unrelated term, but previously assumed to be related, appears in the older Gathic Avestan language texts. This word...

goddess) and Danuja (दनुज) means "born from Danu" or "born from dewdrops". In Avestan, the word Dānu means "river". The Finnish word for Danube is Tonava, which...

one of these lost sources had also been preserved in the earliest Old Avestan texts, and also in Tocharian, convinced Michael Witzel and Alexander Lubotsky...

Since these liturgies are in Avestan, the general structure must therefore have already existed at a time when Avestan was still a productive language...

extract, sprinkle", often connected in the context of rituals. Soma's Avestan cognate is the haoma. According to Geldner (1951), the word is derived...

Jamaspa (Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬁𐬯𐬞𐬀 Jāmāspa; Avestan pronunciation: [d̠ʒaːmaːspa]) is a figure from the Iranian national history, where he appears as an...

Middle Persian name of Hauma, the Avestan name of the sacred plant of Zoroastrianism and its associated divinity. Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬀 (hauma) is cognate with...

Abraham-Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron, who rightly compared the Greek arioi with the Avestan airya and the country name Iran. In Germany, Johann Friedrich Kleuker's...

Mithra (Avestan: 𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀, Miθra; Old Persian: 𐎷𐎰𐎼, Miθraʰ‍) is an ancient Iranian deity (yazata) of covenants, light, oaths, justice, the Sun, contracts...

Aryan Pronunciation Ar-yun Gender Male Origin Word/name Avestan, Old Persian, Sanskrit Meaning Noble Region of origin Ancient India, Ancient Iran...

earlier Thracian name Axíopa, from IE *n̥ksei 'dark' and upā 'water' (cf. Avestan axšaēna- 'dark' and Lithuanian ùpė 'river, creek'). The town is a Danube...

attested in Pazend texts as sīna-mrū. The Middle Persian word comes from Avestan mərəγō Saēnō "the bird Saēna", originally a raptor, likely an eagle, falcon...

hymn in the collection. Vanand or Wanand is the Middle Persian name of Avestan Vanant, a minor Zoroastrian divinity representing the star of the West...

airyaman išya, airyə̄mā išyō) is Zoroastrianism's fourth of the four Gathic Avestan manthras, and one of the most important prayers in Zoroastrianism. It is...

as the Khwarazmian polymath Al-Biruni, also used terms like "Xuniras" (Avestan: Xvaniraθa-, transl. "self-made, not resting on anything else") to refer...

word from Avestan sar- (to move suddenly) from tsar- in Old Iranian (tsarati, tsaru-, hunter), which also gave its name to the western Avestan region of...

is one of two directly attested Old Iranian languages (the other being Avestan) and is the ancestor of Middle Persian (the language of the Sasanian Empire)...

6th day of each month in the Zoroastrian calendar. It is derived from Avestan Haurvatat, one of the Amesha Spentas associated with water. Hordad is also...

doctrine. It also provides evidence for the social conditions during the Old Avestan times, and for the close connection between the Old Iranian poetry and...

article contains Avestan characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Avestan characters. The...

with Dahag and Alexander) the most hated among the beings that Ahriman (Avestan Angra Mainyu) set against the Iranians (Zand-i Wahman yasn 7.32; Menog-i...

is an Avestan text accompanied by a Middle Persian translation and commentary, called Zand. The Avestan parts were produced during the Avestan period...

arrow, having the swiftest arrow among the Iranians" (Yasht 8.6). This Avestan-language form continues in Zoroastrian Middle Persian as 'Erash' (Bundahishn...

article contains Avestan characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Avestan characters. The...

Slovak Slovene Sorbian Ukrainian Cyrillic alphabet Latin alphabet Iranian Avestan Kurdish Ossetian Pashto Persian Tajik Indo-Aryan Bengali Chakma Gujarati...

Xrafstar or Khrafstra (Avestan: xrafstra-; Middle Persian: xrafstar) is a cover term in Zoroastrianism for the animals that are harmful or repulsive....

Apas (/ˈɑːpəs, æp-/, Avestan: āpas) is the Avestan language term for "the waters", which, in its innumerable aggregate states, is represented by the Apas...

Zam (Avestan: 𐬰𐬆𐬨)[pronunciation?] is the Avestan language term for the Zoroastrian concept of "earth", in both the sense of land and soil and in the...

(Hvarə-xšaēta, Huuarə-xšaēta) is the Avestan language name of the Zoroastrian yazata (divinity) of the "Radiant Sun". Avestan Hvarə-xšaēta is a compound in which...

seventh hymn of the Yashts. It is named after and dedicated to Mah, the Avestan term for the Moon. Mah is the Middle Persian name of the Moon as well as...

Pahlavi) as pātaxšā(h) or pādixšā(y). Middle Persian pād may stem from Avestan paiti, and is akin to Pati (title). Xšāy 'to rule' and xšāyaθiya 'king'...

the sage Kashyapa. As a word for "rain" or "liquid", danu is compared to Avestan dānu, "river", and further to river names like Don, Danube, Dnieper, Dniestr...

think." Cognates include Ancient Greek μένος, ménos, 'mind, thought', and Avestan 𐬎𐬫𐬥𐬌𐬀𐬨, mainyu, 'spirit'. Mother of the Lares (Latin: Mater Larum)...

Ameretat (Avestan: 𐬀𐬨𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬁𐬙, romanized: amərətāt) is the Avestan language name of the Zoroastrian divinity/divine concept of immortality. Amerdad...

is the son of an Arab ruler named Merdās. Aži (nominative ažiš) is the Avestan word for "serpent" or "dragon". It is cognate to the Vedic Sanskrit word...

referred to real-world places at different times. The ocean appears in Avestan texts as Vourukasha with the meaning having many inlets. In the Middle...

Turya or Turanian (Avestan 𐬙𐬏𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀, tūriia) is the ethnonym of a group mentioned in the Avesta, i.e., the collection of sacred texts of Zoroastrianism...

identical to the Zoroastrian calendar; this can be seen in its structure, the Avestan names and the order of the months. The Cappadocian calendar reflects the...

In the Avesta, airyaman (Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬨𐬀𐬥, romanized: airiiaman) is both an Avestan language common noun and the proper name of a Zoroastrian...

have suggested a much older Iranic ancestor given the affinity to Old Avestan. Yu. V. Gankovsky, a Soviet historian, proposed an Ephthalite origin for...

daily prayers aimed primarily at lay people. These prayers are mostly in Avestan but some collections also contain prayers in Persian and Gujarati. The...

 350 CE), Old Norse (c. 200 CE and after), Old Avestan (c. late 2nd millennium BCE) and Younger Avestan (c. 900 BCE). The closest ancient relatives of...

Haurvatat (/ˈhəʊrvətət/;[citation needed] Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬙𐬁𐬙, romanized: hauruuatāt) is the Avestan language word for the Zoroastrian concept...

mostly a given name for boys. The origin of the word is related to the Avestan divinity Hvare-khshaeta. In Turkish, it is sometimes written as Hurşit...

Linguarum Iranicarum, ed. Schmitt (1989), 417–444. In his 1892 work on the Avestan language Abraham Valentine Williams Jackson, The later Iranian languages...

Asman (Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬨𐬀𐬥, romanized: asman) is the Avestan and Middle Persian name of the Zoroastrian divinity that is the hypostasis of the sky. Asman...

The etymology of the word is traced to Sanskrit preṣyatā प्रेष्यता and Avestan fraēšta-, messenger which led to Persian فرشته • ferešte. For phonological...

Mazda is the name for God used in Zoroastrianism. "Mazda", or rather the Avestan stem-form Mazdā-, nominative Mazdå, reflects Proto-Iranian *Mazdāh (female)...

Frahang-i Oīm-Ēwak is an old Avestan-Middle Persian dictionary. It is named with the two first words of the dictionary: oīm in Avestan means 'one' and ēwak is...

Proto-Indo-European *yeh₂ǵ- or *Hyaǵ-. Avestan 𐬫𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬀‎ is also the origin of two other terms. First, Avestan 𐬫𐬀𐬯𐬥𐬀 (yasna, act of worship), which...

Fereydun (Avestan: 𐬚𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀𐬊𐬥𐬀, Middle Persian: 𐭯𐭫𐭩𐭲𐭥𐭭, Persian: فریدون) is a hero and king in Iranian mythology. Although the details vary...

His name is shared with a monster-slaying hero in Persian mythology. The Avestan form of his name is Kərəsāspa. Garshasp is depicted as a dragonslayer in...

Iranian language are that of the religious texts of the Avesta, written in Avestan, an Old Iranian sacred language. The oldest part of these are the Gathas...

The Vaetha nask is the name of a short Avestan text, which is extant through only eight manuscripts. Despite its name, the Vaetha nask was not part of...

the month names instead of numbering them – something also found in the Avestan calendars. Zoroastrian influence is evident in five names: Per Armenian...

Wishtaspad are used. Modern authors also use different spellings based on the Avestan or Middle Persian version of Vishtaspa's name or use sasto instead of sast...

the human race. The names are from Avestan, nominally transliterated as mašyā and mašyānē, but like other Avestan words also, spellings (and hence transliterations)...

name that means "given by Mithra" or "given by Mehr". "Mehr" comes from Avestan Mithra, the Zoroastrian divinity and hypo-stasis of covenant. In modern-day...

of its grammar, “but it shares important phonological isoglosses with Avestan, rather than Old Persian. Under the short lived period of Median rule …...

first attested in the Avesta as airyānąm (the text of which is composed in Avestan, an old Iranian language spoken in northeastern Greater Iran, or in what...

346 lines is a tale of the death in battle of the mythical hero Zarēr (< Avestan Zairi.vairi), and of the revenge of his death. The figures and events of...

others may be much younger. The language of the Frawardin Yasht is Young Avestan, an Old Iranian language. This means that the fluid oral tradition must...

Ecclesiastical Latin in Roman Catholicism, Hebrew in Judaism, Arabic in Islam, Avestan in Zoroastrianism, Sanskrit and Tamil in Hinduism, and Meitei in Sanamahism...

language and the other old texts related to Zoroastrian exegesis have no Avestan word. The religious legal textbooks like Vendidad, Neyrangistan, Hirbodistan...

the region is Bactria. Historically, the region was first mentioned in Avestan as Bakhdi in Old Persian. This later developed into Bāxtriš in Middle Persian...

was an Iranologist and a professor of ancient Iranian culture and the Avestan language at the University of Tehran. Born in Rasht to a mother who was...

Ahura Ameretat Amesha Spenta Angra Mainyu Asha Avesta Avestan alphabet Avestan geography Avestan Barashnûm Barsom Book of Arda Viraf Bundahishn Chihrdad...

century Canadian Aboriginal 1840 Hebrew 3rd c. BCE Pahlavi‡ 2nd c. BCE Avestan 4th century Palmyrene 1st c. BCE Nabataean 2nd c. BCE Arabic 4th century...

used by the Indo-Iranians to identify themselves. In both Sanskrit and Avestan, Arya refers to those viewed as a part of a civilized or morally distinguished...

Zoroastrianism, Apąm Napāt, mean "child of the waters" in Sanskrit and Avestan respectively. Napāt ("grandson", "progeny") is cognate with Latin nepos...

to the US; abbr. AE, usually used in contrast to BE (British English) Avestan, a language, ISO 639-1 language code ae ae, Lindsay subject version of...

in Pahlavi script, and in a Pazand transliteration with commentary in Avestan script. From the scholastic point of view, the work is enormously interesting...

then) non-Avestan-speaking public. In contrast, the Avestan language texts remained sacrosanct and continued to be recited in the Avestan language, which...

mention of âterepâtahe ashaonô fravashîm ýazamaide, which translates from Avestan as "we worship the fravashi of the holy Atropatene". The name "Atropates"...

communities existing in Iran and India. The first Zoroastrian organisation, the "Avestan School of Astrology" (shortened "Asha", which, in the oldest texts known...

Cambron Abbey, and is home to over 7,000 animals. The name is taken from the Avestan word pairi daēza, which is the source of the Persian word paradise. Pairi...

also remains as a common name in Armenia. Suren means "the heroic one, Avestan sūra (strong, exalted)." In Life of Crassus 21, written c. 125 years after...

Rashnu[pronunciation?] (Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬴𐬢𐬏) is the Avestan language name of the Zoroastrian yazata of justice. Together with Mithra and Sraosha, Rashnu...

Latin attestation of an Old Iranian name *Ṛtavazdah-, identical to the Avestan Ašavazdah, presumably meaning "powerful/persevering through truth".[citation...

either Zurvān, Zruvān or Zarvān. The Middle Persian name derives from Avestan (Avestan: 𐬰𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬥, romanized: zruuān, lit. 'time', a grammatically neuter...

scripts or in the romanization of various Iranian and Pamir languages (Avestan, Pashto, Yaghnobi, and others), Armenian, Georgian, Berber/Tuareg, and...

article contains Avestan characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Avestan characters. Artimpasa...

the 19th century when Christian Bartholomae (1885), derived zandik from Avestan zanda, which he treated as a name of certain heretics. Zindīq (زنديق) or...

district and gave its name to it. The name derives from tighri- (arrow) from Avestan and cognate with "tîj, tîr" (sharp, arrow) in Kurdish and tigra- (sharp...

Ar(e)ía, آريا; Latin Aria, representing Old Persian. 𐏃𐎼𐎡𐎺 Haraiva, Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬋𐬌𐬬𐬀 Harōiva) was an Achaemenid region centered on the city of...

root gai, which means 'to speak, sing, recite or extol', cognate to the Avestan term gatha. The stanzas of the Prakrit dialects of Ardhamagadhi, Sauraseni...

1929) was a German linguist best known for his analysis and synthesis of Avestan and Vedic Sanskrit texts. Geldner was born in Saalfeld, Saxe-Meiningen...

"horsemen", "horse breeders", or "cavalrymen" (from aśva, the Sanskrit and Avestan words for "horse"). Historically, the ethnonym Afghān was used to refer...

the Sogdian god of the Atmosphere and the Wind. He corresponds to the Avestan god Vayu. In Central Asia, Weshparkar has also been associated to the Indian...

group of words (most often in an Indo-Iranian language such as Sanskrit or Avestan) that practitioners believe to have religious, magical or spiritual powers...

Hellenistic gardens of the Seleucid Empire and the Ptolemies in Alexandria. The Avestan word pairidaēza-, Old Persian *paridaida-, or Median *paridaiza- "walled-around"...

Ratha (Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrátʰas, Vedic Sanskrit: रथ, IAST: rátha; Avestan: raθa) is the Indo-Iranian term for a spoked-wheel chariot. The term has...

Tahmuras or Tahmures (Persian: تهمورث, طهمورث [tʰæmures]; from Avestan Taxma Urupi "Strong Fox" via Middle Persian: 𐮑𐮇𐮋𐮅𐮊𐮎𐮀‎‎, romanized: Tahmōref[citation...

descendant of Gotama Region of origin Indian subcontinent Other names Alternative spelling Gautam, Goutam, Gautham, Gowtham, Gotam Cognate Gaotəma (Avestan)...

name is spelled as Artur. The Finnish versions are Artturi and Arttu. Avestan aṣ̌a/arta and its Vedic equivalent ṛtá both derive from Proto-Indo-Iranian...

Tilak on the origin of the Aryans. Based on his analysis of Vedic hymns, Avestan passages, Vedic chronology and Vedic calendars, Tilak argued that the North...

reconstructed as *Aryānām (the genitive plural of the word *Arya); the Avestan equivalent is Airyanem (as in Airyanem Vaejah). Aria Aber (born 1991),...

According to the philologist Michael Witzel, the city was originally known in Avestan as Varəna (𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀), from which its modern name derives. The ancient...

Vendidad or Juddewdad, all of which are assumed to derive from an unattested Avestan 𐬬𐬍𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬬𐬋𐬛𐬁𐬙𐬀, (vī-daēvō-dāta). In the Zoroastrian manuscripts...

ӕfsӕ(D)/efs(I) Wakhi Northeastern Iranian yaš Yaghnobi Northeastern Iranian asp Avestan Southeastern Iranian aspa Shughni Southeastern Iranian vorǰ Balochi Northwestern...

University professor. Jackson was known for producing a grammar of the Avestan language. The monumental Encyclopedia Iranica project was started in 1985...

Recession Great Depression Schools of Thought German English Religion Avestan geography Early Christianity Background Reliability Primacy of Peter Opposition...

The Huma (Persian: هما, Homâ, Avestan: Homāio), also Homāy or Humo, is a mythical bird of Iranian legends and fables, and continuing as a common motif...

Indo-Iranian mythology, with early written references recorded in the Avestan period. In the Shahnameh, the national epic of Greater Iran, azhdaha appear...

first half of the expression derived from magu- (= Avestan: 𐬨𐬊𐬖𐬎, romanized: moɣu-) and pati (= Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌, romanized: paiti, lit. 'lord'). The...

Shreyas Pronunciation sh-rey-yes Gender male Language Tamil, Hindi, Kannada, Avestan, Marathi Origin Word/name Shreyas Meaning "prosperity" Region of origin...

Slovak Slovene Sorbian Ukrainian Cyrillic alphabet Latin alphabet Iranian Avestan Kurdish Ossetian Pashto Persian Tajik Indo-Aryan Bengali Chakma Gujarati...

most recognized for his achievements in his studies of Vedic Sanskrit, Avestan and Old Persian languages. Karl Hoffmann was born the son of a railway...

Malkus (Avestan: mahrkūša "The destroyer") is a Daeva in Zoroastrianism responsible for an unnaturally long winter. According to the Bundahishn he is...

Shahnameh, written by Ferdowsi. The oldest attested form of the name is the Avestan Fraŋrasyan, which Émile Benveniste derived from *fra-hrasya- 'to make disappear...

endowed with farnah [divine glory/splendor])". "Khosrow" is derived from Avestan hu-sravah ("of good reputation, renowned"). Khosrow IV was reportedly a...

Hornavāz (Persian: اَرْنَواز; "Arənauuāčī" in Avestan) is one of the two daughters (or possibly sisters) of Jamshid, the mythological king of Parsia....

Greek elakhús 'small'; Sanskrit laghú-, raghú- 'quick, light, small'; Avestan ragu- 'fast'; Latin levis 'light' < *h₁legʷʰ-us; Lithuanian lengvùs 'light';...

earlier sources and provide a link with the ancient Avestan texts. They give more detail than the Avestan references on some of the stories relating to the...

Arshtat[pronunciation?] (Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬁𐬝) is the Avestan language name of a Zoroastrian principle and signifies either "justice" or "honesty." As...

(cognate to Latin equus, Gaulish epos, Tocharian B yakwe, Sanskrit aśva, Avestan aspa and Old Irish ech). In the Anglo-Saxon futhorc, it is continued as...

'Khordad' is the New Persian continuation of Middle Persian Hordad, from Avestan Haurvatat "wholeness." Khordad was established in 1998. Its founder and...

romanized: Dòzâx) is Hell in the Persian mythology. The word was dao‘aηúha in the Avestan and dušokh in Middle Persian. In Zoroastrianism, Duzakh is described as...

narō aθā jə̄naiiō ("thus ... men, so also women"). In FrD.3, a Younger Avestan fragment, both men and women are cautioned: "He has not won anything who...

represented in the distinction between "acute" and "circumflex" vowels. Old Avestan faithfully preserves numerous relics (e.g. laryngeal hiatus, laryngeal...

cosmographical beliefs include the Avesta (especially in its description of Avestan geography) and, in later Middle Persian literature, texts including the...

literature as the representation of a "sour version" of milk. It is present in Avestan scripture, and essentially seems to have been another word for milk, or...

Recession Great Depression Schools of Thought German English Religion Avestan geography Early Christianity Background Reliability Primacy of Peter Opposition...

copious. The river was known to the ancient Persians as the Haraxvaiti in Avestan and Harahuvati in Old Persian, which are cognate with Rigvedic Sarasvati...

which case it is known as "Pahlevi" or Zoroastrian Middle Persian) and Avestan alphabet (in which case it is known as Pazend). As Manichaeism was persecuted...

structurally, however, its phonological isoglosses align more closely with Avestan than with Old Persian. It is believed that during the brief period of Median...

xwar(x)šēd) is the Middle Persian term for the Sun or sunlight. It continues Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆-𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀}} (huuarə-xšaēta), the name of the Zoroastrian...

that the main part of the yasht (stanzas 3-37) was originally used during Avestan times at a trial by ordeal. The opening stanzas may, therefore, have been...

Apaosha (Apaoša, Apauša) is the Avestan language name of Zoroastrianism's demon of drought. He is the epitomized antithesis of Tishtrya, divinity of the...

Other ancient epics includes the Greek Iliad and the Odyssey; the Persian Avestan books (the Yasna); the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid (written between...

is specific to the divinity known in Avestan as Arədvī Sūrā Anāhita. The words sūra and anāhīta are generic Avestan adjectives, and respectively mean "mighty"...

William West estimates, that the Barish nask consisted of ca. 4.400 words of Avestan text accompanied by ca. 14.600 words of commentary in Pahlavi. Owing to...

(Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭯𐭠𐭫𐭮𐭩𐭪, Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫀𐫡𐫘𐫏𐫐‎, Avestan script: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬯𐬍𐬐), is a Western Middle Iranian language which became...

(perdomai), as well as the Latin pēdĕre, Sanskrit pardate, Ashkun pidiṅ, Avestan pərəδaiti, Italian fare un peto, French péter, Russian пердеть (perdet')...

paradise. The Zoroastrian holy book, called the Avesta, was written in the Avestan language, which is closely related to Vedic Sanskrit. The Qissa-i Sanjan...

Primary topics Ahura Mazda Zarathustra Asha Vohu Manah Persia/Iran Faravahar Avestan Divine entities Amesha Spentas Yazatas Mithra Ahuras Daevas Fravashi Angra...

Zarathustra (查拉圖斯特拉) Zarathustra in the Manichaean Diagram of the Universe Successor Buddha (釋迦文佛) Ethnic group Avestan...

Iranian word Mazda (as in Ahura Mazda), meaning "wise" or "wisdom". In Avestan, it is an attribute of God. The name appears in various forms in historical...

Recession Great Depression Schools of Thought German English Religion Avestan geography Early Christianity Background Reliability Primacy of Peter Opposition...

Kay Kāvus (Persian: کی‌کاووس; Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌 𐬎𐬯𐬀𐬥 Kauui Usan); sometimes Kai-Káús or Kai-Kaus, is a shah in the mythical history of Greater Iran...

name, and both forms, Spargapis and Spargapaiϑah, are cognates of the Avestan name Sparəγa-paēsa (𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬖𐬀⸱𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀). According to the Greek...

Dahaka, and Dahak. Aži (nominative ažiš) is the Avestan word for "serpent" or "dragon. The Avestan term Aži Dahāka and the Middle Persian azdahāg are...

Aramaic Western Aramaic Imperial Aramaic Old Aramaic Aramaic Script Avestan Avestan Script Canaanite Ammonite Edomite Hebrew Moabite Phoenician Phoenician...

Slovak Slovene Sorbian Ukrainian Cyrillic alphabet Latin alphabet Iranian Avestan Kurdish Ossetian Pashto Persian Tajik Indo-Aryan Bengali Chakma Gujarati...

ū/ūy/uy/ʏ or ū, *ō > ū (вуз [vyːz~vuːz] "goat"; Tajik: буз, romanized: buz, Avestan: 𐬠𐬏𐬰𐬀, romanized: būza). Before a nasal, /ɔː/ can change to /uː/, e...

and the Avestan alphabet (in Persian, Dīndapirak or Dīn Dabīra—literally: religion script), used for religious purposes, primarily for the Avestan but sometimes...

1944 in Seraing, Belgium) is a Belgian Iranologist who specialises in Avestan studies. From 1974 to 1980 he was the assistant of German Professor and...

Slovak Slovene Sorbian Ukrainian Cyrillic alphabet Latin alphabet Iranian Avestan Kurdish Ossetian Pashto Persian Tajik Indo-Aryan Bengali Chakma Gujarati...

Peters on October 8, 1887, in Clinton, New York, and was named after the Avestan divinity Aredvi Sura Anahita. In 2001, the asteroid was detected by radar...

well-established root in Avestan language. The Pahlavi vičir, is in fact from the Avestan vīčira, which means deciding. This Avestan root is behind the Modern...

Primary topics Ahura Mazda Zarathustra Asha Vohu Manah Persia/Iran Faravahar Avestan Divine entities Amesha Spentas Yazatas Mithra Ahuras Daevas Fravashi Angra...

Because of a similar process, Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćw became sp in Avestan: Old Avestan aspa 'horse' corresponds to Sanskrit aśva Lag assimilation at a distance...

2001. 140 pp. English translation: Introduction to Avestan. Leiden / Boston: Brill, 2014. The Avestan Vowels. Amsterdam/Atlanta: Rodopi, 2003. 710 pp. (as...

common word for "heaven", Old Avestan: dyaoš (𐬛𐬫𐬀𐬊𐬱), "heaven", mentioned in a single verse of the Avesta; Young Avestan: diiaoš, "hell", as a result...

Manuchekhr, or Manouchehr (Persian: منوچهر, Manūčehr, Middle Persian: Manōčihr, Avestan: Manuščiθra) is a masculine given name of Persian origin meaning "Heaven's...

religion at least with the history of this conception". Vedic ṛtá and its Avestan equivalent aṣ̌a both derive from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hr̥tás "truth", which...

‹ö› and in modern Scandinavian languages is represented by the letter å. Avestan romanization (letters ą, ą̇, m̨) Cahto (ą, ę) Cayuga (ę, ǫ) Chickasaw (ą...

be determined. During the Sasanian period, a comprehensive edition of Avestan literature was produced. Within this edition, the Den Yasht was part of...

natural phenomena, variously as either deliberate causes or effects. Some Avestan and Vedic deities were viewed as ethical concepts. In Indian religions...

Persian name for Avestan Ashi, whereas Arishvang is the name of Ashi is some Middle Persian sources, and is ultimately derived from Avestan Ashish vaŋuhi...

Ashavan (Avestan: 𐬀𐬴𐬀𐬬𐬀𐬥 ašavan) is a Zoroastrian theological term. It literally means "possessing/mastering aša" and has been interpreted as...

finally, defeated by Kāve, who led a popular uprising against him. Zahhak (Avestan: Aži Dahāka) was guarded by two vipers which grew out from both of his...

Primary topics Ahura Mazda Zarathustra Asha Vohu Manah Persia/Iran Faravahar Avestan Divine entities Amesha Spentas Yazatas Mithra Ahuras Daevas Fravashi Angra...

The Ab-Zohr (/ɑːb zɔːr, æb-/; Avestan: 𐬀𐬞⸱ 𐬰𐬀𐬊𐬚𐬭𐬀, romanized: ap-zaoθra; Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭯 𐭦𐭥𐭧𐭫, romanized: ab-zohr) is the culminating...

New York Academy of Sciences, with contributions on such topics as the Avestan texts. He served as American collaborator on the Orientalische Bibliographie...

Atossa (in Old Persian: *Utauθa; in Avestan: Hutaosā) was an Achaemenid princess and queen, daughter and wife of the Persian king Artaxerxes II. She was...

the same Proto-Indo-European noun (with variation in suffix ablaut) are Avestan yārǝ "year", Greek ὥρα (hṓra) "year, season, period of time" (whence "hour")...

yazata representing Asha. Indar (yndl) is the Middle Persian version of Avestan 𐬌𐬧𐬛𐬭𐬀 (indra). The oldest epigraphically attested mention of the name...

derives from Avestan: Spəntōδāta- meaning "Given by Spenta Armaiti" which is later personified as sepandarmaz (سپندارمذ), but in original Avestan meant "creative...

The Chinvat Bridge (Avestan: 𐬗𐬌𐬥𐬬𐬀𐬙𐬋 𐬞𐬈𐬭𐬈𐬙𐬏𐬨 Cinvatô Peretûm, "bridge of judgement" or "beam-shaped bridge") or the Bridge of the Requiter...

suggest that the word "Afghan" is derived from the words awajan/apajan in Avestan and ava-Han/apa-Han in Sanskrit, which mean "killing, striking, throwing...

Aramaic Western Aramaic Imperial Aramaic Old Aramaic Aramaic Script Avestan Avestan Script Canaanite Ammonite Edomite Hebrew Moabite Phoenician Phoenician...

Recession Great Depression Schools of Thought German English Religion Avestan geography Early Christianity Background Reliability Primacy of Peter Opposition...

century Canadian Aboriginal 1840 Hebrew 3rd c. BCE Pahlavi‡ 2nd c. BCE Avestan 4th century Palmyrene 1st c. BCE Nabataean 2nd c. BCE Arabic 4th century...

(Unicode block) Imperial Aramaic (Unicode block) Manichaean (Unicode block) Avestan (Unicode block) Elymaic (Unicode block) Chorasmian (Unicode block) Nabataean...

Samudra, the sea god Abzu, the Sumerian primeval waters Aban or āpō, the Avestan concept of "the waters" Doab, spit of land lying between two confluent...

Sárasvati 'sacred river', Old Persian Harauvati 'Hārūt River; Arachosia', Avestan Haraxvatī, idem. It may also be related to the Indo-European root *sal...

as the Khwarazmian polymath Al-Biruni, also used terms like "Xuniras" (Avestan: Xvaniraθa-, transl. "self-made, not resting on anything else") to refer...

gaesum, gaesus, Greek γαῖσον was the term for the lance of the Gauls. The Avestan language has gaêçu 'lance bearer' as a likely cognate. The Celtic word...

contemporary; including Russian, Arabic, Persian, Pashto, Sogdian, Uzbek, Avestan, and Turkish. Although Frye is mostly known for his works on historical...

name may derive from the Avestan word zairiçi, ‘blonde’, while others have related it to the Elamite deity Kiriša or to an Avestan demoness. Zeresh advised...

century Canadian Aboriginal 1840 Hebrew 3rd c. BCE Pahlavi‡ 2nd c. BCE Avestan 4th century Palmyrene 1st c. BCE Nabataean 2nd c. BCE Arabic 4th century...

Mesopotamian, Urartian, and Elamite practices. It was during this period that the Avestan word vīsō puθra ("son of the clan") was adopted to denote “crown prince...

Etymology: from Persian برسم barsam, from Middle Persian برسم barsum, from Avestan بارسمان barsman. a bundle of sacred twigs or metal rods used by priests...

other Luhya dialects. Avestan also shows the effects of rhinoglottophilia: Proto-Indo-Iranian *s normally becomes h in Avestan, but becomes a velar nasal...

Buddhism. Yama in Hinduism. Yama in Buddhism. The Vedic mṛtyú, along with Avestan mərəθiiu and Old Persian məršiyu comes from the Proto-Indo-Iranian word...

Primary topics Ahura Mazda Zarathustra Asha Vohu Manah Persia/Iran Faravahar Avestan Divine entities Amesha Spentas Yazatas Ahuras Daevas Angra Mainyu Scripture...

Sign Language Arabic Standard Egyptian Hejazi Levantine Moroccan Tunisian Avestan Bashkir Belarusian Bengali Bulgarian Burmese Catalan Chinese Mandarin Cantonese...

Primary topics Ahura Mazda Zarathustra Asha Vohu Manah Persia/Iran Faravahar Avestan Divine entities Amesha Spentas Yazatas Ahuras Daevas Angra Mainyu Scripture...

from Old-Iranian, *(fšu-)haurvatā- "shepherd, cattle guardian" (formed of Avestan pasu- "cattle" and verb haurvaiti "guard"), later also from Old-Iranian...

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military might and victory. The Bahram Yasht is named after Verethragna (Avestan: 𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬭𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬀, vərəθraγna), a term meaning the smasher of resistance...

dhánva yójanā saptá síndhūn RV.I.35.8). Sapta-sindhavaḥ is cognate with Avestan hapta həndu, and is interpreted as referring to Punjab. The region's name...

Freydun (Persian: فریدون; from the Avestan Θraētaona), is an Iranian masculine given name. Common variations include the names Freidun, Feridun, Faridun...

Pāṇini:Aṣṭādhyāyī Kenopanishad Apastamba Dharmasutra, Apastambha Smriti Avestan: Yasht Chinese: Spring and Autumn Annals (Chūnqiū) (722–481 BC, chronicles...

on classical languages, most notably H. Kern's lectures on Sanskrit and Avestan. After completing his doctoral examination in 1882, he was appointed to...

Sanskrit name Aśvín (अश्विन्) derives from the Indo-Iranian stem *Haćwa- (cf. Avestan aspā), itself from the Indo-European word for the horse, *H1éḱwos, from...

were believed to derive from commentaries upon Avestan scripture, but whose extant form contains no Avestan passages. Zoroastrian exegesis differs from similar...

origin and may be related to Avestan words such as iš- "to wish, desire, search", and ultimately derive from *iška. The Avestan iš- also exists in Middle...

*dr-éu-s Old Irish: ben 'woman', gen. mná < PIE *gʷén-eh₂, *gʷn-éh₂-s Old Avestan: zyā̊ 'winter', gen. zimō < PIE *ǵʰy-em-s, *ǵʰi-m-ós Ancient Greek: Zdeús...

original to the yasht. They are, however, written in a particularly defective Avestan, indicating them to be a late composition. Darmesteter 1892. Panaino 2002...

Hūshang (Persian: هوشنگ, romanized: Hōšang; Middle Persian: Hōšang, Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬊𐬱𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬀, romanized: Haošyaŋha), also spelled Hōshang, is an...

expression nēbis dēgan dāir ("...established heaven (and) earth"), the Young Avestan formula kə huvāpå raocåscā dāt təmåscā? ("What skillful artificer made...

Saka name *Taumuriyah, meaning "of family" derived from a cognate of the Avestan word taoxman (𐬙𐬀𐬊𐬑𐬨𐬀𐬥) and of the Old Persian word taumā (𐎫𐎢𐎶𐎠)...

name, and both forms, Spargapis and Spargapaiϑah, are cognates of the Avestan name Sparəγa-paēsa (𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬖𐬀⸱𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀). Spargapises was the son...

Mēn (Greek: Μήν "month; Moon", presumably influenced by Avestan måŋha) was a lunar god worshipped in the western interior parts of Anatolia. He is attested...

Primary topics Ahura Mazda Zarathustra Asha Vohu Manah Persia/Iran Faravahar Avestan Divine entities Amesha Spentas Yazatas Ahuras Daevas Angra Mainyu Scripture...

Slovak Slovene Sorbian Ukrainian Cyrillic alphabet Latin alphabet Iranian Avestan Kurdish Ossetian Pashto Persian Tajik Indo-Aryan Bengali Chakma Gujarati...

Tulu, Kui, Brahui, Sinhalese, Hindi, Vedic, Sanskrit, Prakrit, Pali, Avestan, English, Dutch, German, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, French, Spanish, Portuguese...

be the time the "true faith" was revealed to their prophet, and since Avestan literature indicates that revelation happened when Zoroaster was 30 years...

Primary topics Ahura Mazda Zarathustra Asha Vohu Manah Persia/Iran Faravahar Avestan Divine entities Amesha Spentas Yazatas Ahuras Daevas Angra Mainyu Scripture...

avenge the death of Siyavash. The name Rohham (or Rohām) is analyzed in Avestan contexts. According to some interpretations, it is derived from Raohāma-...

Roshanak or Rowshanak (Persian: روشنک, from early Avestan raoxšna-; adjective: "shining, bright", noun: "light") is a Persian female name. This name has...

term is also associated with wanton sexual behavior. In all the other Avestan works, "vaæpyö" takes on a strictly derogatory connotation related to sexuality...

yasn. While yasht or yasn is derived from Avestan yaz, to sacrifice, the term bagan probably refers to Avestan baga, a generic term for god. The Sasanian...

Primary topics Ahura Mazda Zarathustra Asha Vohu Manah Persia/Iran Faravahar Avestan Divine entities Amesha Spentas Yazatas Mithra Ahuras Daevas Fravashi Angra...

the Alanic root *rox- (modern Ossetian rūxs or roxs 'light, luminous'; Avestan raox-šna- and Persian rošan, 'luminous, shining') attached to the tribal...

meaning 'an enclosed area' (i.e. protected from the sea) derived from Avestan Bandha (to tieup) and Dwara (entrance). The word travelled with Persian...

tanah languages Armenian – Armenian Ariyaka script – Pali, Isan, Lao Avestan – Avestan Avoiuli – Raga Borama – Somali Carian – Carian Caucasian Albanian –...

part (stanzas 1-8) contains a description of important mountains of the Avestan world. The second, much longer, part (stanzas 9-96) is dedicated to the...

Աժդահակ, also spelled Ashdahak) is the Armenian form of the name of the Avestan demon Azhi Dahaka. In Iranian mythology, he is imprisoned in Mount Damavand...

tribes around 1500 BC, seen in the change of the Vedic river Sindhu into Avestan Hindu (Indus River), Sarasvati into Harahvaiti. It is dated circa 1100–700...

Recession Great Depression Schools of Thought German English Religion Avestan geography Early Christianity Background Reliability Primacy of Peter Opposition...

Avaric av ava ava Individual Living Авар мацӏ; اوار ماض (Avar maz) Avar Avestan ae ave ave Individual Historical Upastawakaēna Aymara ay aym aym + 2 Macrolanguage...

journalist Huma Safdar, Pakistani teacher and theatre artist Haoma, the Avestan language name of a plant and its divinity Homa (disambiguation), which...

reliant on poets and poetry." Cognates include Sanskrit, श्रवस् (śravas); Avestan, 𐬯𐬭𐬀𐬬𐬀𐬵; Armenian, լու (low); Old Church Slavonic slava, and Old...

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of *Hamazāsp/Hamāzāspa remains unresolved, it may be explained through Avestan *hamāza-, "colliding/clashing" + aspa-, "horse" i.e. "one who possessed...

recounts the creation of the primordial bovine, Ewagdad (Avestan Gavaevodata), and Keyumars (Avestan Keyumaretan), the primordial human. Following MacKenzie...

probably akin to Proto-Indo-European *wiHro--, "man", cf. Persian: bīr Avestan: vīra. Given the ambiguity inherent to Pahlavi scripts in the representing...

attestation of the Middle Persian name Narseh, which ultimately derives from Avestan nairyō.saŋya-. The Middle Persian name Narseh also exists in Georgian as...

Civilization c. 2400–1700 Akkadian Empire 2400–2150 Kassites c. 1500–1155 Avestan period c. 1500–500 Neo-Assyrian Empire 911–609 Urartu 860–590 Mannaea 850–616...

This continues a Proto-Indo-European alternation *suwen- vs. *sewol- (Avestan xᵛə̄ṇg vs. Latin sōl, Greek helios, Sanskrit surya, Welsh haul, Breton...

by keeping a vessel of rice in the rays of the sun and reciting sacred Avestan verses. He did not eat meat, and only consumed milk and fruits. Several...

Slovak Slovene Sorbian Ukrainian Cyrillic alphabet Latin alphabet Iranian Avestan Kurdish Ossetian Pashto Persian Tajik Indo-Aryan Bengali Chakma Gujarati...

be Thracian and may have meant "not-shining" from PIE *n.-sk(e)i (cf. Avestan axšaēna "dark-coloured"). The oldest known name of the river, Axios, is...

regarding the expectation of a successful marriage. The cognate term in Avestan and Old Persian is baga, of uncertain meaning but used in a sense in which...

Slovak Slovene Sorbian Ukrainian Cyrillic alphabet Latin alphabet Iranian Avestan Kurdish Ossetian Pashto Persian Tajik Indo-Aryan Bengali Chakma Gujarati...

evil that seeks disorder and destruction, represented as Angra Mainyu in Avestan and as Ahriman in Middle Persian. Belief in both a good divine and a bad...

Religion Proto-Iranian and early Zoroastrianism Language Proto-Iranian later Avestan and Bactrian Geographical range Bactria Period Iron Age Dates c. 1500 –...

Indo-European Nominal Inflection. Innsbruck: IBS, 1985. A Grammar of Gatha-Avestan. Leiden: Brill, 1988. Vergelijkende taalwetenschap. Een inleiding in de...

counterpart of the Zoroastrian god of victory Verethragna, whose name in Avestan means "smiting of resistance". See Վահագն for more on the origin of the...

'stag', Avestan uxshan- 'ox' or 'bull', and Sanskrit uksa, inferred to relate to cattle. Welsh and Middle Irish are Celtic languages, while Avestan and Sanskrit...

Kshatra Vairya (Avestan: 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀⸱ 𐬬𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀, romanized: xšaθra vairiia; also Šahrewar Middle Persian: 𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭩𐭥𐭥, and Xšaθra 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀...

lived was also called Aśvaka. The Sanskrit term aśva, Prakrit assa and Avestan aspa means horse. The name Aśvaka/Aśvakan or Assaka is derived from the...

alike proceed." The Chinvat Bridge is also referred to many times in both Avestan and Pahlavi literature. Certain forms of Christianity also feature a similar...

example Old Avestan aogda 'he said' from Proto-Indo-European *Hewgʰ-to. This is not true for roots with plain voiced stops, for example Old Avestan yuxta 'yoked'...

Recession Great Depression Schools of Thought German English Religion Avestan geography Early Christianity Background Reliability Primacy of Peter Opposition...

Recession Great Depression Schools of Thought German English Religion Avestan geography Early Christianity Background Reliability Primacy of Peter Opposition...

zard, sālār < sardar and so on). The term has also been traced back to Avestan pərəthu- "broad [as the earth]", also evident in Sanskrit pṛthvi- "earth"...

Sign Language Arabic Standard Egyptian Hejazi Levantine Moroccan Tunisian Avestan Bashkir Belarusian Bengali Bulgarian Burmese Catalan Chinese Mandarin Cantonese...

Primary topics Ahura Mazda Zarathustra Asha Vohu Manah Persia/Iran Faravahar Avestan Divine entities Amesha Spentas Yazatas Ahuras Daevas Angra Mainyu Scripture...

a late compilation produced by redactors without an active command of Avestan. Each karda has the same structure, whereby the first karda reads as follows...

Civilization c. 2400–1700 Akkadian Empire 2400–2150 Kassites c. 1500–1155 Avestan period c. 1500–500 Neo-Assyrian Empire 911–609 Urartu 860–590 Mannaea 850–616...

Kayanian rulers and their Turanian enemies, which is illustrated by Younger Avestan texts. The title of Ramshahr (peacekeeper in [his] dominion) was added...

quotes Aupamanyava to support his opinion. However, the root has a close Avestan cognate ərəšiš "an ecstatic" (see also Yurodivy, Vates). Yet the Indo-European...

Recession Great Depression Schools of Thought German English Religion Avestan geography Early Christianity Background Reliability Primacy of Peter Opposition...

that there is a Zoroastrian spirit called an āfriti- in Avestan. He suggests that this Avestan term might be the ultimate source of Arabic ‘ifrīt." In...

Recession Great Depression Schools of Thought German English Religion Avestan geography Early Christianity Background Reliability Primacy of Peter Opposition...

Recession Great Depression Schools of Thought German English Religion Avestan geography Early Christianity Background Reliability Primacy of Peter Opposition...

Civilization c. 2400–1700 Akkadian Empire 2400–2150 Kassites c. 1500–1155 Avestan period c. 1500–500 Neo-Assyrian Empire 911–609 Urartu 860–590 Mannaea 850–616...

different forms of the same name. Oxathres is the Greek form of the Ghata Avestan name Huxšathra which is a distinctly Zoroastrian name. Oxathres may refer...

Slovak Slovene Sorbian Ukrainian Cyrillic alphabet Latin alphabet Iranian Avestan Kurdish Ossetian Pashto Persian Tajik Indo-Aryan Bengali Chakma Gujarati...

Slovak Slovene Sorbian Ukrainian Cyrillic alphabet Latin alphabet Iranian Avestan Kurdish Ossetian Pashto Persian Tajik Indo-Aryan Bengali Chakma Gujarati...

Civilization c. 2400–1700 Akkadian Empire 2400–2150 Kassites c. 1500–1155 Avestan period c. 1500–500 Neo-Assyrian Empire 911–609 Urartu 860–590 Mannaea 850–616...

Such negative associations of the planets, however, are not supported in Avestan languages. In popular literature of the Islamic period, parīs are non-human...

Slovak Slovene Sorbian Ukrainian Cyrillic alphabet Latin alphabet Iranian Avestan Kurdish Ossetian Pashto Persian Tajik Indo-Aryan Bengali Chakma Gujarati...

free dictionary. Jashn is a Middle Persian and Modern Persian form of the Avestan word yasna (lit. '[act of] worship'), which involves fire-ritual in Zoroastrianism...

Nikkola). The synchronic term for "saint", however, is syhdaeg (cognate to Avestan Yazata). Gershevitch (1955) connects uac with a word for "word" (Sanskrit...

from Aramaic wurrdā, from Assyrian wurtinnu, from Old Iranian *warda (cf. Avestan warda, Sogdian ward, Parthian wâr). Geography British historian John William...

abundant volumes of water-flow. Sárasvatī is considered to be a cognate of Avestan Haraxvatī. In the younger Avesta, Haraxvatī is Arachosia, a region described...

century Canadian Aboriginal 1840 Hebrew 3rd c. BCE Pahlavi‡ 2nd c. BCE Avestan 4th century Palmyrene 1st c. BCE Nabataean 2nd c. BCE Arabic 4th century...

the Greek form of the Old Persian R̥šā, which is also attested in the Avestan form Aršan- and is used in multiple Old Persian compound-names, such as...

scholars; his original name was Middle Persian, Husraw, itself derived from Avestan Haosrauuah ("he who has good fame"). The name is transliterated in Greek...

Primary topics Ahura Mazda Zarathustra Asha Vohu Manah Persia/Iran Faravahar Avestan Divine entities Amesha Spentas Yazatas Mithra Ahuras Daevas Fravashi Angra...

Brahvi was originally spoken near them. The absence of any Old Iranian (Avestan) loanwords in Brahvi suggests that the Brahvi migrated to Balochistan from...

Primary topics Ahura Mazda Zarathustra Asha Vohu Manah Persia/Iran Faravahar Avestan Divine entities Amesha Spentas Yazatas Ahuras Daevas Angra Mainyu Scripture...

followed by melted snow. Ahura Mazda advises Yima to construct a Vara (Avestan: enclosure). This he is to populate with the fittest of men and women;...

Sedreh[pronunciation?] (also called sudreh, sudre or sudra) is the Avestan term for the undergarment worn by Zoroastrians, which is worn alongside the...

Karay·a alphabet, the letter represents /ə/. In the Latin transliteration of Avestan, the corresponding long vowel is written as schwa-macron, ⟨Ə̄ ə̄⟩. An R-colored...

A Peshotanu, meaning one who pays with his body, according to Avestan terminology, is a person who had either been condemned to or previously subjected...

Recession Great Depression Schools of Thought German English Religion Avestan geography Early Christianity Background Reliability Primacy of Peter Opposition...

Primary topics Ahura Mazda Zarathustra Asha Vohu Manah Persia/Iran Faravahar Avestan Divine entities Amesha Spentas Yazatas Mithra Ahuras Daevas Fravashi Angra...

which speaks of the kart/kard, from Avestan karda meaning "acts" (also in the sense of "chapters"), and dēn, from Avestan daena, literally "insight" or "revelation"...

numerals Anatolian scripts (Lydian, Lycian, Carian, Phrygian, Sidetic) Avestan Brahmi Celtiberian Coptic (Bohairic) Cypriot Old Cyrillic Old English Middle...

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in a person's name. Middle Persian hērbad (𐭠𐭩𐭤𐭫𐭯‎𐭲‎) derives from Avestan aēϑrapaiti (𐬀𐬉𐬚𐬭𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌), which the Avesta uses denote a priestly...

Orondes, Aroandes, is the Hellenized form of the Iranian masculine name Avestan, from auruuant sometimes shortened to auruuat, Persian arvand, meaning...

is described in Bundahishn. Its location is given as Mount Rēvand (in Avestan: Raēvant), probably a spur of the Nishapur mountains in the district formerly...

Recession Great Depression Schools of Thought German English Religion Avestan geography Early Christianity Background Reliability Primacy of Peter Opposition...

Hara Berezaiti (Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬁⸱𐬠𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬍, lit. 'High Watch') is a mythical mountain or mountain range in Zoroastrian tradition. Over time...

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means "dawn". This word comes from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hušā́s (ušā in Avestan), which in turn is from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwsōs ("dawn"), and is related...

Primary topics Ahura Mazda Zarathustra Asha Vohu Manah Persia/Iran Faravahar Avestan Divine entities Amesha Spentas Yazatas Mithra Ahuras Daevas Fravashi Angra...

Recession Great Depression Schools of Thought German English Religion Avestan geography Early Christianity Background Reliability Primacy of Peter Opposition...

Recession Great Depression Schools of Thought German English Religion Avestan geography Early Christianity Background Reliability Primacy of Peter Opposition...

are recognized among the Iranians, namely the Airya (a term which the Avestan people appear to use of themselves), Tuirya, Sairima, Sainu and Dahi"....

Design District (D3) Business Setup | Creation Business Consults" (in Avestan). Retrieved 2021-09-29. MENA Design Outlook, 2015 Report (English Edition)...

Civilization c. 2400–1700 Akkadian Empire 2400–2150 Kassites c. 1500–1155 Avestan period c. 1500–500 Neo-Assyrian Empire 911–609 Urartu 860–590 Mannaea 850–616...

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appears in the Avestan Vidēvdāt (1.12) under the indigenous dialect form 𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬓𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬍‎ Haraxvaitī- (whose -axva- is typical non-Avestan)." In Old Persian...

Duchesne-Guillemin became one of the major figures in the study of the Avestan language of ancient Iran. At different times in his career, he lectured...

Slovak Slovene Sorbian Ukrainian Cyrillic alphabet Latin alphabet Iranian Avestan Kurdish Ossetian Pashto Persian Tajik Indo-Aryan Bengali Chakma Gujarati...

Hittite: tekan, Tocharian: tkam, Phrygian zemelo, Proto-Slavonic:*zem-yã, Avestan: za (locative: zemi), Vedic: ksam, Latin: hum-us, Albanian: dhé. In Mycenean...

2550–2020 Bactria–Margiana Complex 2400–1700 Gutian Dynasty 2141-2050 Avestan period c. 1500 BCE – 500 BCE Kingdom of Mannai 10th–7th century Neo-Assyrian...

Slovak Slovene Sorbian Ukrainian Cyrillic alphabet Latin alphabet Iranian Avestan Kurdish Ossetian Pashto Persian Tajik Indo-Aryan Bengali Chakma Gujarati...

and Luri. An unacademic website claims that "Alvand" is Avestan and comes from the Avestan language word "Aurvañt", which means "quick, swift, brave;...

The Brigantes were a tribe or confederation of Celtic Britons who dwelt in what is now Northern England during the Iron Age and Roman era. Their territory...

Mirza (1604–1628), Indian prince, grandson of the Mughal Emperor Akbar The Avestan equivalent of Hushang is Haošyaŋha. Older sources interpreted the second...

term anjuvannam probably originates from a Persian root and is related to Avestan: hanjumana and the Persian anjuman or anǰoman, referring to an organization...

section contains Avestan characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Avestan characters. The...

Hieroglyphic Luwian Armenian language Armenian alphabet Romanization of Armenian Avestan Brahmic family Bengali–Assamese script Romanisation of Assamese Romanisation...

or "birthday" in this context. The word Khordad itself is rooted in the Avestan term Haurvatat (𐬵𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬬𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬙), one of the Amesha Spentas (divine...

Slovak Slovene Sorbian Ukrainian Cyrillic alphabet Latin alphabet Iranian Avestan Kurdish Ossetian Pashto Persian Tajik Indo-Aryan Bengali Chakma Gujarati...

Recession Great Depression Schools of Thought German English Religion Avestan geography Early Christianity Background Reliability Primacy of Peter Opposition...

Based on this assumption, Andreas made similar conclusions regarding the Avestan form of the name. However, modern Iranologist Rüdiger Schmitt rejects Andreas's...

Primary topics Ahura Mazda Zarathustra Asha Vohu Manah Persia/Iran Faravahar Avestan Divine entities Amesha Spentas Yazatas Ahuras Daevas Angra Mainyu Scripture...

2550–2020 Bactria–Margiana Complex 2400–1700 Gutian Dynasty 2141-2050 Avestan period c. 1500 BCE – 500 BCE Kingdom of Mannai 10th–7th century Neo-Assyrian...

Recession Great Depression Schools of Thought German English Religion Avestan geography Early Christianity Background Reliability Primacy of Peter Opposition...

Recession Great Depression Schools of Thought German English Religion Avestan geography Early Christianity Background Reliability Primacy of Peter Opposition...

sources, Hystaspes is sometimes considered as identical with Vishtaspa (the Avestan name for Hystapes), an early patron of Zoroaster. The name of Hystaspes...

Look up aban in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Aban is the Avestan language term for "the waters", used in Zoroastrian doctrine. Aban may also refer...

Civilization c. 2400–1700 Akkadian Empire 2400–2150 Kassites c. 1500–1155 Avestan period c. 1500–500 Neo-Assyrian Empire 911–609 Urartu 860–590 Mannaea 850–616...

Gujarati, and no longer speak in Persian. They do however continue to use Avestan as their liturgical language. The Parsis have adapted many practices and...

Hamun Lake on the border of Afghanistan and Iran. The name comes from the Avestan Haētumant, literally "dammed, having a dam", which referred to the Helmand...

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and diaeresis Svan transliteration Ā̊ ā̊ A with macron and ring above Avestan transliteration Ā̌ ā̌ A with macron and caron Indo-Iranian dialectology...

Recession Great Depression Schools of Thought German English Religion Avestan geography Early Christianity Background Reliability Primacy of Peter Opposition...

Iranian languages, the other main branch of the Indo-Iranian language family Avestan, the language of the Avesta and other Zoroastrian scriptures Indo-European...

Primary topics Ahura Mazda Zarathustra Asha Vohu Manah Persia/Iran Faravahar Avestan Divine entities Amesha Spentas Yazatas Ahuras Daevas Angra Mainyu Scripture...

Recession Great Depression Schools of Thought German English Religion Avestan geography Early Christianity Background Reliability Primacy of Peter Opposition...

Recession Great Depression Schools of Thought German English Religion Avestan geography Early Christianity Background Reliability Primacy of Peter Opposition...

Baltic word (cf. Lithuanian: staras "hamster"); or of Persian origin (cf. Avestan: hamaēstar "oppressor"). The collective noun for a group of hamsters is...

Indian subcontinent. It is assumed that the term "Hindu" traces back to Avestan scripture Vendidad which refers to the land of seven rivers as Hapta Hendu...

transmission in Pazand, that is, a rendering of the Middle Persian language using Avestan script (also an Aramaic derivative) but without any non-Iranian vocabulary...

attestation of the Middle Persian name Narseh, which ultimately derives from Avestan nairyō.saŋya-. The Middle Persian name Narseh also exists in Georgian as...

Skjaervo, Prods O. (1991a), The Gathas of Zarathushtra and the Other Old Avestan Texts, Part I, Heidelberg: Winter Humbach, Helmut; Elfenbein, Josef; Skjaervo...

Kay Kawad (also known as Kay Qobad, Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌 𐬐𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬙𐬀 Kauui Kauuāta) is a mythological figure of the Iranian national history. The 'Kay'...

*wer- "to cover, to obstruct". The Indo-Iranian word is also found in Avestan as vərəθraγna (Vedic vṛtraghná), literally "(one who) slays obstacles"...

hallucinogen, its status as a serious candidate for the Rigvedic soma and Avestan haoma still stands." This supports Falk, who in his summary noted that...

"shaken" and *kʷo- became Avestan kō "who?"; but *ḱm̥tom became Avestan satəm. They are known as satem branches, after the Avestan word for hundred. Since...

of the Ṛg·veda have cognates or direct correspondences with the ancient Avestan language, but these do not appear in post-Rigvedic Indian texts. The text...

meaning 'to think, recall, reflect, worry over' (compare Sanskrit smárati, Avestan hi-šmaraiti, Ancient Greek mermaírō, Gothic maúrnan). In turn, scholars...

samudra) encircling the center of the cosmos. In Indo-Iranian (Vedic and Avestan) cosmology, a similar concept appears: the world ocean surrounding the...

Slovak Slovene Sorbian Ukrainian Cyrillic alphabet Latin alphabet Iranian Avestan Kurdish Ossetian Pashto Persian Tajik Indo-Aryan Bengali Chakma Gujarati...

Keresaspa may refer to: Kərəsāspa, the Avestan form of the name of Garshasp, a monster-slaying hero in Iranian mythology SS Keresaspa, a cargo ship that...

views, based on a meeting with dasturs in 1864. His studies in Europe of Avestan and Pahlavi gave him assurance in criticising scholarly deficiencies of...

as the "demon of lust". The name Asmodai is believed to derive from the Avestan *aēšma-daēva (𐬀𐬉𐬴𐬨𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬀*, *aēṣ̌madaēuua), where aēšma means...

analyzed as containing the PIE base *bhu(n)d(h)- seen in Sanskrit budhnah and Avestan buna- "bottom", Greek pythmen "foundation", Latin fundus "bottom", Old...

Xionites, Chionites, or Chionitae (Middle Persian: Xiyōn or Hiyōn; Avestan: X́iiaona-; Sogdian xwn; Pahlavi Xyōn) were a nomadic people in the Central...

"horse breeders", or "cavalrymen" (from aśva or aspa, the Sanskrit and Avestan words for "horse"). This view was propounded by scholars like Christian...

in turn, come from the Iranian forms: ariya in Old Persian, airya in Avestan, ariao in Bactrian, ary in Parthian and ēr in Middle Persian. The word...

(water), meaning "having water on two sides". It is cognate with the Young Avestan 'duuaēpa', which means the same. According to the Matsya Purana and the...

attestation of the Middle Persian name Narseh, which ultimately derives from Avestan nairyō.saŋya-. The Middle Persian name Narseh also exists in Georgian as...

only the first-person singular present indicative is given. For Sanskrit, Avestan, Old Persian, Parthian, the third-person singular present indicative is...

Humay-ē Chehrzad (Middle Persian: Humag, Avestan: Humāiiā) was a legendary Kayanian dynasty queen of Iran for around 32 years. She was daughter and perhaps...

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Recession Great Depression Schools of Thought German English Religion Avestan geography Early Christianity Background Reliability Primacy of Peter Opposition...

Civilization c. 2400–1700 Akkadian Empire 2400–2150 Kassites c. 1500–1155 Avestan period c. 1500–500 Neo-Assyrian Empire 911–609 Urartu 860–590 Mannaea 850–616...

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in the Vedas as well as later Hindu scriptures. The word is cognate to Avestan 𐬀𐬯𐬞𐬀 (aspa), Latin equus, Ancient Greek ἵππος (hippos), Proto-Germanic...

sedreh, the kushti is part of the ritual dress of the Zoroastrians. The Avestan term for the sacred thread is aiwyaongana. Kustig is the later Middle Persian...

Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 538. Mallory also connects to this root an Avestan word, and notes that the root is "dialectally restricted to the IE southeast"...

name of the month comes from the Zoroastrian deity Kshatra Vairya. the Avestan word "Xšaθra Vairya," which means "dominion to be chosen". The term "Vairyo"...

Vardar rivers. Axios is Thracian for 'not-shining' related to axšaēna the Avestan word for 'dark-coloured'. Alexandros Axiotis, Greek politician who took...

Darius the Great (r. 522 – 486 BC), who refers to the deity as Auramazdāha. Avestan documents continued to spell the name with two words, a form which may...

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in the Shahnameh with the ancient Iranian hero Kərəsāspa- (Avestan language). In Avestan, he was the son of Θrita- of the Yama clan. The poet adapted...

Translation of the Most Ancient Sacred Texts of Iran, Leiden, 2010. Old Avestan Syntax and Stylistics: With an Edition of the Texts, Berlin: De Gruyter...

maidan. Its ultimate source is Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos – compare Avestan maiδya, Sanskrit मध्य (madhya) and Latin medius. Various versions include...

/sat/, Kh тапәт /tapət/ (from an Indo-Iranian source; cf. Sanskrit saptá, Avestan hapta, both from Proto-Indo-Iranian *saptá < Proto-Indo-European *septḿ̥)...

representing the Wind and Atmosphere. Ram is the Middle Persian name of Raman (Avestan: 𐬭𐬁𐬨𐬀𐬥, rāman), a minor Zoroastrian divinity whose name translates...

Siavash Gender Male Origin Word/name Persian Meaning from Avestan " Syâvaršan", the one with black stallions...

Persian name *ᴴumati, meaning "having good thought," equivalent to the Avestan term humaⁱti (𐬵𐬎𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌). She was given in marriage to the nobleman...

span well over a millennium. They include tehén 'cow' (cf. Avestan daénu); tíz 'ten' (cf. Avestan dasa); tej 'milk' (cf. Persian dáje 'wet nurse'); and nád...

Marwari as using ॸ for ḍa [ɗə] (while ड represents [ɽə]). When used to write Avestan, Devanagari uses letters like ॹ /ʒ/ to represent its sounds. The table...

possibly Yemo, the divine twin of Manu, the first man. The Chinvat Bridge (Avestan Cinvatô Peretûm, "bridge of judgement" or "beam-shaped bridge"), or the...

S2CID 3421618. the words for left, usually never positively biased, were turned into euphemisms in three language groups (Scandinavian, Greek, and Avestan)....

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word is—via Zoroastrian Middle Persian zot—an indirect continuation of Avestan zaotar, with /z/ eventually becoming /j/ because /z/ is not phonemic in...

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and the decipherment of Bactrian, besides contributions to Sogdian and Avestan philology, Ossetic, Elamite and Zoroastrian studies and Achaemenid history...

Recession Great Depression Schools of Thought German English Religion Avestan geography Early Christianity Background Reliability Primacy of Peter Opposition...

Sign Language Arabic Standard Egyptian Hejazi Levantine Moroccan Tunisian Avestan Bashkir Belarusian Bengali Bulgarian Burmese Catalan Chinese Mandarin Cantonese...

Sign Language Arabic Standard Egyptian Hejazi Levantine Moroccan Tunisian Avestan Bashkir Belarusian Bengali Bulgarian Burmese Catalan Chinese Mandarin Cantonese...

Sign Language Arabic Standard Egyptian Hejazi Levantine Moroccan Tunisian Avestan Bashkir Belarusian Bengali Bulgarian Burmese Catalan Chinese Mandarin Cantonese...

dynasty. The name "Rev" derives from Middle Iranian Rēw, itself from the Avestan adjective raēva, meaning "rich, splendid, opulent". He is known exclusively...

archaic poems of the Iranian and Greek language families, the Gathas of old Avestan and Iliad of Homer. The Rigveda's preserved archaic syntax and morphology...

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antiquity of terms for priests such as *atharwan (Vedic atharvan; cognate to Avestan āθrauuan/aθaurun) and *zhautar (Ved. hotar; Av. zaotar) 'invoker, sacrificer'...

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Slovak Slovene Sorbian Ukrainian Cyrillic alphabet Latin alphabet Iranian Avestan Kurdish Ossetian Pashto Persian Tajik Indo-Aryan Bengali Chakma Gujarati...

Slovak Slovene Sorbian Ukrainian Cyrillic alphabet Latin alphabet Iranian Avestan Kurdish Ossetian Pashto Persian Tajik Indo-Aryan Bengali Chakma Gujarati...

century Canadian Aboriginal 1840 Hebrew 3rd c. BCE Pahlavi‡ 2nd c. BCE Avestan 4th century Palmyrene 1st c. BCE Nabataean 2nd c. BCE Arabic 4th century...