Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

Political eras of the United States

Popular votes to political parties during presidential elections
Political parties derivation. Dotted line means unofficially.
Timeline of the development of American political parties and the various party eras

Political eras of the United States refer to a model of American politics used in history and political science to periodize the political party system existing in the United States.

The United States Constitution is silent on the subject of political parties. The Founding Fathers did not originally intend for American politics to be partisan. In Federalist Papers No. 9 and No. 10, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, respectively, wrote specifically about the dangers of domestic political factions. In addition, the first President of the United States, George Washington, was not a member of any political party at the time of his election or throughout his tenure as president.[1] Furthermore, he hoped that political parties would not be formed, fearing conflict and stagnation, as outlined in his Farewell Address.[2]

First Party System

The "First Party System" began in the 1790s with the 1792 re-election of George Washington and the 1796 election of John Adams, and ended in the 1820s with the presidential elections of 1824 and of 1828, resulting in Andrew Jackson's presidency.

George Washington's cabinet

The beginnings of the American two-party system emerged from George Washington's immediate circle of advisers, which split into two camps:

Ironically, Hamilton and Madison wrote the Federalist Papers against political factions, but ended up being the core leaders in this emerging party system. Though distasteful to the participants, by the time John Adams and Thomas Jefferson ran for president in 1796, partisanship in the United States came to being.[3][4]

Era of Good Feelings

The disastrous Panic of 1819 and the Supreme Court's McCulloch v. Maryland reanimated the disputes over the supremacy of state sovereignty and federal power, between strict construction of the US Constitution and loose construction.[5] The Missouri Crisis in 1820 made the explosive political conflict between slave and free soil open and explicit.[6] Only through the adroit handling of the legislation by Speaker of the House Henry Clay was a settlement reached and disunion avoided. [7][8][9]

Jacksonian democracy

"Jacksonian democracy" is a term to describe the 19th-century political philosophy that originated with the seventh U.S. president, The United States presidential election of 1824 brought partisan politics to a fever pitch, with General Andrew Jackson 's popular vote victory (and his plurality in the United States Electoral College being overturned in the United States House of Representatives).[citation needed]

With the decline in political consensus, it became imperative to revive Jeffersonian principles on the basis of Southern exceptionalism.[10][11] The agrarian alliance, North and South, would be revived to form Jacksonian Nationalism and the rise of the Democratic-Republican Party.[12][13] As a result, the Democratic-Republican Party split into the Jacksonian faction, which became the modern Democratic Party in the 1830s, and the Henry Clay faction, which was absorbed by Clay's Whig Party.[citation needed] The term "Jacksonian democracy" was in active use by the 1830s.[14]

Second Party System

Many historians and political scientists use "Second Party System" to describe American politics between the mid-1820s until the mid-1850s. The system was demonstrated by rapidly rising levels of voter interest (with high election day turnouts), rallies, partisan newspapers, and high degrees of personal loyalty to parties.[15][16] It was in full swing with the 1828 United States presidential election, since the Federalists shrank to a few isolated strongholds and the Democratic-Republicans lost unity during the buildup to the American Civil War. describe the operating in the United States.[17]

The political party system of the United states was dominated by two major parties:

  • The Jacksonian Democrats led by Andrew Jackson. The Jacksonian Democrats stood for the "sovereignty of the people" as expressed in popular demonstrations, constitutional conventions, and majority rule as a general principle of governing,
  • The Whig Party, assembled by Henry Clay from the National Republicans and from other opponents of Jackson. Whigs advocated the rule of law, written and unchanging constitutions, and protections for minority interests against majority tyranny.[18]

After taking office in 1829, President Andrew Jackson restructured a number of federal institutions. Jackson's professed philosophy became the nation's dominant political worldview for the remainder of the 1830s, helping his vice president (Martin Van Buren) secure election in the presidential election of 1836. In the presidential election of 1840, the "Whig Party" had its first national victory with the election of General William Henry Harrison, but he died shortly after assuming office in 1841. John Tyler (a self-proclaimed "Democrat") succeeded Harrison, as the first Vice President of the United States to ascend to the presidency via death of the incumbent.

Minor parties of the era included:

Third Party System

The "Third Party System" refers to the period which came into focus in the 1850s (during the leadup to the American Civil War) and ended in the 1890s. The issues of focus during this time: Slavery, the civil war, Reconstruction, race, and monetary issues.

It was dominated by the new Republican Party, which claimed success in saving the Union, abolishing slavery and enfranchising the freedmen, while adopting many Whig-style modernization programs such as national banks, railroads, high tariffs, homesteads, social spending (such as on greater Civil War veteran pension funding), and aid to land grant colleges. While most elections from 1876 through 1892 were extremely close, the opposition Democrats won only the 1884 and 1892 presidential elections (the Democrats also won the popular vote in the 1876 and 1888 presidential elections, but lost the electoral college vote), though from 1875 to 1895 the party usually controlled the United States House of Representatives and controlled the United States Senate from 1879-1881 and 1893-1895. Indeed, some scholars emphasize that the 1876 election saw a realignment and the collapse of support for Reconstruction.[19] The northern and western states were largely Republican, except for the closely balanced New York, Indiana, New Jersey, and Connecticut. After 1876, the Democrats took control of the "Solid South".[20]

Historians and political scientists generally believe that the Third Party System ended in the mid-1890s, which featured profound developments in issues of American nationalism, modernization, and race. This period, the later part of which is often termed the Gilded Age, is defined by its contrast with the preceding and following eras.

Fourth Party System

The "Fourth Party System" is the term used in political science and history for the period in American political history from the mid-1890s to the early 1930s, It was dominated by the Republican Party, excepting when 1912 split in which Democrats (led by President Woodrow Wilson) held the White House for eight years. American history texts usually call the period the Progressive Era. The concept was introduced under the name "System of 1896" by E. E. Schattschneider in 1960, and the numbering scheme was added by political scientists in the mid-1960s.[21]

The era began in the severe depression of 1893 and the extraordinarily intense election of 1896. It included the Progressive Era, World War I, and the start of the Great Depression. The Great Depression caused a realignment that produced the Fifth Party System, dominated by the Democratic New Deal Coalition until the 1970s.

The central domestic issues concerned government regulation of railroads and large corporations ("trusts"), the money issue (gold versus silver), the protective tariff, the role of labor unions, child labor, the need for a new banking system, corruption in party politics, primary elections, the introduction of the federal income tax, direct election of senators, racial segregation, efficiency in government, women's suffrage, and control of immigration. Foreign policy centered on the 1898 Spanish–American War, Imperialism, the Mexican Revolution, World War I, and the creation of the League of Nations. Dominant personalities included presidents William McKinley (R), Theodore Roosevelt (R), and Woodrow Wilson (D), three-time presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan (D), and Wisconsin's progressive Republican Robert M. La Follette, Sr.

The Fourth Party System ended with the Great Depression, a worldwide economic depression that started in 1929. A few years after the Wall Street Crash of 1929, Herbert Hoover lost the 1932 United States presidential election to Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Later systems

The later party systems (with periods indicated in parentheses) include:

References

  1. ^ Chambers, William Nisbet (1963). Political Parties in a New Nation.
  2. ^ Washington's Farewell Address Wikisource has information on "Washington's Farewell Address#20"
  3. ^ Richard Hofstadter, The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780–1840 (1970)
  4. ^ Gordon S. Wood, Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815 (Oxford History of the United States)
  5. ^ Dangerfield 1965, p. 97–98
  6. ^ Wilentz 2006, p. 217,219
  7. ^ Wilentz 2006, p. 42
  8. ^ Brown 1970, p. 25
  9. ^ Wilentz 2006, p. 240
  10. ^ Brown 1970, p. 23,24
  11. ^ Varon, Elizabeth R. (2008). Disunion!: The Coming of the American Civil War, 1789-1859. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 39,40.
  12. ^ Brown 1970, p. 22
  13. ^ Dangerfield 1965, p. 3
  14. ^ The Providence (Rhode Island) Patriot 25 Aug 1839 stated: "The state of things in Kentucky..is quite as favorable to the cause of Jacksonian democracy." cited in "Jacksonian democracy", Oxford English Dictionary (2019)
  15. ^ Brown 1999.
  16. ^ Wilentz 2006.
  17. ^ William G. Shade, "The Second Party System" in Paul Kleppner, et al. Evolution of American Electoral Systems (1983) pp 77-112.
  18. ^ Frank Towers, "Mobtown's Impact on the Study of Urban Politics in the Early Republic.". Maryland Historical Magazine 107 (Winter 2012) pp: 469-75, p 472, citing Robert E, Shalhope, The Baltimore Bank Riot: Political Upheaval in Antebellum Maryland (2009) p. 147
  19. ^ James E. Campbell, "Party Systems and Realignments in the United States, 1868–2004," Social Science History Fall 2006, Vol. 30, Iss. 3, pp. 359–86
  20. ^ Foner 1988.
  21. ^ To cite a standard political science college textbook: "Scholars generally agree that realignment theory identifies five distinct party systems with the following approximate dates and major parties: 1. 1796–1816, First Party System: Jeffersonian Republicans and Federalists; 2. 1840–1856, Second Party System: Democrats and Whigs; 3. 1860–1896, Third Party System: Republicans and Democrats; 4. 1896–1932, Fourth Party System: Republicans and Democrats; 5. 1932–, Fifth Party System: Democrats and Republicans." Robert C. Benedict, Matthew J. Burbank and Ronald J. Hrebenar, Political Parties, Interest Groups and Political Campaigns. Westview Press. 1999. Page 11.

Further reading

  • Brown, Richard H. (1970). "The Missouri Crisis, Slavery, and the Politics of Jacksonianism". South Atlantic Quarterly: 55–72. Cited in Gatell, Frank Otto, ed. (1970). Essays on Jacksonian America. New York City: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
  • Brown, David (Fall 1999). Jeffersonian Ideology And The Second Party System. Vol. 62. pp. 17–44. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  • Dangerfield, George (1965). The Awakening of American Nationalism: 1815-1828. New York City: Harper & Row.
  • Foner, Eric (1988). Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877.
  • Wilentz, Sean (2006). The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln.
Read more information:

Oliver Baumann Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Oliver BaumannTanggal lahir 2 Juni 1990 (umur 33)Tempat lahir Breisach, Jerman BaratTinggi 187 m (613 ft 6 in)Posisi bermain Penjaga gawangInformasi klubKlub saat ini 1899 HoffenheimNomor 1Karier junior0000–2000 FC Bad Krozingen2000–2009 SC FreiburgKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2009– SC Freiburg II 22 (0)2010–2014 SC Freiburg 131 (0)2014– 1899 Hoffenheim 30 (0)Tim nasional‡2008 Jerman U-18 1 (0)2008–2009 Jerman …

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento pittori britannici non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. John William Waterhouse John William Waterhouse (Roma, 6 aprile 1849 – Londra, 10 febbraio 1917) è stato un pittore britannico, appartenente alla corrente preraffaellita. Viene considerato un Preraffaellita moderno[1], in quanto i suoi lavori ri…

SumberjambeKecamatanNegara IndonesiaProvinsiJawa TimurKabupatenJemberPemerintahan • Camat-Populasi • Total- jiwaKode Kemendagri35.09.31 Kode BPS3509260 Desa/kelurahan- Sumberjambe adalah sebuah kecamatan di Kabupaten Jember, Provinsi Jawa Timur, Indonesia. Desa Gunungmalang Pringgondani Randuagung Rowosari Sumberjambe Sumberpakem Plerean Jambearum Cumedak Batas Kecamatan Sumberjambe memiliki batas-batas sebagai berikut: Utara Kecamatan Pujer, Kabupaten Bondowoso Timu…

Questa voce sugli argomenti parlamenti e Ohio è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Camera dei rappresentanti dell'Ohio Stato Stati Uniti Suddivisione Ohio TipoBicamerale SpeakerCliff Rosenberger Numero di membri99 Gruppi politiciMaggioranza (61)      Repubblicano (61) Minoranza (38)      Democratico (38) SedeColumbus, Ohio IndirizzoOhio State House Sito webOhio House of Representatives Modifica …

Blaine AndersonTokoh 'Glee'Darren Criss sebagai Blaine Anderson.PenampilanperdanaNever Been KissedPenciptaRyan MurphyBrad FalchukIan BrennanPemeranDarren CrissInformasiPekerjaanSiswa SMA Blaine Anderson adalah seorang karakter fiksi dalam serial drama Amerika Serikat produksi Fox, Glee. Karakter ini diperankan oleh aktor Darren Criss dan mulai muncul di Glee di episode Never Been Kissed. Karakter Blaine dikembangkan oleh para kreator Glee, Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk, dan Ian Brennan. Blaine merup…

Bataille de La Réunion Informations générales Date 28 novembre 1942 Lieu Saint Denis, La Réunion. Issue Libération de l'île Belligérants  France libre  État français Commandants Jules Évenou André Capagorry Pierre Émile Aubert Émile Hugot Forces en présence Une compagnie de fusiliers marins Contre-torpilleur Léopard 260 militaires Pertes 2 morts Seconde Guerre mondialeBatailles Campagnes de l'Océan Indien (1941-45) Action du 27 février 1941 Action du 8 mai 1941 Bataill…

InangPoster rilis teatrikalNama lainThe WombSutradaraFajar NugrosProduserSusanti DewiDitulis olehDeo MahameruPemeran Naysilla Mirdad Dimas Anggara Rukman Rosadi Lydia Kandou Rania Putrisari Pritt Timothy Nungki Kusumastuti Totos Rasiti Penata musik Aghi Narottama Bemby Gusti Tony Merle SinematograferWendy AgaPenyuntingWawan I. WibowoPerusahaanproduksiIDN PicturesTanggal rilis 7 Juli 2022 (2022-07-07) (Korea Selatan) 13 Oktober 2022 (2022-10-13) (Indonesia) 24 Novemb…

Lorenzo Insigne Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Lorenzo Insigne[1]Tanggal lahir 4 Juni 1991 (umur 32)[1]Tempat lahir Frattamaggiore, Napoli, Italia[2]Tinggi 163 cm (5 ft 4 in)[3]Posisi bermain SayapInformasi klubKlub saat ini TorontoNomor 24Karier junior0000–2006 Olimpia Sant'Arpino2006–2010 NapoliKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2010–2022 Napoli 337 (96)2010 → Cavese (pinjaman) 10 (0)2010–2011 → Foggia (pinjaman) 33 (19)2011–201…

Juri UenoNama asal上野 樹里Lahir25 Mei 1986 (umur 37)Kakogawa, Hyōgo, JepangKebangsaan JepangNama lainJurippePekerjaanAktrisTahun aktif2000 (2000)–sekarangAgenAmuse, Inc.Tinggi167 m (547 ft 11 in)Suami/istriSho Wada ​(m. 2016)​ Juri Ueno (上野 樹里code: ja is deprecated , Ueno Juri, lahir 25 Mei 1986) adalah aktris asal Jepang. Filmografi Film Tahun Judul Peran Catatan 2003 Josee, the Tiger and the Fish Kanae 20…

Everscale Versi pertama7 Mei 2020Genreblockchain terdesentralisasi, mata uang kripto Sunting di Wikidata • L • B • Bantuan penggunaan templat ini Artikel ini berisi konten yang ditulis dengan gaya sebuah iklan. Bantulah memperbaiki artikel ini dengan menghapus konten yang dianggap sebagai spam dan pranala luar yang tidak sesuai, dan tambahkan konten ensiklopedis yang ditulis dari sudut pandang netral dan sesuai dengan kebijakan Wikipedia. Everscale[1][2][…

Mining city in northern Sweden Place in Lapland, SwedenKiruna (Swedish) Giron (Northern Sami)Kiiruna (Finnish)Kiruna - GironClockwise from top: Kiruna skyline by night, Kiruna Church, the Icehotel in Jukkasjärvi, rocket launch at Esrange, bell tower at Kiruna Church.Kiruna (Swedish)Show map of NorrbottenKiruna (Swedish)Show map of SwedenKiruna (Swedish)Show map of European UnionCoordinates: 67°50′56″N 20°18′10″E / 67.84889°N 20.30278°E&#…

DorangDesaNegara IndonesiaProvinsiJawa TengahKabupatenJeparaKecamatanNalumsariKode pos59466Kode Kemendagri33.20.12.2015 Luas... km²Jumlah penduduk3977 jiwaKepadatan... jiwa/km² Dorang adalah desa di kecamatan Nalumsari, Jepara, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Etimologi Dorang di Selatan Pulau Muria Menurut cerita para tetua di desa tersebut, kenapa diberi nama Dorang, karena dulunya desa tersebut adalah sebuah pelabuhan nelayan yang banyak ikan dorang, sehingga disebut juga kampung Dorang saat in…

2021 film by Jeethu Joseph For the Hindi language remake, see Drishyam 2 (2022 film). This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Drishyam 2Promotional posterDirected byJeethu JosephWritten byJeethu JosephProduced byAntony PerumbavoorStarringMohanlalMeenaAnsiba HassanEsther AnilMurali GopyAsha SharathSiddiqueSai KumarCinemato…

Pertemuan cabildo tahun 1810 di Buenos Aires Cabildo (pengucapan bahasa Spanyol: [kaˈβildo]) atau ayuntamiento (bahasa Spanyol: [aʝuntaˈmjento]) adalah sebuah dewan pemerintahan kolonial Spanyol dan awal pasca-kolonial yang memerintah sebuah munisipalitas. Cabildo terkadang ditunjuk, terkadang dipilih; namun mereka dianggap menjadi perwakilan dari seluruh tuan tanah Sumber Din, Gilbert C. (1996) The New Orleans Cabildo: Colonial Louisiana's First City Government, 1769-1803 Louisian…

Santo OnesiforusMeninggalPariumDihormati diGereja Katolik RomaGereja Ortodoks TimurPesta6 September (Katolik)7 September (Ortodoks) Onesiforus (yang artinya membawa keuntungan atau berguna) adalah seorang Kristen yang disebut dalam Surat 2 Timotius (2 Tim 1:16-18 dan 2 Tim 4:19) di Perjanjian Baru. Menurut surat tersebut, yang dikirim oleh St. Paulus, Onesiforus mencari Paulus yang dipenjarakan ketika berada di Roma. Kehidupan Sostenes, Apolos, Kefas, Tikhikus, Epafroditus, Sesarius, dan Onesifo…

LNS Žemaitis patrol vessel employed by Lithuanian Naval Force History Denmark NameFlyvefisken Laid down15 August 1985 Launched26 April 1986 Commissioned19 December 1989 Decommissioned30 May 2008 Lithuania NameŽemaitis CommissionedJuly 2008 Identification MMSI number: 277154000 Callsign: LYPA General characteristics [1] Class and typeFlyvefisken-class patrol vessel Displacement 320 tonnes (315 long tons) light 450 tonnes (443 long tons) full load Length54 m (177 ft 2 in) …

Indian Urdu language poet, author, critic, and theorist (1935–2020) This article is about the Indian Urdu poet. For the Bangladeshi Bengali poet, see Shamsur Rahman (poet). Shamsur Rahman FaruqiBornShamsur Rahman Faruqi30 September 1935Pratapgarh, United Provinces, British India (now in Uttar Pradesh, India)Died25 December 2020(2020-12-25) (aged 85)Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaResting placeAshok Nagar, Allahabad, beside his wifeOccupationPoet, criticLanguageUrduNationalityIndianAlma…

Grumman G-72 Kitten Grumman Kitten adalah monoplane kabin sayap rendah (low wing) 1940 Amerika dirancang dan dibangun oleh Grumman. Dua versi dibangun, G-63 Kitten I dengan landing gear tailwheel ditarik, dan G-72 Kitten II dengan landing gear nosewheel ditarik. Referensi Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions.  The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985). Orbis Publishing. 1985.  Pranala luar Aerofiles - Grumman Diarsi…

Indonesian writer This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Laksmi Pamunt…

TecumsehPotret Tecumseh dari sekitar tahun 1868LahirMaret 1768Di tepi Sungai Scioto, didekat Chillicothe, Ohio(lokasi tidak diketahui, lihat Kehidupan Awal)Meninggal5 Oktober 1813 (usia 45)Moravian of the Thames(yang sekarang Chatham-Kent, Ontario)MakamWalpole Island, KanadaKebangsaanShawneeNama lainTecumtha, TekamthiDikenal atasPerang 1812 Pengepungan Detroit Pertempuran Thames  † Orang tuaPuckshinwa, Methoataske Tecumseh (Maret 1768 – 5 Oktober, 1813), alias Tecumtha atau Tekamth…

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya