Discourse and memorialization of the 1932–1933 Ukraine famine in politics
This article is about discourse and memorialization of the Holodomor. For the question of whether the Holodomor constituted genocide, see Holodomor genocide question.
The Holodomor (Ukrainian: Голодомор, derived from Ukrainian: морити голодом, romanized: moryty holodom, lit. 'to kill by starvation') was a 1932–33 man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine and adjacent Ukrainian-inhabited territories that killed millions of Ukrainians.[1][2] Opinions and beliefs about the Holodomor vary widely among nations. It is considered a genocide by Ukraine, and Ukraine's Ministry of Foreign Affairs has lobbied for the famine to be considered a genocide internationally.[3] By 2022, the Holodomor was recognized as a genocide by the parliaments of 23 countries[4] and the European Parliament,[5] and it is recognized as a part of the Soviet famine of 1932–1933 by Russia. As of June 2023, 35 countries recognise the Holodomor as a genocide (last being the Senate of Italy on July 26, 2023).
Background
The classification of the Holodomor famine as a genocide has been controversial, a situation which was partially attributed to the objections of prominent Holocaust experts who took issue with the politicization of the term genocide. These experts emphasized the fact that there must be an "intent to destroy a whole group of people" and instead of using the word "genocide" as a descriptive term for the Holodomor, they used the term "mass extermination". Raphael Lemkin, who first coined genocide, was a featured speaker at a gathering of Ukrainian Americans which was held to commemorate the twentieth anniversary of the Ukrainian Famine in September 1953,[6] describing the 1932–1933 famine as one aspect of a genocide in Ukraine perpetrated by the Soviet authorities between 1926 and 1946.[7]
During most of the Soviet period, the famine of 1932–1933 was a taboo topic in Soviet Ukraine. Following a series of events, such as the publication in 1986 of Robert Conquest's The Harvest of Sorrow, the broadcasting into Ukraine of its reading aloud on Radio Liberty, the 1988 report of the U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine,[92] and the influence of the new Soviet policy of glasnost, it became acceptable to publicly broach the subject of the famine.[93]Ukrainian Communist Party head Volodymyr Shcherbytsky gave state and party scholars access to official archives and tasked them with discrediting the allegations of an artificial cause for the famine.[93] Unexpectedly, the Soviet committee's report concluded that the famine was not a fraud.[93] The Ukrainian Communist Party passed a resolution blaming the "criminal course pursued by Stalin and his closest entourage".[93]
On 15 May 2003, the Ukrainian parliament also passed a resolution declaring the famine to be an act of genocide deliberately organized by the Soviet government against the Ukrainians.[94] On 28 November 2006, the parliament passed a resolution recognizing the Holodomor as an act of genocide against the "Ukrainian people" and making both public Holodomor denial and public Holocaust denial illegal. Supporting the bill were BYuT (118 deputies), NSNU (79), Socialists (30), 4 independent deputies, and the Party of Regions (2). Opposing the bill were KPU. 200 deputies did not cast a vote. In all, 233 deputies supported the bill, which was more than the minimum of 226 votes required to pass it into law.[8][95][96] Implementing the bill required amendments to the criminal code which were never enacted.[97]
In 2007, Ukrainian president Viktor Yushchenko declared he wanted "a new law criminalising Holodomor denial", including the designation of the Holodomor as genocide or not, but such a law has never been adopted.[98] KPU head Petro Symonenko accused Yushchenko of "using the famine to stir up hatred" and stated he "does not believe there was any deliberate starvation at all".[99]
On 12 January 2010, the court of appeals in Kyiv opened hearings into the "fact of genocide-famine Holodomor in Ukraine in 1932–33". In May 2009, the Security Service of Ukraine started a criminal case "in relation to the genocide in Ukraine in 1932–33".[100] In a ruling of 13 January 2010, Kyiv's court of appeal recognized "the leaders of the totalitarian Bolshevik regime as those guilty of 'genocide against the Ukrainian national group in 1932–33 through the artificial creation of living conditions intended for its partial physical destruction.'"[101] The court dropped criminal proceedings against leaders such as Joseph Stalin, Vyacheslav Molotov, Lazar Kaganovich, Stanislav Kosior, Pavel Postyshev, Vlas Chubar, and others who all had died years before. This decision became effective on 21 January 2010.[102]
Australia
Resolution #680 was adopted by the Australian Senate on 30 October 2003, stating:[78]
The Senate
a) Notes that 2003 is the 70th anniversary of the enforced Famine in the Ukraine caused by the deliberate actions of Stalin's communist government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics;
b) Recalls that an estimated 7 million Ukrainians starved to death as a result of Stalinist policies in 1932–33 alone, and that millions more lost their lives in the purge that ensued for the remainder of the decade;
c) Notes that this constitutes one of the most heinous acts of genocide in history;
75th Anniversary of the Ukrainian Famine
That the House:
(1) notes that 2007 marks the 75th anniversary of the Great Ukrainian Famine—Holodomor of 1932–33, caused by the deliberate actions of Stalin's communist Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics;
(2) recalls that an estimated 7 million Ukrainians starved to death as a result of Stalinist policies in 1932–33 alone, and that millions more lost their lives in the purge that ensued for the remainder of the decade;
(3) notes: (a) that this constitutes one of the most heinous acts of genocide in history; (b) that the Ukrainian Famine was one of the greatest losses of human life in one country in the 20th century; and (c) that it remains insufficiently known and acknowledged by the world community and the United Nations as an act of genocide against the Ukrainian nation and its people, but has been recognised as such by the Verkhovna Rada (Parliament of Ukraine); (4) honours the memory of those who lost their lives; (5) joins the Ukrainian people throughout the world, and particularly in Australia, in commemorating these tragic events; and (6) submits that the Australian Government support a resolution to the General Assembly of the United Nations, which may be submitted by the Government of Ukraine, that the Holodomor in Ukraine in 1932–33 be recognised as an act of genocide against the Ukrainian nation and its people.
Canada
The Holodomor has been recognized by the prime minister of Canada, the Senate of Canada, and the House of Commons of Canada. With the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons, the government of Canada has declared that the fourth Saturday in November be known the Ukrainian Famine and Genocide (Holodomor) Memorial Day.[103] The Senate unanimously adopted a motion on the recognition of the Holodomor as a "Famine-Genocide" in 2003,[80] for Canada "to condemn any attempt to deny or distort this historical truth as anything less than a genocide",[h] and called for a day of remembrance for "those that perished during the time of the Ukrainian Famine Genocide" to be commemorated on the fourth Saturday of November,[i] and for historians, educators, and parliamentarians "to include the true facts of the Ukrainian Famine/Genocide of 1932–33 in the records of Canada and in future educational materials". The day of remembrance was adopted in 2008.[103][104][79]
With the concurrence of the Canadian Senate, the House of Commons passed "An act to establish a Ukrainian Famine and Genocide ('Holodomor') Memorial Day and to recognize the Ukrainian Famine of 1932–33 as an act of genocide", in part stating:[103]
Whereas the Ukrainian Famine and Genocide of 1932-33 known as the Holodomor was deliberately planned and executed by the Soviet regime under Joseph Stalin to systematically destroy the Ukrainian people's aspirations for a free and independent Ukraine, and subsequently caused the death of millions of Ukrainians in 1932 and 1933. ...
Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada, enacts as follows: 1. This Act may be cited as the Ukrainian Famine and Genocide ("Holodomor") Memorial Day Act. 2. Throughout Canada, in each and every year, the fourth Saturday in November shall be known as "Ukrainian Famine and Genocide ("Holodomor") Memorial Day".
Canada has also signed all four of the joint declarations by delegations at the United Nations General Assembly recognizing and condemning the Holodomor.[j] In 2019, an official statement about the genocide was issued from the prime minister Justin Trudeau on Holodomor Memorial Day, in part reading:
Today, we remember the millions of innocent people in Ukraine who suffered and died during the Holodomor. From 1932 to 1933, the totalitarian Soviet regime launched a campaign of starvation across Ukraine. Millions died, and countless others were arrested, deported, or executed in a genocide designed to break their will. In the face of these horrors, the people of Ukraine endured, protecting their language, their culture, and their identity. In 1991, after decades of Soviet rule and oppression, they gained their independence. For too many years, the perpetrators of the Holodomor denied its existence and hid the full extent of the unspeakable suffering from the international community. It falls to each one of us to ensure their stories are never erased.[105]
Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Alberta, Ontario, and Quebec have also passed legislation recognizing the Holodomor similar to those on the national level.[106] The Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan recognized the Holodomor as genocide in 2008 with the passage of The Ukrainian Famine and Genocide (Holodomor) Memorial Day Act. In 2019, the Saskatchewan legislature lit a memorial candle for the duration of Holodomor Memorial Week to commemorate and remember the victims of the famine genocide.[107] A statue titled "Bitter Memories of Childhood" was installed in the park grounds surrounding the Saskatchewan Legislative Building in 2015 to remember the victims of the Holodomor. After attending the candle lighting ceremony in the legislature, Canadian minister Greg Ottenbreit laid a wreath at the statue.[108]
Colombia
The Chamber of Representatives of Colombia passed Resolution 079 in December 2007 recognizing the Holodomor as an act of genocide against the Ukrainian people. The resolution's goal was to "condemn the Genocide, which became the cause of 7 million victims among children, women, men and elderly people."[k][109]
The Russian Federation officially says that the Holodomor is not a genocide.[112] The State Duma passed a resolution in 2008 stating that the Holodomor should not be considered genocide, stating in part: "There is no historical proof that the famine was organized along ethnic lines. Its victims were millions of citizens of the Soviet Union, representing different peoples and nationalities living largely in agricultural areas of the country."[113] The Russian government condemned the Soviet regime's "disregard for the lives of people in the attainment of economic and political goals", along with "any attempts to revive totalitarian regimes that disregard the rights and lives of citizens in former Soviet states", while stating that "there is no historic evidence that the famine was organized on ethnic grounds."[114]
Russian politician Mikhail Kamynin said that Russia is against the politicisation of the Holodomor, and that this question is for historians, not politicians.[115] The State Duma vice-speaker Lyubov Sliska, when asked in Kyiv when Russia would apologize for its part in repressions and famines in Ukraine, replied: "[W]hy always insist that Russia apologize for everything? The people whose policies brought suffering not only to Ukraine, but to Russia, Belarus, peoples of the Caucasus, and Crimean Tatars, remain only in history textbooks, secret documents and minutes of meetings."[115] Ukrainian mass media censured Evgeny Guzeev, the Consul-General of the Russian Federation in Lviv, who stated that "the leaders of the period were sensible people, and it is impossible to imagine that this was planned."[116]Kyiv Post believes that Russia contests the recognition of the famine as a genocide because "as the Soviet Union's legal successor, Russia is also concerned about the possibility of legal action or having to pay reparations."[117]
On 17 November 2007, members from Aleksandr Dugin's Russian nationalist group the Eurasian Youth Union broke into the Ukrainian cultural center in Moscow and smashed an exhibition on the famine.[118] A Moscow Times article reported the event thusly: "The Kremlin argues that genocide is the killing of a population based on their ethnicity, whereas Stalin's regime annihilated all kinds of people indiscriminately, regardless of their ethnicity. But if the Kremlin really believed in this argument, it would officially acknowledge that Stalin's actions constituted mass genocide against all the people of the Soviet Union."[119]
United States
In 2006, the United States government authorized the building of the Holodomor Genocide Memorial in Washington, D.C.[l] The United States Senate also adopted a non-binding resolution on 3 October 2018 recognising the Holodomor as genocide. The resolution reads that the Senate "recognizes the findings of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine as submitted to Congress on April 22, 1988, including that ... 'Stalin and those around him committed genocide against the Ukrainians in 1932–1933.'" As of January 2021, the Senate,[13][120][121] the United States House of Representatives,[122][123] and multiple state governments[124] have recognized the famine as man-made and as an act of genocide.
The "Recognition and Denial of Genocide and Mass Killing in the 20th Century" conference held at City University of New York on 13 November 1987 concluded that millions died in Soviet Ukraine during a famine in 1932–1933 and that the famine was both man-made and widely known. The United States government commission investigating the famine concluded this was part of the central government's attack on Ukrainian nationality and culture. The United States received reports about the famine from diplomatic contacts in Europe. The conference concluded that political considerations regarding the establishment of diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union played a role in not publicly sharing the information. The conference also found that leading American journalists working in the Soviet Union knowingly distorted or omitted information about the famine.[125]
United States Commission on the Ukraine Famine
According to the Commission on the Ukraine Famine, the famine was an act of genocide against the people of Ukraine committed by Stalin. The seizure of the 1932 crop by the Soviet authorities was the main reason for the famine. The commission stated that "while famine took place during the 1932–1933 agricultural year in the Volga Basin and the North Caucasus Territory as a whole, the invasiveness of Stalin's interventions of both the Fall of 1932 and January 1933 in Ukraine are paralleled only in the ethnically Ukrainian Kuban region of the North Caucasus."[92]
Holodomor Genocide Memorial
In 2006, the United States government enacted Public Law 109-340 authorizing the establishment of a memorial to victims of the "famine-genocide". The law was passed by the 109th Congress and signed into law by President George W. Bush and states that "the Government of Ukraine is authorized to establish a memorial on Federal land in the District of Columbia to honor the victims of the Ukrainian famine-genocide of 1932–1933."[l] On 7 November 2015, the Holodomor Genocide Memorial was opened in Washington, D.C.[m]
Officially named The Holodomor Memorial to Victims of the Ukrainian Famine-Genocide of 1932–1933, the memorial is a joint project between the United States and the Ukrainian government, and is operated by the National Park Service. The inscription on the memorial reads: "Famine-Genocide in Ukraine. In memory of the millions of innocent victims of a man-made famine in Ukraine engineered and implemented by Stalin's totalitarian regime."[n]
International recognition
United Nations
On 10 November 2003, the Ukrainian ambassador to the United Nations presented a joint declaration at the United Nations in connection with the 70th anniversary of the Great Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933 to the United Nations General Assembly. It was signed by 25 member delegations, and by the end of the month the list of signatories grew to 36, plus the European Union.[136][137][138] The preamble stated:[139]
In the former Soviet Union millions of men, women and children fell victims to the cruel actions and policies of the totalitarian regime. The Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (Holodomor), took from 7 million to 10 million innocent lives and became a national tragedy for the Ukrainian people. In this regard, we note activities in observance of the seventieth anniversary of this Famine, in particular organized by the Government of Ukraine.
Honouring the seventieth anniversary of the Ukrainian tragedy, we also commemorate the memory of millions of Russians, Kazakhs and representatives of other nationalities who died of starvation in the Volga River region, Northern Caucasus, Kazakhstan and in other parts of the former Soviet Union, as a result of civil war and forced collectivisation, leaving deep scars in the consciousness of future generations.
Valeriy P. Kuchinsky, the chief Ukrainian representative, said that the declaration that the Holodomor was a result of the totalitarian politics of the Soviet regime was a compromise between the position of the Ukrainian government to recognize the Holodomor as genocide, and the positions of the British, Russian, and United States governments to not.[116] Subsequent declarations on significant anniversary dates have recalled the 2003 statement as well as the 2007 UNESCO resolution. The United Nations General Assembly has not recognized the Holodomor as a genocide.[140] Many states signed one or more declarations presented in plenary sessions:
2003, 10 November: Joint statement on the seventieth anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (signed by 36 UNGA members)[137][138][o]
2008, 16 December: Declaration on the seventy-fifth anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (32 members)[141][p]
2013, 12 December: Joint statement on the eightieth anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (32 members)[142][q]
2018, 11 December: Declaration on the eighty-fifth anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (38 members)[71][143][r]
2023, 24 November: declaration by 55 member states.[144]
UNESCO
At the 2007 General Conference of the UNESCO, 193 member delegations unanimously passed a resolution "On Remembrance of Victims of the Great Famine (Holodomor) in Ukraine". The 1 November statement recalled the 2003 United Nations joint statement, expressed sympathy, welcomed, and encouraged members to participate in the upcoming 75th-anniversary commemorations, and requested the director-general to promote awareness of the Holodomor.[145][146][147]
International Commission of Inquiry Into the 1932–1933 Famine in Ukraine
In 2007, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania acting in the Baltic Assembly, issued the statement "On Commemorating the Victims of Genocide and Political Repressions Committed in Ukraine in 1932 and 1933", condemning the genocide and political repressions committed in 1932 and 1933.[150][9] The statement read:
The Baltic Assembly,
acknowledging that genocide and political repressions are crimes against humanity;
condemning the genocide and political repressions committed in 1932 and 1933 as a result of which the Ukrainian people experienced mental and physical sufferings;
emphasizing that the Baltic States truly understand the tragedy of the Ukrainian people because during World War II the Baltic States lost their independence, and hundreds of thousands of their permanent inhabitants were executed or deported to the remote and harsh regions of the Soviet Union;
stressing the Baltic States' solidarity with the Ukrainian people, proposes raising public awareness, especially the awareness of the younger generation, about genocide and other crimes against humanity;
expresses the deepest sympathy to the victims of genocide and political repressions, as well as to the entire Ukrainian people who have endured these sufferings.
Riga, 24 November 2007
EU-Ukraine Parliamentary Cooperation Committee
On 14 November 2013, the EU-Ukraine Parliamentary Cooperation Committee agreed on and issued a joint statement, which stated:
Commemorates with a sense of deep sorrow the victims of the 1932–1933 Holodomor in Ukraine and urges the EU Member States to condemn the criminal actions of the totalitarian USSR regime which orchestrated the Holodomor Ukrainian genocide and to commemorate the millions of victims of the Holodomor, particularly during formal events at the Eastern Partnership Summit in Vilnius on 28 and 29 November 2013.[151][9]
2013 EU-Ukraine Eastern Partnership Summit
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2021)
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
On 3 July 2008, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe passed the resolution condemning the Ukrainian famine acknowledging the direct responsibility of the Soviet action. The resolution called upon all parliaments to take measures on recognition of the fact of Holodomor in Ukraine but fell short of recognizing it as an act of genocide as requested by the document prepared by the Ukrainian delegation.[152][153]
European Parliament
On 23 October 2008, the European Parliament passed a resolution titled "European Parliament resolution of 23 October 2008 on the commemoration of the Holodomor, the Ukraine artificial famine (1932–1933)". The resolution included the following statements:[154][155]
Whereas the Holodomor famine of 1932–1933, which caused the deaths of millions of Ukrainians, was cynically and cruelly planned by Stalin's regime in order to force through the Soviet Union's policy of collectivisation of agriculture against the will of the rural population in Ukraine. ...
Makes the following declaration to the people of Ukraine and in particular to the remaining survivors of the Holodomor and the families and relatives of the victims:
Recognises the Holodomor (the artificial famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine) as an appalling crime against the Ukrainian people, and against humanity;
Strongly condemns these acts, directed against the Ukrainian peasantry, and marked by mass annihilation and violations of human rights and freedoms;
Expresses its sympathy with the Ukrainian people, who suffered in this tragedy, and pays its respects to those who died as a consequence of the artificial famine of 1932–1933;
Calls on the countries which emerged following the break-up of the Soviet Union to open up their archives on the Holodomor in Ukraine of 1932–1933 to comprehensive scrutiny so that all the causes and consequences can be revealed and fully investigated;
Section 4: Millions of innocent people in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine, which were parts of the Soviet Union, lost their lives as a result of mass starvation caused by the cruel and deliberate actions and policies of the Soviet regime.
Section 11: It strongly condemns the cruel policies pursued by the Stalinist regime, which resulted in the death of millions of innocent people, as a crime against humanity. It resolutely rejects any attempts to justify these deadly policies, by whatever purposes, and recalls that the right to life is non-derogable.
Resolution 1723 references Resolution 1481 (2006) on the need for international condemnation of the crimes committed by totalitariancommunist regimes and recognising other groups that were impacted by the wider famine of 1932–1933.[156]
^See European Parliament section for text and references for European Parliament resolution of 23 October 2008 on the commemoration of the Holodomor, the Ukraine artificial famine.
^Referenced is further information about the design and opening of the memorial.[130][131][132]
^Referenced is further information about the design and operation of the memorial.[133][134][135]
^Nations signing the Joint Statement on the Seventieth Anniversary of the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (Holodomor) included Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Egypt, Georgia, Guatemala, Islamic Republic of Iran, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, Pakistan, Peru, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Tajikistan, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the Republic of Korea, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation, the Sudan, the Syrian Arab Republic, the United Arab Emirates, the United States of America, Timor-Leste, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.
^Nations signing the Declaration on the Seventy-Fifth Anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine included Albania, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Canada, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Malta, Monaco, Norway, Poland, Saint Lucia, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
^Nations signing the Joint Statement on the Eightieth Anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine included Albania, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Canada, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
^Nations signing the Declaration on the Eighty-Fifth Anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine included Albania, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[71]
^See Section 11, Resolution 1723, Council of Europe.[156]
Citations
^Jones, Adam (2016). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. p. 90. Holodomor – the Ukrainian "famine-extermination" of 1932–1933 at the hands of Stalin's Soviet regime (Chapter 5); "a compound word combining the root holod 'hunger' with the verbal root mor 'extinguish', 'exterminate' (Lubomyr Hajda, Harvard University).
^- "The famine of 1932–33", Encyclopædia Britannica. Quote: "The Great Famine (Holodomor) of 1932–33—a man-made demographic catastrophe unprecedented in peacetime. Of the estimated six to eight million people who died in the Soviet Union, about four to five million were Ukrainians... Its deliberate nature is underscored by the fact that no physical basis for famine existed in Ukraine... Soviet authorities set requisition quotas for Ukraine at an impossibly high level. Brigades of special agents were dispatched to Ukraine to assist in procurement, and homes were routinely searched and foodstuffs confiscated... The rural population was left with insufficient food to feed itself."
^ abAndriewsky, Olga (23 January 2015). "Towards a Decentred History: The Study of the Holodomor and Ukrainian Historiography". East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies. 2 (1): 18–52. doi:10.21226/T2301N. ISSN2292-7956. On 28 November 2006, the Parliament of Ukraine, with the president's support and in consultation with the National Academy of Sciences, voted to recognize the Ukrainian Famine of 1932–33 as a deliberate act of genocide against the Ukrainian people ("Zakon Ukrainy pro Holodomor"). A vigorous international campaign to have the United Nations, the Council of Europe, and other governments do the same was subsequently initiated by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
^ abBorysov, Dmytro. "Російський дипломат заперечив голодомор" [Russian diplomat denies the Holodomor]. Lvivska Hazeta (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 1 December 2005. У серпні цього року Валерій Кучинський, голова постійного представництва України при ООН, розповів під час зустрічі з українськими журналістами, що текст цієї спільної заяви став компромісом між членами ООН, прибічниками визнання Голодомору 1932-1933 рр. актом геноциду й опонентами цієї ідеї, зокрема Великобританії, США та Росії. У Великобританії та США, на думку експертів, були свої підстави опонувати визнанню Голодомору 1932-1933 рр. в Україні актом геноциду – серед яких, відповідно, жорстка колоніальна політика в минулому та дискримінація й винищення корінного населення США. Натомість компромісною формулою для засудження Голодомору 1932-1933 рр., за словами Валерія Кучинського, стало визнання його результатом політики тоталітарного режиму. [full text invisible due to an HTML error, but present in the archived web page's source code]
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Border Terrier Negara asal Inggris - Skotlandia Ciri-ciri Klasifikasi & standar FCI Grup 3 Seksi 1 #10 standar AKC Terrier standar ANKC Group 2 (Terriers) standar CKC Group 4 - Terriers standar KC (UK) Terrier standar NZKC Terrier standar UKC Terriers standar Border Terrier adalah salah satu ras anjing kecil yang berasal dari daerah perbatasan Skotlandia dan Inggris sejak abad ke-19.[1] Anjing ini sering digunakan untuk berburu berang-berang, rubah, dan berbagai hewan liar lainnya.…
Kampanye militer PescadoresBagian dari Invasi Jepang ke Taiwan (1895)Peta Pescadores di bawah pendudukan JepangTanggal23–26 Maret 1895LokasiPescadores, TaiwanHasil Kemenangan JepangPihak terlibat Jepang Kekaisaran QingTokoh dan pemimpin Kolonel Hishijima Zhu ShangpanKekuatan 5.500 personel dan beberapa kapal perang 5.000 personel dan beberapa benteng pantaiKorban Minimal1.500 meninggal karena penyakit Parah Kampanye militer Pescadores (23–26 Maret 1895) adalah operasi militer terakhir dalam …
Deepa Gahlot adalah seorang kritikus teater dan film, penulis buku, dan penulis naskah. Ia telah menulis beberapa buku tentang perfilman, menerjemahkan beberapa drama (oleh Manav Kaul dan Paresh Mokashi) ke dalam bahasa Inggris dan mengadaptasi novel Paulo Coelho The Alchemist untuk panggung. Selain itu, ia telah menulis dan menyutradarai beberapa film dokumenter dan acara radio, dan telah mengedit jurnal NFDC[1] dan WICA. Referensi ^ http://nfaipune.nic.in/pdf/Book%20List%20for%20Websit…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. Domenico MeccoliLahir(1913-01-04)4 Januari 1913Assisi, ItaliaMeninggal21 November 1983(1983-11-21) (umur 70)Roma, ItaliaPekerjaanKritikus film, wartawan, penulis naskah, pemeranTahun aktif1939-1955 Domenico Meccoli (4 Januari 1913 –&…
Kolleen ParkLahir01 Mei 1967 (umur 56)Amerika SerikatAlmamaterCalifornia Institute of the ArtsUniversitas Nasional Seoul Nama KoreaHangul박칼린 Alih AksaraBak Kalrin Kolleen Park (lahir 1 Mei 1967) adalah seorang sutradara musik, konduktor dan pemeran asal Korea Selatan kelahiran Amerika, dan juga merupakan juri di acara bakat Korea Korea's Got Talent. Latar belakang Kolleen lahir di Amerika Serikat dari ayah Korea dan ibu Amerika berdarah Lithuania. Kolleen memiliki dua saudari bernama …
Dwi Wahyudi Irpers Itum ItjenadPetahanaMulai menjabat 21 Januari 2022 Informasi pribadiLahir1 Oktober 1966 (umur 57)IndonesiaAlma materAkademi Militer (1991)Karier militerPihak IndonesiaDinas/cabang TNI Angkatan DaratMasa dinas1991—2024Pangkat Brigadir Jenderal TNINRP1910038131066SatuanInfanteriSunting kotak info • L • B Brigadir Jenderal TNI Dwi Wahyudi, S.A.N., M.M. (lahir 1 Oktober 1966) adalah seorang perwira tinggi TNI-AD yang sejak 21 Januari 2022 menjaba…
Almogavar Catalunya. Almogavar (Spanyol: almogávarescode: es is deprecated , bahasa Aragon: almugávares, Katala: almogàverscode: ca is deprecated dan Portugis: almogávarescode: pt is deprecated ) adalah kelompok tentara dari kerajaan-kerajaan Kristen di Semenanjung Iberia pada masa Reconquista dari abad ke-13 hingga ke-14.[1] Almogavar adalah pasukan darat yang berpakaian ringan dan dapat bergerak dengan cepat. Mereka berasal dari Kerajaan Aragon, Kepangeranan Catalunya, Kerajaan…
John Jacob Astor IV pada tahun 1909 John Jacob Astor IV (13 Juli 1864 – 15 April 1912 adalah seorang miliuner asal Amerika Serikat. Ia meninggal pada tanggal 15 April 1912 dalam bencana Titanic. Peninggalan Hotel yang bernama St.Regis di New York, Amerika Serikat.Berdiri pada tahun 1904 Kehidupan pribadi Ia memiliki tiga orang anak, yakni Vincent Astor, Ava Alice Muriel Astor, dan John Jacob Astor VI. Vincent dan Ava merupakan anak dari hasil pernikahannya dengan Ava Lowle Willin…
Leonhard Euler adalah seorang matematikawan dan fisikawan asal Swiss dari abad ke-18, yang paling produktif dalam bidang-bidangnya. Sir Isaac Newton merupakan salah satu matematikawan yang terkenal Matematikawan atau ahli matematika adalah seseorang yang bidang studi dan penelitiannya dalam bidang matematika. Istilah ini juga ditujukan kepada orang yang ahli ilmu Matematika. Sebagian orang percaya bahwa matematika telah dimengerti secara keseluruhan, padahal masih banyak masalah yang belum terpe…
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Canadian video game developer The CoalitionFormerlyZipline Studios(2010–2011)Microsoft Game Studios Vancouver(2011–2012)Black Tusk Studios(2012–2015)Company typeSubsidiaryIndustryVideo gamesFoundedFebruary 2010; 14 years ago (2010-02)HeadquartersVancouver, CanadaKey peopleMike Crump (studio head)ProductsGears of War series (2014–present)Number of employees200[1] (2015)ParentXbox Game StudiosWebsitethecoalitionstudio.com The Coalition (formerly Zipline …
Tennis at the 1990 Asian GamesVenueInternational Tennis CenterDates24 September – 5 October← 19861994 → Tennis were contested at the 1990 Asian Games in Beijing International Tennis Center, Beijing, China from September 24 to October 5, 1990. Tennis had team, doubles, and singles events for both men and women, as well as a mixed doubles competition, a total of seven events. Medalists Event Gold Silver Bronze Men's singlesdetails Pan Bing China Zhang Jiuhua …