The currency of Kievan Rus' in the 11th century was the grivna. The word is thought to derive from the Slavicgriva; which compares with the Ukrainian, Russian, Bulgarian, and Serbo-Croatian word грива (griva, meaning "mane"). It might have indicated something valuable to be worn around the neck, that was usually made of silver or gold, and may be related to the Bulgarian and Serbian term grivna (гривна, "bracelet").[citation needed]
The word was used to describe silver or gold ingots of a certain weight.[citation needed]
Plural forms
The nominative plural of hryvnia is hryvni (Ukrainian: гривні), while the genitive plural is hryven’ (Ukrainian: гривень). In Ukrainian, the nominative plural form is used for numbers ending with 2, 3, or 4, as in dvi hryvni (дві гривні, "2 hryvni"), and the genitive plural is used for numbers ending with 5 to 9 and 0, for example sto hryven’ (сто гривень, "100 hryven’"); for numbers ending with 1 the nominative singular form is used, for example dvadtsiat’ odna hryvnia (двадцять одна гривня, "21 hryvnia"). An exception for this rule is numbers ending in 11, 12, 13 and 14 for which the genitive plural is also used, for example, dvanadciat’ hryven’ (дванадцять гривень, "12 hryven’"). The singular for the subdivision is копійка (kopiyka), the nominative plural is копійки (kopiyky) and the genitive is копійок (kopiyok).[citation needed]
Currency sign
Hryvnia currency sign
The hryvnia sign is a cursiveUkrainian letterHe (г), with a double horizontal stroke (₴), symbolizing stability, similar to that used in other currency symbols such as the yen and Chinese yuan (¥, a symbol the currencies share), euro (€), and Indian rupee (₹). The sign was encoded as U+20B4 in Unicode 4.1 and released in 2005.[4] It is now supported by most systems. In Ukraine, if the hryvnia sign is unavailable, the Cyrillic abbreviation "грн" is used (which can be transliterated as "hrn").[citation needed]
Following its declared secession from Russia, the Ukrainian National Republic initially named its currency the hryvnia after the grivna of Kievan Rus'; these were designed by Heorhiy Narbut. The karbovanets was issued from 1919 to 1920 before being supplanted by the Soviet ruble, following Ukraine's absorption into the Soviet Union. The karbovanets was reintroduced during the Axis occupation of Ukraine during World War II.[citation needed] The Soviet ruble returned after World War II.
The introduction of the hryvnia was done in a covert fashion.[6] It was introduced according to the Presidential Decree of 26 August 1996, published three days later. During the transition period, 2–16 September, both hryvnias and karbovanets could be used, but change could only be given in hryvnias. All bank accounts were converted to hryvnias automatically. During the transition period, 97% of karbovanets were taken out of circulation, with 56% being removed in the first five days of the currency reform.[6] After 16 September 1996, any remaining karbovanets in circulation could be exchanged for hryvnias in banks.[citation needed]
On 18 March 2014, following the Russian annexation of Crimea, the interim administration of the Republic of Crimea announced that the hryvnia was to be dropped as the region's currency the following month.[7] It was replaced by the Russian ruble on 21 March 2014;[8] the hryvnia was allowed to be used for cash payments until 1 June.[8] Because of a lack of low-denomination Russian rubles in those raions of the Donbas under the control of the pro-Russian separatist states of Donetsk and Luhansk, the hryvnia remained the predominant currency until 2022.[9]
Coins were first struck for the new currency in 1992, but were not introduced until September 1996. Initially, coins valued between 1 and 50 kopiyky were issued. In March 1997, ₴1 coins were added. Since 2004, commemorative ₴1 coins have been struck.
In October 2012, the National Bank of Ukraine announced that it was examining the possibility of withdrawing the 1 and 2 kopiyky coins from circulation,[10] as they had become too expensive to produce. After 2013, 1 and 2 kopiyky coins were not produced, but remained in circulation until 1 October 2019.[11] On 26 October 2012, the National Bank of Ukraine announced it was considering the introduction of a ₴2 coin.[12] Officially, as of 1 July 2016, 12.4 billion coins, with a face value of ₴1.4 billion were in circulation.[13] On 1 October 2019, 1, 2 and 5 kopiyky coins ceased to be legal tender. They can be still changed at banks.[14]
In 1996, the first series of hryvnia banknotes was introduced into circulation by the National Bank of Ukraine. They were dated 1992 and were in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 hryvnias. The design of the banknotes was developed by Ukrainian artists Vasyl Lopata and Borys Maksymov.[19][20] The one hryvnia banknotes were printed by the Canadian Bank Note Company in 1992. The two, five and ten hryvnia banknotes were printed two years later. The banknotes were stored in Canada until they were put into circulation.[19]
Banknotes of the first series in denominations of 50 and 100 hryvnias also existed but were not introduced because these nominals were not needed in the economic crisis of the mid-1990s.
Also in 1996, the 1, 50, and 100 hryvnia notes of the second series were introduced, with 1 hryvnia dated 1994. The banknotes were designed and printed by Britain's De La Rue.[21] Since the opening of the Mint of the National Bank of Ukraine in cooperation with De La Rue in March 1994, all banknotes have been printed in Ukraine.[21]
Later, higher denominations were added. The 200 hryvnia notes of the second series were introduced in 2001, followed by the 500 hryvnia notes of the third series in 2006, and 1000 hryvnia notes of fourth series in 2019.
The 100 hryvnia denomination is quite common due to its moderately high value. Also common is the 200 and 500 hryvnia, as most Ukrainian ATMs dispense currency in these denominations.
In 2016, the NBU paper factory started producing banknote paper using flax instead of cotton.[22]
In 2019, the National Bank of Ukraine introduced a 1,000 hryvnia banknote and was issued into circulation on 25 October 2019.[23] The introduction of the new banknote was in response to the National Bank of Ukraine's efforts of streamlining the number of coins and banknotes already in circulation. The 1, 2, 5 and 10 hryvnia banknotes will continue to be legal tender alongside its equivalent coins in general circulation, while being withdrawn from circulation from repeated use in commerce.
In 2019, the National Bank of Ukraine introduced a revised 50 hryvnia banknote into circulation on 20 December 2019 and issued a revised 200 hryvnia banknote on 25 February 2020, thereby completing the family of notes which began with the issuance of the 100 hryvnia banknote in 2015.
These images are to scale at 0.7 pixel per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.
Exchange rates
Official NBU exchange rate at moment of introduction was UAH 1.76 per 1 US dollar.[24]
Following the Asian financial crisis in 1998, the currency was devalued to UAH 5.6 = USD 1.00 in February 2000. Later, the exchange rate remained relatively stable at around 5.4 hryvnias for 1 US dollar and was fixed to 5.05 hryvnias for 1 US dollar from 21 April 2005 until 21 May 2008. In mid-October 2008 rapid devaluation began, in the course of a global financial crisis that hit Ukraine hard, with the hryvnia dropping 38.4% from UAH 4.85 for 1 US dollar on 23 September 2008 to UAH 7.88 for 1 US dollar on 19 December 2008.[25] After a period of instability, a new peg of 8 hryvnias per US dollar was established, remaining for several years. In 2012, the peg was changed to a managed float (much like that of the Chinese yuan) as the euro and other European countries' currencies weakened against the dollar due to the European debt crisis, and the value in mid-2012 was about ₴8.14 per dollar.[citation needed]
As from 7 February 2014, following political instability in Ukraine, the National Bank of Ukraine changed the hryvnia into a fluctuating/floating currency in an attempt to meet IMF requirements and to try to enforce a stable price for the currency in the Forex market.[26] In 2014 and 2015, the hryvnia lost about 70% of its value against the U.S. dollar, with the currency reaching a record low of ₴33 per dollar in February 2015.[27]
On 31 July 2019, the hryvnia to U.S. dollar exchange rate in the interbank foreign exchange market strengthened to ₴24.98 — the highest level in 3 years.[28]
Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the official exchange rate of hryvnia was fixed at ₴29.25 per U.S. dollar and ₴33.17 per euro. On 21 July 2022, it was devalued to ₴36.5686 per US dollar,[29] to bring it into alignment with the black market.[30]
The international mid-market exchange rate fluctuates, but values the hryvnia slightly lower than the official rate.[31]
Hryvnia exchange rate to US dollar (from 1996) and Euro (from 1999)
^"Archived". Archived from the original on 2016-05-06. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
^Langer, Lawrence N. (2002). "Grivna". Historical Dictionary of Medieval Russia. Scarecrow Press. pp. 56–57. ISBN9780810866188. Archived from the original on 2020-01-17. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. BIKO 3 Publikasi-GenreStalkerKarakteristik teknisPlatformWindows Format kode Daftar 30 Informasi tambahanSitus webillusion.jp… (Jepang) MobyGamesbiko-3 Portal permainan videoSunting di Wikidata • L • B • PWBantuan penggunaan te…
Kastel Scarborough Bagian dari North Yorkshire Scarborough, Inggris Koordinat 54°17′13″N 0°23′17″W / 54.287°N 0.388°W / 54.287; -0.388Koordinat: 54°17′13″N 0°23′17″W / 54.287°N 0.388°W / 54.287; -0.388 Dibangun Abad ke-12 Pembangun William le Gros Bahanbangunan Batu kapur Batu pasir Tinggi 49 kaki (15 m) Digunakan Akses publik Kondisisaat ini Reruntuhan Pemiliksaat ini The Crown Pengawas English Heritage Peristiwa Peran…
Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Kayu Jati, Panyabungan, Mandailing Natal – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Kayu JatiKelurahanNegara IndonesiaProvinsiSumatera UtaraKabupatenMandailing NatalKecamatanPanyabunganKodepos…
Sebuah penyuntik vagina berbentuk bohlam. Perhatikan lubang-lubang kecil di ujungnya (sekitar 1cm, atau setebal 1/2 inci). Pancuran vagina hanya digunakan untuk mendouche saja, yaitu dengan menganti ujung mocong enema dengan moncong vaginal (di kiri bawah). Moncong vaginal memiliki ciri lebih panjang, lebih tebal, dan memiliki lubang. Douche adalah alat yang digunakan untuk mengalirkan air ke seluruh tubuh dengan tujuan medis atau kebersihan, atau mengalirkan air itu sendiri. Kata douche berasal…
Wikispecies mempunyai informasi mengenai Eucrosia. Eucrosia Pokok eucrosia pada pekarangan rumah di Indonesia TaksonomiDivisiTracheophytaSubdivisiSpermatophytesKladAngiospermaeKladmonocotsOrdoAsparagalesFamiliAmaryllidaceaeSubfamiliAmaryllidoideaeTribusStenomesseaeGenusEucrosia Ker Gawl., 1817 lbs Eucrosia adalah salah satu Genus tanaman berbunga yang berasal dari Amerika Selatan. Spesies Hingga Maret 2014[update], menurut World Checklist of Selected Plant Families mengakui 8 spesie…
Nama Inggris: Boon Lay Tionghoa: 文礼 (Pinyin: Wénlǐ) Melayu: Boon Lay Tamil: பூன் லே Blok-blok HDB di kawasan Boon Lay Place. Boon Lay (Hanzi: 文礼; Hanzi: Wénlǐ) adalah tempat di Singapura, yang berlokasi di antara Jurong West dengan tempat yang terbaru yaitu Ekstensi Jurong West. Tempat tersebut dilayani dengan Stasiun MRT Boon Lay, Singapura berkode EW27 dan Stasiun MRT Lakeside, Singapura berkode EW26. Di dekat stasiun terdapat juga Terminal Pergantian Bus Boon L…
Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources (mai 2020). Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les références utiles à sa vérifiabilité et en les liant à la section « Notes et références » En pratique : Quelles sources sont attendues ? Comment a…
مارغريتا فيكتوريا غارسيا معلومات شخصية الميلاد 2 يناير 1984 (40 سنة)[1] ميورقة الجنسية إسبانيا الحياة العملية الفرق بيزكايا دورانجو [لغات أخرى] (12 مارس 2015–2017)موفيستار للسيدات [لغات أخرى] (2018–2019)يو أي أيه تيم [لغات أخرى] (2020–2022)ليف ريس…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Festival Kotagede adalah kegiatan atau acara seni dan budaya tahunan yang diadakan di daerah Kotagede, Yogyakarta. Festival Kotagede ini pertama kali diselenggarakan pada tahun 1999. Festival ini diadakan sebagai wadah untuk pengembangan seni budaya, peni…
OlzaCiri-ciri fisikHulu sungai - lokasiSilesian Beskids, Cieszyn Silesia Muara sungai - lokasiSungai OderPanjang99 km (16 km di Polandia, 83 km di Republik Ceko)[1] (beberapa sumber mencatat 86,2 km)[2][3][4][5] Olzaⓘ (Ceska: Olšecode: cs is deprecated , Jerman: Olsacode: de is deprecated ) adalah sebuah sungai yang mengalir di wilayah perbatasan tenggara Polandia dan Republik Ceko. Sungai ini merupakan anak sungai Oder. …
Pencairan, pelelehan atau peleburan (kadang-kadang disebut fusi) adalah proses yang menghasilkan perubahan fase zat dari padat ke cair. Energi internal dari zat padat meningkat (biasanya karena panas) mencapai temperatur tertentu (disebut titik leleh) saat zat ini berubah menjadi cair.Benda yang telah mencair sepenuhnya disebut benda cair. Titik leleh zat adalah sifat khas, atau berbeda-beda tergantung jenis zat tersebut. Titik leleh tidak sama dengan titik beku. Ini sama dalam fenomena yang dik…
Wide avenue in Mexico City For the shopping mall in Nuevo Laredo, see Paseo Reforma. Paseo de la ReformaPaseo de la Reforma as seen from Chapultepec CastleLength14.7 km (9.1 mi)LocationMexico City, MexicoNearest metro stationAuditorio, Garibaldi / Lagunilla, HidalgoCoordinates19°26′04″N 99°09′07″W / 19.43444°N 99.15194°W / 19.43444; -99.15194 Paseo de la Reforma skyline Paseo de la Reforma (literally Promenade of the Reform) is a wide avenue that run…
Park in Mendocino County, California Hendy Woods State ParkOld-growth redwoods in Hendy WoodsShow map of CaliforniaShow map of the United StatesLocationMendocino County, California, United StatesNearest cityPhilo, CaliforniaCoordinates39°4′N 123°28′W / 39.067°N 123.467°W / 39.067; -123.467Area816 acres (330 ha)Established1958Governing bodyCalifornia Department of Parks and Recreation Hendy Woods State Park is a California state park, located in the …
GaugeGauge in 2013Lahir24 Juli 1980 (umur 43)Hot Springs, Arkansas, Amerika Serikat Gauge (lahir 24 Juli 1980) adalah seorang pemeran pornografi, dan penari berkebangsaan Amerika Serikat.[1][2] Karier Setelah muncul di sekitar 140 film, Gauge meninggalkan industri film porno pada tahun 2005[3] karena perselisihan kontrak dengan perusahaan manajemennya. Dia disertifikasi sebagai teknolog bedah, tetapi dia melaporkan bahwa dia sering ditolak pekerjaan karena karir film…
ثقافة — جغرافيا — تاريخ — علوم — مجتمع — تقانة — رياضة قائمة البوابات مرحباّ بِكم في بـوابة العـراق بەخێربێن بۆ دەروازەی عێراق بوابة مشروع تصنيفات عدّل عن العراق Flag of Iraq Coat of Arms of Iraq العراق (رسميا: جمهورية العراق) (بالكردية:كۆماری عێراق)، إحدى دول غرب آسيا المطلة على الخل…
Звезда и полумесяц Звезда и полумесяц на монете Ардашира III Звёзды (или звезда́) и полуме́сяц были широко распространены по всему древнему миру, в Восточном Средиземноморье и Центральной Азии[1]. Содержание 1 История символа 2 См. также 3 Примечания 4 Литература 5 Ссылки И…
العلاقات الإسبانية المصرية إسبانيا مصر إسبانيا مصر تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات الإسبانية المصرية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين إسبانيا ومصر.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقارنة إسبانيا مصر …
Коэффициент зацепления — целочисленная характеристика пары пространственных замкнутых кривых без пересечений и самопересечений, описывающая суммарное количество раз, которое одна кривая в определённом смысле зацепляется за другую. Коэффициент зацепления является …
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (ديسمبر 2018) دان ماسون معلومات شخصية الميلاد 9 فبراير 1857 سيراكيوز الوفاة 6 يوليو 1929 (72 سنة) بيرزفيل [لغات أخرى] مواطنة الولايات المتحدة الحيا…
Scottish physician and botanist (1829–1880) Dr William Lauder Lindsay FRSE FLS LRCS (19 December 1829-24 November 1880) was a Scottish physician and botanist. As a physician he largely worked in the field of mental health. As a botanist he specialised in lichens. Life The grave of William Lauder Lindsay, Dean Cemetery, Edinburgh He was born on 19 December 1829 at 20 Gardners Crescent[1] in western Edinburgh the son of Helen Baird Lauder (1804-1883) and her husband James Lindsay of Regi…