After the October Revolution the Kievan faction of the Bolshevik Party instigated the uprising in Kiev on 8 November 1917 in order to establish Soviet power in the city. Kiev Military District forces attempted to stop it, but after the Tsentralna Rada threw its support behind the Bolsheviks, the Russian forces were eliminated from Kiev. After expelling the government forces, the Rada announced a wider autonomy for the Ukrainian Republic, still maintaining ties to Russia, on 22 November 1917. The territory of the republic was proclaimed by the Third Universal 20 November 1917 (7 November by Old Style)[4] of the Tsentralna Rada encompassing the governorates: Volyn, Kiev, Podolie, Chernigov, Poltava, Kharkov, Yekaterinoslav, Kherson, Taurida (not including Crimea). It also stated that the people of the governorates: Voronezh, Kholm, and Kursk were welcome to join the republic through a referendum. Further the Tsentralna Rada in its Universal stated that because there was no Government in the Russian Republic after the October Revolution it proclaimed itself the Supreme governing body of the territory of Ukraine until order in the Russian republic could be restored. The Central Council of Ukraine called all revolutionary activities such as the October Revolution a civil war and expressed its hopes for the resolution of the chaos.
After a brief truce, the Bolsheviks realized that the Rada had no intention of supporting the Bolshevik Revolution. They re-organized into an All-Ukrainian Council of Soviets in December 1917 in an attempt to seize power. When that failed due to the Bolsheviks' relative lack of popularity in Kiev, they moved to Kharkov. The Bolsheviks of Ukraine declared the government of the Ukrainian People's Republic outlawed and proclaimed the Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets with capital in Kiev, claiming that the government of the People's Secretaries of Ukraine was the only government in the country. The Bolshevik Red Army entered Ukraine from the Russian SFSR in support of the local Soviet government. As the relationships between members within the Tsentralna Rada soured, a series of regional Soviet republics on the territory of Ukraine proclaimed their independence and allegiance to the Petrograd sovnarkom (Odesa Soviet Republic (southern Ukraine), Donetsk-Krivoi Rog Soviet Republic (eastern Ukraine)). The Donetsk-Kryvoi Rog Republic was created by a direct decree of Lenin as part of the Russian SFSR with its capital in Kharkov. That decree was successfully implemented by Fyodor Sergeyev who became the chairman of the local government as well as joining the Soviet government of Ukraine, simultaneously. Unlike Fyodor Sergeyev's Republic, the Odesa Republic was not recognized by any other Bolshevik governments and on its own initiative had entered a military conflict with Romania for control over the Moldavian Democratic Republic, whose territory it was contesting.
1919 Ukraine People's Republic Diplomatic passport issued for serving in Switzerland
Timeline
The following information is based on the exposition of the Museum of Soviet occupation in Kiev (Memorial in Kiev).[5]
4 April – recreation of Prosvita, establishment of the Ukrainian Cooperative Committee, and the Temporary Military Council, liberation of the people of Galicia, particularly Andrey Sheptytsky
11 April – establishment of the Ukrainian Military Society of Hetman Polubotok headed by Mykola Mikhnovsky, organization of the 1st Ukrainian Volunteer Regiment of Bohdan Khmelnytsky
13 April – a big demonstration took place in Kiev with over 100,000 people, establishment of the Ukrainian National Council in Petrograd
2–4 May – the Ukrainian National Congress took place in Kiev, involving about 900 delegates, the Congress confirmed the composition of the Ukrainian Central Council of 150 members headed by Mykhailo Hrushevsky
17 May – the commander of the Southwestern Front General Brusilov permitted the organization of the Bohdan Khmelnytsky Regiment which drafted 3,574 volunteers
10–15 June – the 1st All-Ukrainian Peasant Congress took place in Kiev in which 2,200 delegates participated
11 June – extraordinary congress of the council of Ukrainian Military Society of Doroshenko in Simferopol decided to create a separate Ukrainian Regiment
18–24 June – ignoring the prohibition of the Russian Provisional Government, the 2nd Ukrainian Military Congress took place in Kiev. The congress accepted the declaration of a detailed plan of Ukrainization of the Russian Army, leaving Symon Petlyura as the head of the Ukrainian General Military Committee. The congress showed its support to the Ukrainian Central Council. The council of Kharkov Governorate recognized the Ukrainian Central Council as a government authority in Ukraine
24 June – announcement of the 1st Universal (Declaration) of the Ukrainian Central Council at Sofiyivska Ploshcha (Sofia Square)
14 July – the Ukrainian Central Council adopted that Petty Council consisting of 40 representatives from Ukrainian and 18 from national minorities
16 July – the Petty Council adopted the 2nd Universal (Declaration) of the Ukrainian Central Council
29 July – the Petty Council adopted the Statute of the Highest Government of Ukraine
8 August – a terrorist attack took place at the railroad station "Post-Volynsky" (Kiev) where the newly formed Bohdan Khmelnytsky Regiment was attacked by the Moscow cuirassiers and Don Cossacks
22 September – the Petty Council adopted the declaration about the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly. The representatives of national minorities in the Petty Council condemned the intentions of Ukraine to separate from Russia
27 September – start of the State Democratic Convention in Petrograd
13 October – by the petition of the Kiev Court Chamber the Russian Provisional Government initiates investigation against the General Secretariat for the intention to convene the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly
7 November – October Revolution in Petrograd. Petty Council created of the Regional Committee in Protection of Revolution in Ukraine. The committee announced the extension of its powers over the nine Ukrainian governorates
8 November – the Ukrainian Central Council adopted a resolution which condemned the revolution. In protest, the Bolsheviks left the Regional Committee and the Ukrainian Central Council
9 November – the commander of the Kiev Military District General Kvetsinsky refused to recognize the Regional Committee which in turn was dissolved transferring all its powers to the General Secretariat
11 November – arrested Bolsheviks of a revolutionary committee. The Ukrainian Central Council adopted a bill about elections to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly handing to the Petty Council to finalize the law and conduct the elections
14 November – the Ukrainian Central Council and the General Secretary are recognized as state authorities. The General Secretary of Military Affairs Symon Petliura subordinates the Kiev militia (law enforcement) to the Ukrainian government
20 November – after the announcement of the 3rd Universal (Declaration) the deputies of Russian Cadets V. Krupkov and Polish Kolo V. Rudnytsky surrendered their mandates of the Ukrainian Central Council
21 November – the General Secretary of Military Affairs Symon Petliura appoints General Pavlo Skoropadsky a commander of the Right-bank Ukraine armed forces
22 November – in the presence of the French, Italian, and Romanian diplomatic missions, the 3rd Universal (Declaration) was announced at Sofiyivska Ploshcha (Sofia Square)
27 November – the Ukrainian Central Council adopted a resolution regarding the Kholm Governorate protesting its annexation by Poland
30 November – General Secretariat announced that Sovnarkom is not a legal authority of Russia. The Petty Council adopted the Law "About the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly" where it was established its composition of 301 members:
Kiev Governorate – 45
Volhynian Governorate – 30
Podillya Governorate – 30
Yekaterinoslav Governorate – 36
Poltava Governorate – 30
Kherson Governorate – 34
Kharkov Governorate – 35
Taurida Governorate – 9
Chernihiv Governorate – 27
Ostrohozh district – 15
(Each deputy represents 100,000 of population, a right of vote have citizens of 20 years and older; established the Central Election Commission to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly)
"Ukrainian People's Republic" – French-language map, dating from 1918UPR postcard depicting a group with the yellow-blue flag and anthem lyrics, defending themselves from a Russian double-headed eagle. (November–December 1917)UPR postage stamp
14–15 December – the Petty Council adopted the Law about the General Court, the highest judicial institution of the Ukrainian People's Republic. International diplomatic missions transferred their offices from Mohyliv-Podilsky to Kiev. The government of France on 18 December announced its intention to have a diplomatic relationship with Ukraine. England declared a similar intention
19 – 1 December Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers', and Peasants' deputies of Ukraine expressed its complete trust to the Ukrainian Central Council and General Secretariat and condemned the Ultimatum of Lenin-Trotsky
22 December – the Petty Council adopted the Law on taxes and collections, with which all taxes and collections belonged to the State Treasury of Ukraine
23 December – the General Secretariat determined the composition of the Ukrainian delegation to the peace talks in Brest-Litovsk
25 December – the Peace Conference in Brest-Litovsk sent in a telegram for Ukraine to join the negotiations
3 January – General Georges Tabouis was appointed the Commissar of French Republic to the Government of Ukrainian People's Republic
6 January – start of the peace negotiations in Brest. The head of Ukrainian delegation Vsevolod Holubovych requests recognition of Ukraine as a sovereign state, adding of the Kholm Governorate, and conducting a plebiscite on the territory of Austria-Hungary where dominated the Ukrainian population to add that territory to Ukraine
9 January – 171 delegates were elected to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly
10–12 January – the Central powers recognized the Ukrainian delegation at the talks in Brest as a separate and plenipotentiary to conduct negotiations on the behalf of Ukrainian People's Republic
16 January – the Petty Council adopted the law about creation of the Ukrainian National Army and its composition based on a militia principle
22 January – the Petty Council adopted the law about the National-Individual Autonomy. For the last text of the 4th Universal (Declaration) voted: "for" – 39 voices, "against" – 4 voices, "abstained" – 6
9 February – the Brest peace treaty was signed with Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria
10 February – Due to advance of the Russian Bolshevik forces the government of Ukraine was evacuated to Zhytomyr from Kiev
21 February – the Ukrainian delegation issued a declaration about reasons for the arrival of German forces in Ukraine
27 February – the Ukrainian Central Council adopted the law about the introduction in Ukraine a new style of calendar according which a time moves 13 days ahead. The Petty Council adopted the law about the new monetary system. The monetary unit became hryvnia that had 8.712 units of pure gold. Adoption of the law about the coat of arms of the Ukrainian People's Republic – Trident (Tryzub)
In April 1918 troops loyal to the Ukrainian People's Republic take control of several cities in the Donbas region.[6]
2 March – the Petty Council adopted the law about citizenship of Ukraine, the law about new administrative system. The Russian established gubernias were to be replaced by new administrative unit – zemlia (land)
18 March – several perished student-veterans of Kruty were reburied in Kiev
11 April – 12 May 1918 was designated as the first convocation of the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly
13 April – Adoption of the Ukrainian Central Council resolution condemning the annexation of Bessarabia by Romania
23 April – an economic treaty is signed between Ukraine and Germany with Austria-Hungary
25 April – Adoption of the law about the Central Economic Council of Ukraine
29 April – Adopted a bill on the Constitution of Ukraine. The All-Ukrainian Agrarian Congress elects Pavlo Skoropadsky the Hetman of Ukraine
Due to the aggression from Soviet Russia, on 22 January 1918, the Tsentralna Rada issued its Fourth Universal (dated 22 January 1918), breaking ties with Bolshevik Russia and proclaiming a sovereign Ukrainian state.[7] Less than a month later, on 9 February 1918, the Red Army seized Kiev.
Besieged by the Bolsheviks and having lost much territory, the Rada was forced to seek foreign aid, and signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on 9 February 1918 to obtain military help from the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires. Germany helped the Ukrainian Army force the Bolsheviks out of Ukraine. On 20 February 1918 the council of the Kuban People's Republic accepted the resolution for a federal union of Kuban with Ukraine as Bolshevik forces pushed towards Yekaterinodar. It was agreed to forward the resolution for ratification to the Ukrainian government.
After the treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Ukraine became a virtual protectorate of the German Empire which at that time seemed more favorable[to whom?] than being overrun by the Soviet forces that were spreading havoc in the country. Germany was anxious about losing the war and was trying to speed up the process of food extraction from Ukraine, so it decided to install its own administration in the person of Generalfeldmarschallvon Eichhorn who replaced the Colonel GeneralAlexander von Linsingen. On 6 April the commander of the Army group Kijew issued an order in which he explained his intentions to execute the conditions of the treaty. That, of course, conflicted with the laws of the Ukrainian government, which annulled his order. By April 1918 the German-AustrianOperation Faustschlag offensive had completely removed the Bolsheviks from Ukraine.[8][6][9][10][11] The German/Austro-Hungarian victories in Ukraine were due to the apathy of the locals and the inferior fighting skills of Bolsheviks troops compared to their Austro-Hungarian and German counterparts.[11]
The Germans arrested and disbanded the Tsentralna Rada on 29 April 1918 to stop the social reforms that were taking place and restarted the process of food supply transfer to Germany and Austria-Hungary. The German authorities also arrested the Ukrainian Prime Minister, Vsevolod Holubovych, on terrorist charges, and thus disbanded the Council of People's Ministers. Prior to this, the Rada had approved the Constitution of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Concurrently with all these events and a few days prior to the change of powers in the country on 24 April 1918 the government of Belarus confirmed the Belarusian Chamber of Commerce in Kiev headed by Mitrofan Dovnar-Zapolsky on the initiative of the Belarusian secretary of finance Pyotr Krechevsky.[12]
After the coup, the Rada was replaced by the conservative government of HetmanPavlo Skoropadsky, the Hetmanate, and the Ukrainian People's Republic by a "Ukrainian State" (Ukrainska derzhava). Skoropadsky, a former officer of the Russian Empire, established a regime favoring large landowners and concentrating power at the top. The government had little support from Ukrainian activists, but unlike the socialist Rada, it was able to establish an effective administrative organization, established diplomatic ties with many countries, and concluded a peace treaty with Soviet Russia. In a few months, the Hetmanate also printed millions of Ukrainian language textbooks, established many Ukrainian schools, two universities, and the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.
The Hetmanate government also supported the confiscation of previously nationalized peasant lands by wealthy estate owners, often with the help of German troops. This led to unrest, the rise of a peasant partisan (guerrilla) movement, and a series of large-scale popular armed revolts. Negotiations were held to garner support from previous Rada members Petliura and Vynnychenko, but these activists worked to overthrow Skoropadsky. On 30 July, a Russian Left Socialist-Revolutionary, Boris Mikhailovich Donskoy, with help from the local USRP succeeded in assassinating von Eichhorn, blowing him up in downtown Kiev at a broadlight.
Due to the impending loss of World War I by Germany and Austria-Hungary, Skoropadsky's sponsors, the Hetman formed a new cabinet of Russian Monarchists and committed to federation with a possible future non-Bolshevik Russia. In response, the Ukrainian socialists announced a new revolutionary government, the Directorate, on 14 November 1918.
30 April – Mykola Vasylenko was appointed the Chairman of Council of Ministers and tasked with the formation of government
7 May – the Council of Ministers confirmed its intentions to add Crimea to the Ukrainian State
15 May – Signing of a treaty between governments of Ukraine from one side and Germany and Austria-Hungary from another to provide a loan in amount of 400 million karbovanets for acquiring the Ukrainian food
18 May – the Council of Ministers adopted the law about a creation of the State Guard
23 May – started peace negotiations between representatives of Ukraine and Russia
28 May – to Kiev arrived the plenipotentiary delegation of the Regional Council of Kuban headed by Mykola Ryabovol with proposition of unification of Kuban with Ukraine
30 May – the Minister of Foreign Affairs Dmytro Doroshenko petitioned with a special letter to the Ambassador of Germany in Ukraine, baron Alfons Mumm von Schwarzenstein, to include Crimea to Ukraine
12 June – the Congress of Landowners and Agrarians of Tavria Governorate that took place in Simferopol supported the proposition to include Tavria to Ukraine
20 June – the All-Ukrainian Church Council took place in Kiev
1 July – adopted the decision about a creation of the Ukrainian university in Kamianets-Podilsky
2 July – adoption of the law about citizenship of the Ukrainian State
8 July – creation of the State Senate of the Ukrainian State as the supreme judicial institution
9 July – creation of the commission in development of project of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences
24 July – Ukraine and Germany ratified the Brest Peace Treaty, adoption of laws about the general military obligation, criminal responsibility for exceeding the maximum established prices and speculation, appointments to government service
27 July – due to the anti-Ukrainian policies of the Crimean government of Sulkevich the Ukrainian State established an economical blockade of the peninsula
1 August – adoption of laws about supreme government and political position of military servicemen
2 August – adoption of the law about the creation of fund of the National Library of Ukrainian State
6 August – the All-Ukrainian Church Council called for the autocephaly of the Ukrainian Church
10 August – confirmed the statute of the Ukrainian State Bank and its base and reserve capitals
17 August – adopted the law about a restriction on import of the Russian monetary units
22 August – in Vienna Turkey and Ukraine exchanged documents that ratified the Brest Peace Treaty
10 September – signing of an economic agreement between Ukraine, Germany, Austria-Hungary for the 1918–1919 fiscal years
18 September – temporary stop of custom war with Crimea on the petition of the Sulkevich government
5 October – in Kiev started negotiations between Ukraine and Crimea about the conditions of Crimea inclusion to Ukraine
6 October – Kiev State Ukrainian University is opened
16 October – Hetman of Ukraine issued declaration on the revival of cossackdom
17 October – adopted a declaration about organization of volunteer militia on upholding the order of law
21 October – Hetman of Ukraine met with the extraordinary mission of the Kuban regional government headed by Colonel V. Tkachov
6 November – the German authorities transferred the ships of the Black Sea fleet to the Ukrainian State
13 November – the Soviets annulled the Brest Peace Treaty and refused to recognize the independence of the Ukrainian State
13–16 November – signing of agreement about trade, consulate, and sea relationships, railway and financial treaties between the government of Ukraine and the extraordinary mission of the Kuban regional government
The Directorate gained massive popularity, and the support of some of Skoropadsky's military units including the Serdiuk Division. Their insurgent army encircled Kiev on 21 November. After a three-week-long stalemate Skoropadsky abdicated in favor of the Council of Ministers who surrendered to the Revolutionary forces. On 19 December 1918, the Directorate took control of Kiev.
The Bolsheviks invaded Ukraine from Kursk in late December 1918 where the new Ukrainian Soviet government was reestablished earlier in November of the same year. On 16 January 1919 Ukraine officially declared a war on Russia while the Russian Soviet government continued to deny all claims of invasion. On 22 January 1919, the Directorate was officially united with the West Ukrainian People's Republic, although the latter entity de facto maintained its own army and government. On 5 February, the Bolsheviks captured Kiev.[13]
Throughout 1919, Ukraine experienced chaos as the armies of the Ukrainian Republic, the Bolsheviks, the Whites, the foreign powers of the Entente, and Poland, as well as anarchist forces such as that of Nestor Makhno tried to prevail. The subsequent Kiev offensive, staged by the Polish army and allied Ukrainian forces, was unable to change the situation. On 10 November 1920, the Directorate lost the remainder of its territory to the Bolsheviks in Volhynia as it crossed into Poland to accept internment.[14] In March 1921, the Peace of Riga sealed a shared control of the territory by Poland, the Russian SFSR, and the Ukrainian SSR.[citation needed]
As the result, the lands of Galicia (Halychyna) as well as a large part of the Volhynian territory were incorporated into Poland, while the areas to the east and south became part of Soviet Ukraine.[citation needed]
After its military and political defeat, the Directorate continued to maintain control over some of its military forces. Preempting a planned invasion by its rival Archduke Wilhelm of Austria,[15] in October 1921 the Ukrainian National Republic's government-in-exile launched a series of guerrilla raids into central Ukraine that reached as far east as Kiev Oblast. On 4 November, the Directorate's guerrillas captured Korosten and seized much military supplies. But on 17 November 1921, this force was surrounded by Bolshevik cavalry and destroyed.[citation needed]
16 December – the Directorate renewed the law about National-Individual Autonomy
19 December – the grand entry of Directorate to the capital of Ukraine. Military parade at Sofiyivska Ploshcha. Note of protest to the countries of Entente due to occupation of ports of the Southern Ukraine (Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War)
26 December – Directorate published a basis of its economic-social policies and political system
31 December – Directorate issued a note of protest to the Soviet Russia due to its invasion of Ukraine
1 January – Directorate adopted the law about the Supreme body of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Cathedral Church
2 January – order of the Chief Otaman Symon Petlyura to exile all enemies of Ukraine
3–4 January – repeated notes of protest to the Soviet Russia due to its intervention
4 January – Directorate adopted the law about Ukrainian monetary unit, hryvnia
8 January – the government of Ukraine adopted the Land Law, based on the principles of socialism
16 January – declaration of war with Moscow due to no results of peace negotiations
22 January – declaration of Unification between Ukraine and West Ukraine at Sofiyivska Ploshcha
23 January – session of Labor Congress initiated by Directorate was opened in Kiev. The congress attended over 400 delegates, out which 65 represented the West Ukraine. It expressed its trust in Directorate and adopted the law about the form of government in Ukraine
2 February – due to the advance of Bolsheviks Directorate moved from Kiev to Vinnytsia
13 February – Directorate changed the composition of the Council of National Ministers
17 February – Directorate petitioned to the governments of Entente and the US for help in fight with Bolsheviks
27 February – Chief Otaman met with Entente Commission in Khodoriv
15 March – the delegation of West Ukraine headed by Yevhen Petrushevych met with Directory in Proskuriv to further discuss development of joint operations
4 April – plenipotentiary representative of Ukraine at the Versailles Peace Conference H.Sydorenko expressed his protest to the Polish military attack onto the Ukrainian territory and its political and material support by Entente
9 April – Directory adopted the declaration on resignation of the Ostapenko government and appointing the new composition of the Council of National Ministers headed by Borys Martos
15 April – the government of Ukraine appointed General Oleksandr Osetsky as the Otaman of the Army
18 June – the delegation of Ukraine at the Versailles Peace Conference together with the representatives of Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Northern Caucasus expressed its protest against recognition of the Supreme Council of the Paris Peace conference the government of Admiral Kolchak as the Supreme government of Russia
20–21 June – signing of a temporary agreement of Ukraine with Poland in Lviv and establishment of demarcation line (Delwig line)
Anti-Bolshevik and other uprisings
The following is the list of numerous uprisings that took place during the formation of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Some of them were in opposition to the Petlyura's government (such as the Oskilko's Affair), some were against the establishment of the Soviet regime, some took place to eliminate the Entente forces. According to Cheka documentation, in Ukraine took place 268 uprisings from 1917 through 1932, where in over 100 raions the mutinied peasants were killing chekists, communists, and prodotryads that were requisitioning food by force which more resembled expropriation.[16]
After the beginning of the World War II Taras Bulba-Borovets, with the support of the President of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile Andrii Livytskyi, crossed the German-Soviet border and started organizing UPA military units subordinate to the UPR Government.[19]
The 10th Emergency Session of the Ukrainian National Council recognized the state of Ukraine as the successor of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile and agreed to transfer the powers and attributes of state power to the newly elected President of Ukraine in 1991.[20]
Later in 1918 Russia chose to withdraw its recognition of independent Ukraine, representing the protocols of the Versailles Treaty as justification for its action. In 1920 Symon Petliura and Józef Piłsudski signed the Warsaw Treaty in which both countries established their borders along the Zbruch River.[23][24][25] The states that previously recognized the Ukrainian People's Republic ceased any relationships with its Government-in-exile after they recognized the Soviet Government in Kiev.[22]
According to the latest census that was taken 1897, the republic was accounted for over 20 million population in seven former Russian guberniyas, plus three uyezds of the Taurida Governorate that were located on the mainland.
On 4 March 1918 the Ukrainian government accepted the law about the administrative-territorial division of Ukraine. The law stated that Ukraine is divided into 32 zemlia (land) which are administered by their respective zemstvo. This law was not fully implemented as on 29 April 1918 there was the anti-socialist coup in Kiev, after which Hetman Pavlo Skoropadsky reverted the reform back to the guberniya-type administration.
The headquarters of the republic's armed forces was called the General Bulawa and was considered to be located in Kiev. Of course, due to constant intervention from the Petrograd sovnarkom and the German Empire the physical location of it was changing (Kamyanets-Podilsky, Bila Tserkva, others).
The following three Zaporizhian infantry regiments and the 3 Haidamaka Regiment of the biggest Ukrainian military formation, the Zaporizhian Corps, later were reorganized into the 1 Zaporizhian Division.
In December 1918 a temporary law about the issue of state banknotes by the UPR was adopted. According to this law: "Bank-notes must be issued in karbovanets" (Ukrainian: Карбованець). Each karbovanets contains 17.424 parts of pure gold and is divided into two hrivnas (Ukrainian: Гривня) or 200 shahs (Ukrainian: Шаг).
There were numerous banks in the republic among the most popular ones were the Ukrainabank and the Soyuzbank that were created by Khrystofor Baranovsky, the leader of a cooperative movement.
10 karbovantsiv (1918)
Maps
The area claimed by the Ukrainian People's Republic in 1919 (red and pink), compared with Ukraine after it regained independence in 1991 (red and green for the territories not claimed in 1919).
^Ukrainian: Українська Народня Республіка, romanized:Ukrainska Narodnia Respublika, in modern orthographyУкраїнська Народна Республіка, romanized:Ukrainska Narodna Respublika; abbreviated: УНР, romanized:UNR, lit.'Ukrainian National Republic [UNR]'
^Also translated as Ukrainian Democratic Republic.
^Бульба-Боровець Т. Армія без держави: слава і трагедія українського повстанського руху. Спогади. Вінніпег: Накладом Товариства «Волинь», (tr, "glory and tragedy of the Ukrainian insurgent movement. Memories. Winnipeg: Courtesy of the "Volyn" Society") 1981. С. 113–115.
Velychenko, Stephen (2010). State building in revolutionary Ukraine: a comparative study of governments and bureaucrats, 1917–1922. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN9781442641327.
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Janhvi KapoorKapoor pada 2018Lahir6 Maret 1997 (umur 27)Mumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaPekerjaanAktrisTahun aktif2018–sekarangOrang tuaSrideviBoney KapoorKerabatLihat Keluarga Kapoor Janhvi Kapoor (lahir 6 Maret 1997) adalah seorang aktris asal India yang berkarya dalam perfilman Hindi. Lahir dari pasangan Sridevi dan Boney Kapoor, ia membuat debut aktingnya pada 2018 dengan film drama romansa Dhadak. Referensi Pranala luar Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Janhvi Kapoor. Jhanvi K…
2005 single by EditorsMunichCover of the original single from 2005Single by Editorsfrom the album The Back Room B-side Disappear Crawl Down the Wall Colours Release Camera French Disko Find Yourself a Safe Place Released18 April 2005 (2005-04-18)Recorded2005Genre Post-punk revival indie rock Length3:46LabelKitchenwareSongwriter(s) Edward Lay Russell Leetch Tom Smith Chris Urbanowicz Producer(s)Jim AbbissEditors singles chronology Bullets (2005) Munich (2005) Blood (2005) 2006 Reis…
American politician (born 1977) Not to be confused with Will Hurd (rugby union). Will HurdMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Texas's 23rd districtIn officeJanuary 3, 2015 – January 3, 2021Preceded byPete GallegoSucceeded byTony Gonzales Personal detailsBornWilliam Ballard Hurd (1977-08-19) August 19, 1977 (age 46)San Antonio, Texas, U.S.Political partyRepublicanSpouse Lynlie Wallace (m. 2022)EducationTexas A&M University…
Variant of the wet plate collodion process This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Ambrotype – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Many ambrotypes were made by unknown photographers, such as this American example of a Union soldier…
1930s Romanian paramilitary death squads The Decemviri and Nicadori, along with Codreanu, were exhumed and given a lavish burial service in November 1940. During the 1930s, three notable death squads emerged from Romania's Iron Guard: the Nicadori, the Decemviri and the Răzbunători. Motivated by a combination of fascist political ideology and religious-nationalist mysticism, they carried out several high-level political assassinations in the inter-war period. Theoretical background Death was a…
Chemical compound MeclonazepamClinical dataATC codenoneLegal statusLegal status CA: Schedule IV DE: NpSG (Industrial and scientific use only) UK: Under Psychoactive Substances Act Identifiers IUPAC name (3S)-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-7-nitro-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one CAS Number58662-84-3 NPubChem CID3033985ChemSpider2298544 YUNIIRN43209SMAChEMBLChEMBL351821 NCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID10207366 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC16H12ClN3O3Molar mass329.…
Дело «Запасного правотроцкистского центра контрреволюционной националистической организации» (ЗПЦКНО) (азерб. “Sağ-trotskiçi ehtiyat mərkəzinin əksinqilabi milliyətçi təşkilatı” rəhbərlərinin işi, 1938-1956) — сфабрикованное высшим руководством Азербайджанской ССР политическое дело, по которому было о…
برتغالية الاسم الذاتي Português لفظ الاسم /pʊɾtʊˈgɛʃ/ الناطقون 208 مليون - 274 مليون الدول البرتغال، أنغولا، أندورا، البرازيل، الرأس الأخضر، تيمور الشرقية، غينيا الاستوائية، غينيا بيساو ، لوكسمبورغ، ماكاو، موزمبيق، ناميبيا، باراغواي، …
LagunaStatusactiveFoundedApril 1998.FounderDejan Papić[1]Country of originSerbiaHeadquarters locationBeogradKey peopleMina KebinIvan DabetićAleksandar PetrovićSrđan KrstićDejan MihajlovićIvana MisirlićZoran Penevski (children's book editor)Irena Markić (children's book editor)Nonfiction topicsFiction, essays, history, non-fiction, popular science...No. of employees90Official websitelaguna.rs Laguna Publishing was founded in 1998 in Belgrade and is one of the biggest publishing ho…
Not to be confused with Water resources management in Syria. This article needs to be updated. Please help update this to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2020) Water and sanitation Data Water coverage (broad definition) Rural 80% (2006) urban 94% (2006) [1] Sanitation coverage (broad definition) Rural 74% (2002) urban 98% (2002) [2] Continuity of supply Average urban water use (l/c/d) Average monthly urban water and sewer bill Share of household met…
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